Comparison of thiomersal-free and thiomersal-containing formulations of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Hepavax-Gene) in healthy adults

A thiomersal-free (TF) formulation of the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine Hepavax-Gene has been developed. This study compared immunogenicity and safety of Hepavax-Gene, Hepavax-Gene TF and Engerix-B (containing trace amounts of thiomersal) in a large healthy adult population (N=770) using two vaccination schedules: the priming 0-1-2 months or the standard 0-1-6 month schedule. Hepavax-Gene TF was non-inferior to Hepavax-Gene and Engerix-B with respect to seroprotection rates (>or=10I U/L) 1 month after the third vaccination using the 0-1-6 month schedule, with 99.1% for both Hepavax-Gene formulations and 100% for Engerix-B of subjects' seroprotected in each group. The seroprotection rate after the 0-1-2 schedule was 89.6% for Hepavax-Gene TF, lower than for Hepavax-Gene (94.2%) but comparable to Engerix-B (86.4%). Furthermore, Hepavax-Gene TF was as well tolerated as the comparator vaccines.     

Immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of two-dose versus three-dose (standard care) hepatitis B immunisation of healthy adolescents aged 11-15 years: a randomised controlled trial

This trial assessed the immunogenicity, safety and reactogenicity of a two-dose hepatitis B immunisation regimen (thiomersal-free Engerix-B 20 microg HBsAg doses 6 months apart) compared to the standard three-dose vaccination regimen (preservative-free Engerix-B 10 microg HBsAg doses, 0, 1, 6 month dose schedule) in healthy adolescents aged 11-15 years. Subjects were randomly assigned (2:1 ratio) to one of the two regimens (258 to the two-dose [20 microg] and 126 to the three-dose [10 microg] regimen) (Study ID 103860/280). One month after the final vaccine dose, the seroprotection (anti-HBs >or=10mIU/ml) rate in the two-dose (20 microg) group (233/241 individuals -96.7% seroprotected) was non-inferior to the seroprotection rate in the three-dose (10 microg) group (111/113 individuals -98.2% seroprotected). Both regimens were shown to be safe and well tolerated. Two doses of Engerix-B (20 microg HBsAg) could be considered as an alternative to standard three-dose Engerix-B (10 microg HBsAg) immunisation for adolescents aged 11-15 years.     

Immune response of HLA DQ2 positive subjects,vaccinated with HBsAg/AS04, a hepatitis B vaccine with a novel adjuvant

About 5-10% of the general adult population respond inadequately to hepatitis B vaccination. The histocompatibility leucocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2, DR3 and DR7 phenotypes have been linked with non-responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccination. A first part of our study determined the prevalence of the HLA DQ2 allele in a healthy population, aged 15-50 years. We found 35% of our study population (n=1008) positive for the HLA DQ2 allele. Positive subjects for HLA DQ2 were subsequently invited to participate in a trial and were to be given either the HBsAg/AS04 hepatitis B vaccine or a licensed hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix-B).(1) Both contained 20 microg of recombinant HBsAg. The HBsAg/AS04 vaccine was administered on a 0 and 6 months schedule whilst the comparator vaccine was given according to the standard 0, 1 and 6 months schedule. The experimental vaccine was formulated on a novel adjuvant containing 3' deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A (3D-MPL) and alum. A total of 230 subjects were enrolled into the vaccination study. At month 7, 99% of the subjects had a protective titre (>or=10mIU/ml) with a geometric mean titre (GMT) of 6613mIU/ml in the group receiving HBsAg/AS04 versus 97% seroprotected with a GMT of 2315mIU/ml in the other group. Both vaccines, with their respective schedule, give very high seroprotection rates (>96%). Our data suggest that HLA DQ2 positivity is not a good marker for non- or poor-responsiveness. The HBsAg/AS04 vaccine was more reactogenic mainly because of an increased local reactogenicity. Both vaccines, especially HBsAg/AS04, are highly immunogenic and well tolerated by the study subjects.     

Comparison of two recombinant hepatitis B vaccines and their interchangeability in Argentine infants.

OBJECTIVE: To compare two pediatric recombinant hepatitis B vaccines-the Engerix-B reference vaccine and the Euvax-B vaccine-in terms of immunogenicity and reactogenicity, and also to investigate their interchangeability, that is, whether a three-dose hepatitis B vaccination schedule begun with a first dose of Engerix-B could be completed with two doses of Euvax-B. METHODS: This study was conducted in the city of Córdoba, Argentina, from March 1999 through February 2000. Three groups of Argentine newborns (100 per group) were vaccinated at 0, 1, and 6 months of age with hepatitis B vaccine: group A, three doses of Euvax-B; group B, three doses of Engerix-B; and group C, one dose of Engerix-B followed by two doses of Euvax-B. Reactogenicity was evaluated based on parental reporting of any solicited local or systemic event occurring during the 7-day period following vaccination. Whether Euvax-B and Engerix-B were clinically identical was assessed in terms of the seroprotection rates (antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBsAg) >/= 10 milli-international units per mL (mIU/mL) 2 months after the third vaccination). RESULTS: Reactogenicity was low in all three groups. Five months after the second dose (that is, immediately prior to the third vaccination), seroprotection rates were 95.9%, 94.7%, and 90.2% for groups A, B, and C, respectively. Two months after the third dose all subjects were seroprotected, with geometric mean concentrations of anti-HBsAg of 2 468.1, 1 714.8, and 2 075.3 mIU/mL for groups A, B, and C, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Both of the recombinant hepatitis B vaccines that we studied were well tolerated and highly immunogenic. Euvax-B was clinically identical (not inferior) to the EngerixB reference vaccine, and either vaccine could be used to achieve the World Health Organization goal of immunizing all infants against hepatitis B. Further, Euvax-B can be safely used in infants given an initial dose of either Euvax-B or Engerix-B.     

