流式细胞术检测骨髓微量神经母细胞瘤细胞在临床中的应用

【摘要】目的 阐明神经母细胞瘤（NB）患儿骨髓微量肿瘤病灶(minimal residual disease MRD)的检测方法及其结果对预后的影响。方法 应用CD45-FITC/CD81-PE/CD56-PECy5单抗组合通过流式细胞术(FCM)检测了人NB细胞株TGW的免疫表型并确定本实验室FCM的敏感度；比较BM细胞形态学检查与FCM检测骨髓中的CD45-/ CD81+/ CD56+细胞，分析病程中MRD检测与预后的关系。结果 ⑴ TGW细胞株表达CD56和CD81，不表达CD45，本实验室FCM敏感度为1/104。⑵61例患者共144份标本中细胞形态学提示BM转移者23份;FCM显示表达CD45-/ CD81+/ CD56+细胞的标本数62份，BM细胞形态学检测方法和FCM阳性检出率的比较有显著性差异，（P﹤0.01 X2检验）。⑶比较平均化疗4个疗程后MRD结果与预后关系：31例患儿初诊时BM MRD检测阳性，化疗4个疗程后11例患儿MRD转阴，随访至今无复发及进展，DFS中位时间23mos；另外20例化疗4个疗程后仍为阳性，其中11例复发或进展，包括1例死亡，两组比较有显著性差异（P﹤0.01）。⑷化疗后移植患儿PBSC采集前骨髓MRD结果与预后的相关性：共有19例患儿接受化疗后PBSCT，13例患儿采集时骨髓MRD为阴性，其中2例复发，自移植后始DFS中位时间9mos；6例患儿采集时骨髓MRD为阳性，5例复发，两组比较有显著性差异，（P﹤0.05）。结论 运用FCM检测NB患儿骨髓中的微量肿瘤细胞敏感度高、特异性强，可协助初诊患儿的诊断、评估临床疗效，骨髓中的微量肿瘤细胞残留与神经母细胞瘤预后相关.     

Prognostic influence of minimal residual disease detected by flow cytometry and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation by CD34+ selection in childhood advanced neuroblastoma

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether neuroblastoma (NB) minimal residual disease (MRD) in bone marrow (BM) detected by flow cytometry could predict prognosis and whether tumor cell purging by CD34(+) cell selection prior to transplantation will impact on disease-free survival. METHODS: NB MRD in BM was evaluated by flow cytometry with CD45-FITC-/CD81-PE+/CD56-PECy5+ monoclonal antibodies cocktail. Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) was enriched via positive CD34(+) cell selection by magnetic-activated cell separation system (MACS). RESULTS: Eleven of 31 patients with CD45(-)/CD81+/CD56+ cells by flow cytometry at diagnosis became negative after an average of four courses of chemotherapy. All 11 patients remained alive without evidence of disease. Thirteen of the 20 patients with positive MRD relapsed and 1 patient died from disease (mean 25.8 months). There was a significant difference between these two groups. MRD in BM was tested before PBSC transplantation (PBSCT) for 19 NB patients. Fourteen was negative, 4 of them relapsed and 10 patients remained alive without evidence of disease. Another 5 patients with positive MRD, all of them relapsed (mean 17 months after PBSCT) with a significant difference between these two groups. Fourteen of 19 PBSC were purged with CD34(+) selection procedure. Six of 14 relapsed (mean 18.43 months after PBSCT). Five patients did not purge for CD34(+) selection, and 3 of them relapsed with no significant difference between these two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Positive MRD in BM after an average of four courses of chemotherapy and before PBSCT is an unfavorable factor for stage IV NB. CD34(+) selection purging for PBSCT may not improve the prognosis for children with neuroblastoma in advanced stage.     

