精神分裂症患者脑脊液促甲状腺激素水平研究

目的比较Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型精神分裂症患者治疗前、后脑甲状腺功能状态及其中枢调节方面的差异。方法电抽搐治疗（ＥＣＴ）Ⅰ型精神分裂症、氯氮平治疗Ⅱ型精神分裂症；在治疗前、后测定促甲状腺激素（ＴＳＨ）含量、简明精神病评定量表（ＢＰＲＳ）、阳性症状评定量表（ＳＡＰＳ）、阴性症状评定量表（ＳＡＮＳ）。结果Ⅰ型精神分裂症患者脑脊液ＴＳＨ值略高于Ⅱ型；ＥＣＴ对Ⅰ型患者脑脊液ＴＳＨ水平有双向调节功能，调节效应好；氯氮平对Ⅱ型患者脑脊液ＴＳＨ水平的调节功能和效应低下；治疗前后脑脊液ＴＳＨ增（减）值Ⅰ型较Ⅱ型大（Ｐ＜００１）。结论提示精神分裂症患者Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型脑甲状腺功能状态及其中枢调节不同     

SPECT脑血流灌注显像在眩晕患者中的初步应用

目的评价乙撑双半胱氨酸二乙酯（＾９９ｍＴｃ－ＥＣＤ）ＳＰＥＣＴ脑血流灌注显像对眩晕患者的诊断价值。方法对１９列眩晕患者和２０例正常对照者进行ＳＰＥＣＴ脑血流灌注显像。结果突发性耳聋组和诊断未明确组的患者全部出现局部脑血流量下降,且多数分布在颞叶;梅尼埃病患者组则较少出现局部脑血流量下降（４０％,２／５）;正常对照组未发现局部脑血流量下降。结论＾９９ｍＴｃ－ＥＣＤＳＰＥＣＴ脑血流灌注显像有助于眩晕患     

氯氮平与氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症的对照研究

为进一步验证氯氮平在治疗精神分裂症中的地位。方法对病程＜５年的１２２例首次住院的精神分裂症患者，采用分层随机法分为两组，分别首选氯氮平和氯丙嗪进行８周治疗。以ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＰＳ、ＳＡＮＳ评定疗效，以ＴＥＳＳ评定副反应。结果治疗前后比较，两组ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＰＳ分均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＳＡＮＳ分氯氮平组显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），氯丙嗪组无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；疗后氯氮平组的ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＰＳ、ＳＡＮＳ总分均明显低于氯丙嗪组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＴＥＳＳ总分氯氮平组亦低于氯丙嗪组，且无锥体外系副反应。结论氯氮平确是一种十分有效且药物副反应并不多见的抗精神病药。在严密监测血象的情况下，氯氮平实际上可作为一个可供选择的治疗精神分裂症的第一线药使用。     

首发精神分裂症的认知功能与阴,阳性症状和抗精神病药物效应的关系

目的 探讨首发精神分裂症认知功能与阴、阳性症状和抗精神病药物效应的关系。方法 对７８例精神分裂症患者给予氯丙嗪或氯氮平治疗,于治疗前及治疗１２周末各作一次Ｗｉｓｃｏｎｓｉｎ卡片分类测验（ＷＣＳＴ）、韦氏成人智力量表（ＷＡＩＳＲ）、韦氏记忆量表（ＷＭＳ）、语言流利性测验等。另外,４５例正常人也做了上述测验。结果 首发精神分裂症患者存在广泛的认知功能障碍,上述则查结果均较正常对照组差,尤以ＷＣＳＴ明显     

氯氮平合并利培酮治疗难治性精神分裂症

目的：了解氯氮平全早培酮的治疗难治性精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法：２６例符合ＣＣＭＤ－２－Ｒ精神分裂症诊断标准且临床判断属于难治性病人,予氯氮平合并利培酮治疗,疗程８周,分别在治疗前及治疗后进行阳性与阴性症状量表（ＰＡＮＳＳ）和不良瓜症状量表（ＴＥＳＳ）评定。结果：合并治疗８周后部是性,阴性及一般精神病理分治疗前后均有显著差异。ＴＥＳＳＵ叫分治疗前后无显著差异。副反应主要为静坐不能,肌张力增高,     