某学院新生HBsAg,ALT与乙型肝炎病毒疫苗接种情况分析

目的了解某学院入学新生乙型肝炎(乙肝)表面抗原(HBsAg)携带和丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)异常及乙肝疫苗接种情况,为高校医疗保健和预防工作提供依据。方法采用现况调查,对1999-2001年入学新生进行HBsAg和ALT检测,并询问有无乙肝疫苗接种史。结果3年共检测2 789名新生,HBsAg阳性者243人,阳性率为8.71%。城镇新生HBsAg阳性率为7.64%,农村新生为9.11%,两者比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05);男性新生HBsAg阳性率为9.65%,女性新生为7.25%,两者比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。3届新生乙肝疫苗接种率为21.40%,其中城镇新生接种率为25.03%,农村新生接种率为20.05%,两者比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。ALT异常率为5.88%。结论高校新生入学时检测HBsAg和ALT,了解乙肝疫苗接种覆盖率,对做好大学生乙肝防治和医疗保健工作具有重要意义。     

2015—2018年湖北省全人群乙型病毒性肝炎免疫水平监测分析

目的 了解湖北省全人群乙型病毒性肝炎(简称乙肝)免疫水平,为制定乙肝的预防控制策略提供依据。 方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,于2015—2018年选取湖北省8个市(15个县、45个社区)开展全人群乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)和乙肝表面抗体(HBsAb)水平监测。 结果 湖北省全人群HBsAg携带率为2.67%、HBsAb 阳性率为66.08%;HBsAg携带率和HBsAb 阳性率在地区(HBsAg: χ²=60.430,P=0.000; HBsAb: χ²=215.599,P=0.000)、年龄(HBsAg: χ²=109.341,P=0.000; HBsAb: χ²=265.578,P=0.000)、职业(HBsAg: χ²=70.919,P=0.000; HBsAb: χ²=480.782,P=0.000)、免疫史(HBsAg: χ²=36.725,P=0.000; HBsAb: χ²=27.653,P=0.000)之间差异均有统计学意义;20岁以上(≥5.64%)、工人(7.59%)、农民(5.99%)和服务人员(5.45%)人群HBsAg携带率偏高,7~14岁(57.06%)、农民(58.98%)、学生(60.71%)和工人(60.76%)HBsAb阳性率偏低。 结论 湖北省乙肝防控取得一定成绩,但仍需加大宣传教育力度,提高重点人群(20岁以上、工人、农民、服务人员和学生)乙肝疫苗接种率,开展补充免疫等,有利于降低乙肝感染风险。     

The effectiveness of the infant hepatitis B immunisation program in Fiji, Kiribati, Tonga and Vanuatu

The aims of this project were: (1) to determine the extent to which infant hepatitis B immunisation is preventing chronic hepatitis B infection in children living in a sample of Pacific Island countries; and (2) to identify factors associated with the successful prevention of hepatitis B infection in these populations. A regional hepatitis B immunisation project which supplied hepatitis B vaccine to 10 Pacific Island countries began in 1995. Seroepidemiological surveys were conducted in Fiji, Kiribati, Tonga and Vanuatu in early 1998. These included immunised pre-school children and their biological mothers, and a historical control group of unimmunised students. Prevalence rates for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the populations of students, mothers and their pre-school children were respectively: Fiji: 6.9, 6.6, 0.7%; Kiribati: 27.4, 15.1, 3.8%; Tonga: 11.1, 18.6, 3.8%; Vanuatu: 16.3, 12.3, 3.0%; and for all four countries: 13.2, 12.5, 2.6%. Compared to the historical control group of students, the pre-school population had a much lower probability of HBsAg positivity (relative risk [RR]=0.19 [95%CI: 0.12-0.31]). Statistically significant differences in risk were apparent for all the countries: Fiji: RR=0.10; Kiribati: RR=0.14; Tonga: RR=0.34; Vanuatu: RR=0.19. This is equivalent to an overall program effectiveness of 81% (95%CI: 69-88%) in reducing chronic carriage. Also, the overall protective effectiveness against vertical hepatitis B transmission resulting in HBsAg positivity among children exposed to HBeAg positive and negative carrier mothers, was estimated to be 70%. By age 6 months, when all children should have had three vaccine doses, completed immunisation rates ranged from 22 (Fiji) to 84% (Vanuatu). Coverage of the first dose being given within 2 days of birth varied from 43% in Kiribati to 92% in Tonga. In conclusion hepatitis B immunisation of infants in these four countries is having a substantial beneficial effect in preventing chronic hepatitis B infection. Nevertheless, there is significant scope for further improving the timeliness of immunisation.     