Impact of minimal residual disease detection prior to autologous stem cell transplantation for post-transplant outcome in high risk neuroblastoma

Autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) has become standard therapy in high risk stage IV neuroblastoma (NB) patients. Residual NB cells in the bone marrow (BM) shortly before SCT may shape the overall survival.Thus, we sought to thoroughly investigate minimal residual disease (MRD) in BM prior to SCT using conventional and real time RT-PCR for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as well as morphology. To avoid influence of residual NB cells in the stem cell harvest, 17 patients transplanted with MRD negative grafts (n=11 CD34-selected and n=6 unmanipulated) are included in the final analysis, only.35% of these patients are alive with a median follow up of 8.6 years. In the BM of 9/17 patients residual NB cells could be detected < 40 d before SCT. These patients had a significant lower overall survival compared to patients without BM involvement based on combined RT-PCR and morphology results (11% vs. 62%, p=0.026) or using RT-PCR, only (p=0.01). In contrast morphology on its own did not lead to a significant discrimination between both groups.Our results obtained in a small cohort of stage IV NB patients suggest that MRD diagnostic in the BM shortly before SCT might be a valuable predictive tool for these patients but requires conformation in a multicenter study.     

微小残留病阳性儿童B系急性淋巴细胞白血病的追踪分析

目的探讨儿童B系急性淋巴细胞白血病(B-ALL)患儿骨髓微小残留病(MRD)及检测,预测预后的可能性。方法应用四色荧光抗体标记法通过流式细胞仪检测儿童B-ALL的MRD。对41例MRD阳性患儿加强化疗强度,多次连续监测,进行追踪分析。结果41例MRD阳性患儿中复发6例,复发患儿的MRD均>0.1%,MRD出现阳性的时间均>3个月,临床分型都属高危型。MRD阳性患儿经1个疗程强烈化疗转阴27例,其中1例复发,其他均在随访中,中位随访时间24.8个月;MRD阳性2个疗程转阴14例,复发5例,缓解患儿中位随访时间22.8个月。结论MRD对B-ALL预后监测有重要意义,MRD阳性时间越长对预后越不利,加强对MRD阳性患儿的治疗对改善预后有积极作用。     

RT-PCR检测神经母细胞瘤患儿化疗后骨髓PGP9.5mRNA表达在预后判断中的意义

目的：该研究试图阐明诱导化疗后在转录水平清除骨髓肿瘤细胞能否取得好的疗效。方法：应用以PGP9.5为靶基因的逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)技术,其敏感性为106个细胞,测定32例发病时组织学存在骨髓转移的神经母细胞瘤患者,测定初诊及诱导治疗结束后骨髓肿瘤细胞水平。入选病例须在诱导治疗后用免疫组织化学法测定骨髓瘤细胞阴性。结果：32例患者诊断时骨髓PGP9.5mRNA均阳性,诱导结束后16例仍阳性,自体骨髓移植后随访3.4±0.9年11例复发,无病生存率31%;16例阴转,骨髓移植后随诊3.2±0.7年仅有5例复发,无病生存率69%,两组无病生存率有显著性差异(P=0.018)。结论：诱导治疗在转录水平清除骨髓神经母细胞瘤后行自体骨髓移植可以取得较好疗效。     

流式细胞术检测微小残留病对儿童急性B淋巴细胞白血病预后判断的临床价值

目的 探讨4色荧光标记B淋巴细胞抗体组合模板用于流式细胞术检测微小残留病(MRD)对儿童急性B淋巴细胞白血病(B-ALL)预后判断的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析2010年10月至2012年3月间采用流式细胞技术检测MRD的初发B-ALL患儿的相关临床资料.根据MRD检测的时间及检测的结果,将183例患儿分为诱导缓解期MRD阴性组(n=37),诱导缓解期MRD阳性组(n=18),维持治疗期MRD阴性组(n=113)和维持治疗期MRD阳性组(n=15).结果 诱导缓解期和维持治疗期MRD阳性患儿,其初诊危险分级为中、高危的患者比例较阴性者高(PRR=1.005,95%CI:0.864~1.170,P=0.032)、第15天骨髓象未达M1(RR=6.454,95%CI:2.191~19.01,P=0.002)和缓解后MRD≥0.01%(RR=1.923,95%CI:0.750~4.933,P=0.043)是儿童B-ALL发生复发的高危因素.结论 4色荧光标记B淋巴细胞抗体组合模板用于流式细胞术能区分化疗后MRD阳性和阴性的B-ALL患儿.MRD水平与强的松反应性、第15天骨髓象等指标一样,是儿童B-ALL重要的预后判断因素,对儿童B-ALL具有较好的临床预后判断意义.     

