肾移植术后并发淋巴漏的护理

目的探讨肾移植术后并发淋巴漏的护理方法。方法对7例肾移植术后并发淋巴漏患者给予抗排斥、预防感染、加强营养支持并给予精心的围手术期护理,总结护理经验。结果 7例淋巴漏患者均切口愈合良好,随访1月～10年,移植肾功能良好,无淋巴囊肿发生。结论对淋巴漏的患者,进行全面的术前评估和心理沟通,严密的病情观察及精细的术后护理,加强预防感染及营养支持,能使淋巴漏患者更快的康复,提高肾移植患者生活质量及存活率。     

肾移植术后淋巴漏原因分析及护理进展

肾移植是治疗终末期肾衰竭的有效手段,但肾移植术相关并发症依然是移植肾失功和患者死亡的重要原因。淋巴漏是肾移植术后外科并发症之一［1］,发生率为0.6%~18.1%［2］。淋巴漏不仅进行性影响移植肾功能,增加感染风险,也会增加患者思想负担和经济负担,延长住院时间。分析肾移植术后淋巴漏发生原因,给予及时治疗及有效护理措施将会有效的降低淋巴漏致移植肾失功的发生率,现将肾移植术后淋巴漏的发生原因及护理现状综述如下。     

甲状腺癌中央区淋巴清扫术后乳糜漏的观察和护理

总结甲状腺癌行中央区淋巴清扫术后并发乳糜漏的护理.甲状腺癌患者中央区淋巴清扫术后并发乳糜漏护理要点,即密切观察患者生命体征、局部切口及引流液的观察、加强患者的心理护理、饮食指导与营养支持的护理、有效的负压引流、局部加压包扎、生长抑素的使用及观察等,15例患者经保守治疗均康复出院.密切的护理观察,及早发现和及时治疗,积极的护理措施有利于乳糜漏患者的康复.     

肾移植术后并发淋巴漏患者的护理

回顾性总结9例行同种异体肾移植术后并发淋巴漏患者的临床护理资料,除1例因移植肾破裂大出血于术后3d死亡外,8例患者经保守治疗后平均于术后10d淋巴液渗漏减少,拔除引流管后切口愈合好,移植肾功能恢复正常出院。术后随访6-18个月,患者移植肾功能良好,B超检查髂窝盆腔内无积液。认为肾移植术后并发淋巴漏患者的护理重点应为：做好心理护理,加强营养支持、病情观察、肾功能监测和感染的预防。     

肾移植后淋巴漏的原因分析

背景：近年来,肾移植后并发症明显降低,但移植后淋巴漏仍有很多报道。目的：探讨肾移植后淋巴漏的原因。方法：分析396例肾移植患者的临床资料,根据移植中髂血管周围有无肿大淋巴结分为淋巴结肿大组（n=21）和无肿大组（n=375）,分析两组移植后淋巴漏的原因。结果与结论：两组共发生淋巴漏27例,总发生率为6.82%。淋巴结肿大组5例,发生率为23.81%,移植后3d出现淋巴漏,平均持续时间为23d,淋巴液引流量日均为191mL;无肿大组22例,发生率为5.87%,移植后8d出现淋巴漏,平均持续时间为11d,淋巴液引流量日均为96mL。两组比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0.01）。淋巴结肿大组移植后病理诊断淋巴结结核1例,出现淋巴漏1例;反应性淋巴结肿大9例,出现淋巴漏1例;慢性淋巴结炎11例,出现淋巴漏3例;无淋巴结肿大组1例移植肾功能丢失,1例死亡。说明肾移植后淋巴漏与肿大淋巴结性质、手术操作、排斥及感染等因素有关,影响人肾存活。     

肾移植后淋巴漏的原因分析

背景:近年来,肾移植后并发症明显降低,但移植后淋巴漏仍有很多报道。目的:探讨肾移植后淋巴漏的原因。方法:分析396例肾移植患者的临床资料,根据移植中髂血管周围有无肿大淋巴结分为淋巴结肿大组(n=21)和无肿大组(n=375),分析两组移植后淋巴漏的原因。结果与结论:两组共发生淋巴漏27例,总发生率为6.82%。淋巴结肿大组5例,发生率为23.81%,移植后3d出现淋巴漏,平均持续时间为23d,淋巴液引流量日均为191mL;无肿大组22例,发生率为5.87%,移植后8d出现淋巴漏,平均持续时间为11d,淋巴液引流量日均为96mL。两组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。淋巴结肿大组移植后病理诊断淋巴结结核1例,出现淋巴漏1例;反应性淋巴结肿大9例,出现淋巴漏1例;慢性淋巴结炎11例,出现淋巴漏3例;无淋巴结肿大组1例移植肾功能丢失,1例死亡。说明肾移植后淋巴漏与肿大淋巴结性质、手术操作、排斥及感染等因素有关,影响人肾存活。     

肾移植术后并发淋巴漏18例分析

目的:总结肾移植术后并发淋巴漏的临床特征,以提高诊治水平。方法:回顾性分析2001年1月至2010年12月间我院收治的18例肾移植术后并发淋巴漏患者的临床资料,总结其诊断及治疗经验。结果:18例患者中,4例单纯引流后治愈;14例经留置管注入无水乙醇并继续引流,其中11例治愈,另3例经开放手术治愈。结论:肾移植术后淋巴漏多与术中漏扎淋巴管有关;充分的引流是治愈的关键,注射硬化剂可促进愈合,形成淋巴囊肿者多需开放手术治疗。     

1例全胃切除术后联合腹腔热灌注化疗并发淋巴漏病人的护理

目的:总结1例全胃切除术后联合腹腔热灌注化疗并发淋巴漏病人的护理经验。方法:回顾分析1例全胃切除术后联合腹腔热灌注化疗并发淋巴漏病人的诊疗护理经过，总结护理要点。结果:病人淋巴漏治疗期间给予禁食、营养支持、输注生长抑素、补充白蛋白和局部放射治疗等，病人痊愈出院，共住院63 d。随访6个月，恢复良好。结论:手术后及时评估腹腔引流液的颜色、性质及量，重点监测血清清蛋白变化，根据淋巴漏液量变化制定营养干预方案，运用正念呼吸法与疾病教育相结合，有助于全胃切除术后联合腹腔热灌注化疗并发淋巴漏病人的康复。     

1例肾移植术后尿漏的观察与护理

尿漏是肾移植术后常见的尿路并发症,文献报道发生率为3％～6％[1].尿漏的发生影响加重了患者经济及心理的负担.因此,早期发现及时处理和护理尿漏对肾移植术后的恢复具有重要意义[2].我院对1例肾移植术后尿漏患者精心护理,效果满意,患者康复出院,现报道如下.     

15例甲状腺癌患者术后并发淋巴漏的观察及护理

目的探讨甲状腺癌术后并发淋巴漏的观察和有效的护理措施。方法对15例甲状腺癌术后并发淋巴漏患者进行回顾性分析。结果通过对15例患者严密观察,早期发现淋巴漏,并配合恒定的负压吸引,控制饮食,补充营养(包括白蛋白制剂),碘仿纱条填塞等有效的医疗护理措施。15例患者均顺利愈合,无感染发生。结论有针对性的护理有助于甲状腺癌术后并发淋巴漏患者的康复。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.