氯氮平治疗首发精神分裂症临床效应影响因素的筛选和评估

为筛选与氯氮平治疗效应相关的影响因素、指导临床合理选药，对３０例首发精神分裂症氯氮平治疗效应的影响因素进行筛选与评估。入组患者均按规定剂量给药，选用简明精神病评定量表（ＢＰＲＳ）、阴性症状评定量表（ＳＡＮＳ）、总体功能评定量表进行临床评定，动态观察治疗前及治疗后第１，２，４，８，１２周的病情变化，同时作血药浓度、催乳素和治疗前威斯康辛卡片分类测验（ＷＣＳＴ）测查。结果显示，治疗前ＢＰＲＳ的思维障碍因子分及激活性增高因子分高、基础催乳素水平低、首发年龄大、ＷＣＳＴ的保存记忆反应数多而完成第一套范畴数少、ＳＡＮＳ的注意障碍因子分高而思维贫乏因子分低等８项指标，对氯氮平治疗１２周时的疗效有正性影响。提示在首发精神分裂症的治疗中，可根据这８项影响因素合理选用氯氮平     

抗精神病药物疗效、锥体外系副作用与血清泌乳素

服用ＣＰＺ、ＨＰ、氯氮平的５０例精神分裂症疗效相似。ＣＰＺ、ＨＰ组病例ＰＲＬ（血清泌乳素）水平明显升高，大多数病人均发生ＥＰＳ（锥体外系症状）。ＰＲＬ水平与ＥＰＳ总分间呈正相关。ＣＰＺ组的显效者与ＰＲＬ水平间呈线性正相关，ＨＰ组有效患者ＥＰＳ总分较无效者明显为高，ＣＰＺ组也有类似现象，符合精神分裂症的ＤＡ假说。但氯氮平组ＰＲＬ水平变化很小，ＥＰＳ发生者很少，故精神分裂症的ＤＡ假说仍需进一步完善。     

以阴、阳性症状为主的精神分裂症患者威斯康星卡片分类测验的比较研究

目的探讨精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍的特点。方法对２３例以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症、３０例以阳性症状为主的精神分裂症和２８名正常人进行了威斯康星卡片分类测验（ＷＣＳＴ）。结果显示以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者的总测验次数、持续错误数和非持续错误数明显高于以阳性症状为主的精神分裂症患者和正常人，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。同时发现，ＷＣＳＴ的以上测验指标在两组患者之间差异亦有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。相关分析显示，以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者的Ａｎｄｒｅａｓｅｎ阴性症状量表总分与简明精神病评定量表的迟滞因子分和持续错误数呈显著正相关（ｒ分别为０．４３７２和０．４５５１）。结论提示精神分裂症患者存在执行功能障碍，其中阴性症状可能与额叶功能缺陷有关。     

氯氮平,氯丙嗪治疗阴性型精神分裂症临床疗效对照研究

作者采用前瞻性单盲对照研究方法，评价了氯氮平、氯丙嗪对３２例阴性型精神分裂症病人阴性症状的疗效，以阴性症状评定量表（ＳＡＮＳ）的得分结果来评价。结果显示，氯氮平治疗组在治疗前后ＳＡＮＳ总分及各分量表的综合评分均显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１），氯氮平对阴性症状的疗效显著优于氯丙嗪，差异有极显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

心电图和脑电图监护下优势侧电休克治疗精神分裂症的研究

目的 比较优势侧有抽搐电休克（ＥＣＴ）与无抽搐ＥＣＴ治疗精神分裂症的疗效、副作用及心电图（ＥＣＧ）、脑电图（ＥＥＧ）的改变。方法 在ＥＣＧ、ＥＥＧ监护下ＥＣＴ治疗精神分裂的症６０例（有抽搐ＥＣＴ３０例,无抽搐ＥＣＴ３０例）并完成简明精神症状量表（ＢＰＲＳ）、大体评定量表（ＧＡＳ）、副反应量表（ＴＥＳＳ）、韦氏记忆测验（ＷＭＳ）评定。结果 有抽搐ＥＣＴ组和无抽搐ＥＣＴ组的疗效均随治疗你们次数的增加而     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.