Minimal residual disease at the time of peripheral blood stem cell harvest in patients with advanced neuroblastoma

BACKGROUND: Despite treatment with high-dose myeloblative chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) rescue, a high proportion of children with neuroblastoma relapse and die. Re-infusion of PBSC contaminated with tumour at the time of autologous transplantation may play a significant role in this relapse. In this study the frequency of tumour contamination in PB from children with neuroblastoma has been investigated. PROCEDURE: Minimal residual disease was measured using RT-PCR for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA in PBSCs from patients with advanced neuroblastoma. PBSCs from 18 patients in complete clinical remission were studied. RESULTS: Studies in other cancers have suggested minimal contamination of PBSCs with tumour cells; TH mRNA was detected by RT-PCR in 50% (9/18) of PBSC harvests. Seventy-seven percent (7/9) of patients with TH mRNA in PBSC died of disease compared to 44% (4/9) who were TH mRNA-negative. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, the presence of TH mRNA in PBSCs appeared to be associated with an unfavourable outcome, although this was not statistically significant. In summary, RT-PCR for TH mRNA is a sensitive method for the identification of tumour cells in PBSC harvest. The presence of TH mRNA in PBSC harvest may reflect disease status and be associated with an unfavourable outcome, although long-term clinical outcome studies in a larger patient cohort are required.     

儿童晚期神经母细胞瘤自身造血干细胞移植疗效评估

目目的评价自身造血干细胞移植（ASCT）和CD34+细胞分选的ASCT对晚期神经母细胞瘤（NB）的疗效。方法回顾性分析2001年6月至2007年4月 在上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心诊断为Ⅲ、Ⅳ期NB并完成治疗随访8个月以上患儿的临床资料,比较传统化疗与ASCT和CD34＋细胞 未分选移植与分选移植的疗效。用荧光定量PCR方法检测CD34+细胞分选前后酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）mRNA表达,监测NB的微小残留（MRD）,并评估 分选效果。结果55例NB患儿入组,其中Ⅲ期14例,Ⅳ期41例。Ⅲ期中的9/14例和Ⅳ期中的18/41例接受传统化疗;Ⅲ期中的5/14例和Ⅳ期中的 23/41例接受ASCT。Ⅳ期13/23例接受ASCT治疗患儿移植物经CliniMACS行CD34＋细胞分选处理。所有移植患儿均以卡铂、依托泊苷和美法仑行预 处理,平均采得有核细胞（7.1±2.5）×108·kg-1 ,CD34+细胞（4.0±1.5）×106·kg-1,无一例因移植相关并发症死亡。随访患儿的生存 时间及复发率：①Ⅲ期NB：化疗组平均随访33.5个月,3/9例（33％）复发;移植组平均随访37.0个月,1/5例（20％）复发,两组的中位无病 生存时间差异无统计学意义,(37.0±15.7)个月 vs (18.0±29.9)个月,P=0.446。②Ⅳ期NB：化疗组平均随访20个月,13/18例（72％）复发 ;移植组平均随访29个月,14/23例（61％）复发,两组的中位无病生存时间差异有统计学意义,（24.0±5.4)个月 vs (36.0±2.8)个月, P=0.006。③CD34＋细胞分选移植：未分选组平均随访27.8个月, 7/10例（70％）复发;CD34＋细胞分选组平均随访30.0个月,7/13例（54％） 复发,两组的中位无病生存时间差异无统计学意义,（34.0±11.8）个月 vs （36.0±5.1）个月,P=0.722。4例移植患儿CD34+细胞分选前后 的标本同时进行TH MRD检测,结果显示移植前TH阳性的2例标本经分选后全部转阴。结论ASCT能显著延长Ⅳ期NB患儿的长期生存时间,但对Ⅲ期 NB患儿的疗效不显著。CD34＋细胞分选能达到纯化NB细胞的作用,但可能因病例数较少,尚不能显示出ASCT临床优势。     

应用TCRr基因重排标记对小儿急淋微小残留病定量分析及其临床意义

探索应用ＴＣＲｒ基因重排标志及改良的极限稀释定量ＰＣＲ法检测小儿ＡＬＬ微小残留病（ＭＲＤ）的可行性,探讨其追踪骨髓ＭＲＤ变化的临床意义。方法：改良极限稀释定量ＰＬＲ法。结果：敏感度平均为４拷贝。对１４例初治阳性病人在诱导达到缓解（ＣＲ）时的ＭＲＤ定量检测结果显示,骨髓复发组ＭＲＤ定量值平均为０．３４３％,未复发组为０．００４％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。１４例中６例ＣＲ时ＭＲＤ阴性,４例在追踪期内持续阴性,２例转为阳性（分别为０．０１７％、０．０２０％）,化疗后ＭＲＤ渐减少至转阴;３例ＣＲ时ＭＲＤ平均值为０．０７７％,在缓解期ＭＲＤ值渐减少,其中２例临床持续缓解,１例骨髓无复发但发生睾丸白血病,１例ＣＲ时ＭＲＤ值较高,２例持续高值,２例ＭＲＤ值渐增高,此５例均复发。结论：ＣＲ时ＭＲＤ阳性的病人应持续监测其水平,若持续高值或逐渐增高,复发的可能性大,应加强化疗以防复发。采用极限稀释定量法检测ＡＬＬ的ＭＲＤ有简单、敏感性高的优点。     

Long-term results of CD34(+) cell transplantation in children with neuroblastoma

BACKGROUND: This is the first report of the long-term results of CD34(+) cell transplantation in children with neuroblastoma. We investigated the hematologic and immune recovery, posttransplant morbidity, and clinical outcome of these children. PROCEDURE: Twenty-three children with advanced neuroblastoma had PBPCs (20 patients) or BM (3 patients) collected, followed by CD34(+) cell selection on Ceprate column. The purge of residual neuroblastoma cells was evaluated using an RT-PCR for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA assay. Reinfusion of CD34(+) cells followed busulfan + melphalan myeloablative chemotherapy. RESULTS: A median of 2.9 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg was reinjected. Median days to achieve ANC > 0.5 x 10(9)/liter and platelets > 50 x 10(9)/liter were 13 (range 9-33) and 59 (range 22-259), respectively. Circulating T cells were primarily CD4(-)/CD8(+) with fewer than 0.2 10(9)CD4(+) cells/liter throughout the first 6 months. CD19(+) cells and CD56(+) cells were not detectable up to day +35 posttransplant. At 1 year posttransplant, 16 evaluable patients had stable hematopoiesis with 2.3 x 10(9) ANC/liter (range 0.8-4.1), 1.4 x 10(9) lymphocytes/liter (range 0.5- 2.0) and 251 x 10(9) PLT/liter (range 35-490). After the completion of hematopoietic reconstitution, six events of severe septicemia/septic shock were noted. Six children had severe VZV infections, and 2 had EBV-associated lymphoproliferation. Thirteen patients are alive with a median follow-up of 40 months (range 2-54). Ten patients have died; 8 relapsed or developed progressive disease, 1 died from nondocumented pneumopathy at day 56, and 1 developed AML-M4 at 3 years posttransplant. CONCLUSIONS: In children, CD34(+) cell transplantation can be accomplished with a reduction of neuroblastoma cell inoculum in the selected graft as assessed by RT-PCR analysis. CD34(+) cell grafts provide successful neutrophil reconstitution. However, delayed platelet recovery, persistent decrease in CD4(+) lymphocyte levels and a high incidence of serious and life-threatening late infections were observed in these children. There remains a critical need to evaluate any real clinical benefit of CD34(+) cell autografts in neuroblastoma patients.     

Prognostic significance of GAGE detection in bone marrows on survival of patients with metastatic neuroblastoma

BACKGROUND: Previously, we reported the utility of GAGE as a molecular marker for neuroblastoma (NB) and malignant melanoma in blood and bone marrow (BM). Among patients with stage III melanoma rendered disease-free by surgery, GAGE expression was a strong prognostic factor for patient survival. PROCEDURE: All patients with advanced NB diagnosed at > 1 year of age initially treated with protocol N6 (n = 24) and N7 (n = 38) at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center were included in this study. Their BM cells at 12, 18, and 24 months (median time after diagnosis) were evaluated for the presence of GAGE. RESULTS: GAGE positivity at 12 months (25%), when patients were still on treatment, did not predict progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival from the time of sampling. Positivity at 18 months (29%) was associated with poorer PFS and survival (but P > 0.05). By 24 months, the presence of GAGE (26%) was a very strong predictor of out-come (P < 0.001). When only remission marrows at 24 months were analyzed, PFS was 4.7-fold lower among GAGE-positive patients. Thirty-seven percent of N6 patients were positive for GAGE, in contrast to 17% of the patients in the more current regimen N7. CONCLUSIONS: The detection of GAGE by RT-PCR in marrow may have utility in molecular staging of patients in clinical remission. It may allow earlier identification of patients at risk, such that appropriate intervention can be given before clinical relapse. GAGE may also serve as a surrogate endpoint for adjuvant treatment strategies, and to determine the duration of therapy.     

极限稀释PCR法对急性淋巴细胞白血病微小残留病的检测及意义

目的 探讨极限稀释定量ＰＣＲ法检测追踪急性淋巴细胞白血病（简称急淋,ＡＬＬ）患儿骨髓微小残留病（ＭＲＤ）变化的临床意义,方法 改良极限稀释定量ＰＣＲ方法,结果 敏感度平均为４拷贝,对２３例初治ＭＲＤ阳性的患儿在诱导治疗达到缓解（ＣＲ）时的ＭＲＤ定量检测结果显示：（１）ＣＲ时ＭＲＤ阴性１０例,其中８例在追踪期内亦持续阴性,另２例在追踪过程中ＭＲＤ转为阳性,经强化疗后ＭＲＤ渐减少至转阴;（２）ＣＲ时Ｍ     

Curability of recurrent disseminated disease after surgery alone for local-regional neuroblastoma using intensive chemotherapy and anti-G(D2) immunotherapy

PURPOSE: A reluctance to treat local-regional neuroblastoma by surgery alone derives partly from concern that if widespread neuroblastoma develops, the chance for cure is small, and partly from hope that mild chemotherapy will prevent relapse. The authors report on a series of patients who had distant recurrences after surgery alone for local-regional neuroblastoma. METHODS: Seven patients treated with surgery alone for local-regional neuroblastoma had widespread relapses 2.5 to 25 (median 7) months later and were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC). During the period of this study (1995-1999), MSKCC patients with high-risk neuroblastoma received the N7 protocol (dose-intensive chemotherapy, immunotherapy with the anti-G(D2) 3F8 antibody, targeted radiotherapy using 131I-3F8, local radiotherapy) if they had assessable disease, or 3F8 plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) followed by 13-cis-retinoic acid if they were in remission after treatment elsewhere. RESULTS: Five patients were in complete remission 3 years 11 months to 7 years 4 months from the start of retrieval therapy, including three who received all of their N7 treatment of relapsed neuroblastoma at MSKCC, one who received two cycles of chemotherapy elsewhere before starting N7, and one who was referred for 3F8/GM-CSF because of neuroblastoma cells in pretransplantation bone marrow. CONCLUSIONS: The encouraging survival results of our cohort are consistent with the concept that surgery alone for local-regional neuroblastoma might be beneficial to the overall neuroblastoma population because many patients will never need chemotherapy (and will therefore be spared its potential toxicities), and most of those who do have widespread relapses are likely to be cured with contemporary treatments.     

Detection of microscopic disease: comparing histology, immunocytology, and RT-PCR of tyrosine hydroxylase, GAGE, and MAGE

BACKGROUND: We first explored the use of multiple molecular markers to overcome tumor heterogeneity. Sixty-seven neuroblastoma (NB) tumors were tested for the expression of GAGE, MAGE-2, MAGE-2, MAGE-3, and MAGE-4 by RT-PCR and then chemiluminescence; 82% of tumors had detectable GAGE, and 88% expressed at least one of the four MAGE genes. PROCEDURE AND RESULTS: By combining GAGE and MAGE, 64 of 67 (95%) of tumors became detectable; 17 of 67 coexpressed all five molecular markers. Neither GAGE nor MAGE expression correlated with stage. GAGE was found to have the broadest (18 of 18) expression among stage 4 tumors. Two hundred fifty-nine bone marrows from 99 patients were then studied for NB positivity by four detection methods: histology, immunocytology, and molecular detection by GAGE and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA. Two hundred seven samples were NB-positive by one detection method. All four techniques were comparable in detecting tumor cells at diagnosis and at relapse. GAGE and immunocytology were far more sensitive than histology and TH mRNA when marrows were sampled during chemotherapy and at the time of clinical remission. CONCLUSIONS: By combining multiple molecular markers and independent screening techniques, we may be able to overcome tumor heterogeneity and expedite the detection of microscopic disease in the clinical management of neuroblastoma.