学龄前儿童乙型肝炎疫苗无应答者HBV感染风险的前瞻性队列研究

  目的  评估学龄前儿童乙肝疫苗无应答者未来感染乙肝病毒（hepatitis B virus，HBV）的风险。  方法  采用前瞻性队列研究的方法，选取南宁市江南区64家幼儿园内、已经按照0、1、6程序全程接种了三针乙肝疫苗的2~5岁儿童，在2015年3~5月期间抽血检测乙肝病毒表面抗原（hepatitis B surface antigen，HBsAg）和乙肝病毒表面抗体（hepatitis B surface antibody，抗-HBs），HBsAg阴性儿童为本次研究对象。根据儿童抗-HBs是否阳性，分成暴露组（抗-HBs阴性）和对照组（抗-HBs阳性）。研究开始于2015年6月1日，结束于2016年6月1日，在2016年6月1~30日对儿童进行随访检测血清HBsAg阳性率，比较两个组的HBsAg阳性率。  结果  纳入队列的无应答组人数1 907名，排除随访期间再次接种乙肝疫苗的83人，该队列人数实际为1 824，研究结束时失访151人，实际随访到的人数是1 673人，期间共有5名小孩HBsAg转成阳性，感染率为0.30%（5/1673）；纳入队列的应答组人数2 054名，研究结束时失访140人，随访到人数为1914，他们均未检测出HBsAg；研究结束时无应答组HBsAg阳性率高于应答组（P=0.023）。  结论  乙肝疫苗无应答者未来存在感染HBV的风险。     

Changes in the anti-HBc profile of infants born to HBV infected mothers from Iran

From 2007 to 2014, 328 infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive mothers, who received passive-active immunization against hepatitis B at birth were tested for HBsAg, antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) at 12–15 months of age. Thirteen (4%) cases were HBsAg positive. Forty-four infants who were anti-HBs, anti-HBc positive (group 1) and twenty-one infants who were anti-HBc positive alone (group 2) were identified. Both groups were followed-up annually for testing anti-HBs and anti-HBc to verify if anti-HBc was of maternal origin. In group 1, anti-HBc disappeared in 41 cases at month 24, and it disappeared from the remaining 3 cases at month 36. In group 2, anti-HBc disappeared in 18 cases at month 24 and in the remaining 3 cases at month 36. The results show that maternal anti-HBc may persist up to 3 years in some children.     

Horizontal or vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus? A serological survey in family members of hepatitis B carriers in Singapore.

Hepatitis B serology was performed on 270 family members of 78 hepatitis B carriers and hepatitis B e antigen status determined in those found to be HBsAg positive. The mean age of index patients was 38 years (range 3-74) and that of family members was 28 years (range 1-71). 67 family members (25%) were HBsAg positive. The proportions of family members positive for HBsAg and those negative for HBsAg but positive for anti-HBs and/or anti-HBc were 25% and 20% for children, 10% and 68% for spouses, 36% and 26% for siblings and 29% and 55% for parents. For children of index parents the proportions positive for HBsAg and those negative for HBsAg but positive for anti-HBs and/or anti-HBc were similar whether the index patient was the mother (24% and 24%) or the father (26% and 18%). Our results suggest that horizontal transmission is a significant mode of spread of hepatitis B within the family in Singapore.     

影响乙肝病毒母婴传播中新生儿乙肝表面抗原转阴的因素探讨

目的:探讨乙型肝炎病毒携带孕妇的新生儿出生24h内及6月龄时乙肝病毒标志物的转归以及影响新生儿乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)转阴有关因素。方法:对490例HBsAg阳性孕妇及其新生儿进行追踪观察,按知情同意原则将孕妇分为孕晚期注射乙肝免疫球蛋白组(HBIG组)和孕期不注射HBIG组(对照组)。其中HBIG组334人,采取从妊娠28周起,每月注射HBIG200IU直至临产,对照组156人只做常规产检不注射HBIG。分娩后,采集新生儿出生24h内、及6月龄时的外周静脉血,检查乙肝标志物,所有孕产妇所生新生儿出生24h内都肌肉注射HBIG100IU,同时在不同部位按0、1、6月龄肌肉注射5μg乙肝疫苗。结果:①490例新生儿出生24h的乙肝标志物检测中有60例HBsAg阳性,其中母亲产前注射HBIG组35人,对照组25人;到6月龄时HBIG组婴儿有28例转阴,HBsAg转阴率为80.0%(28/35),对照组婴儿有14例转阴,转阴率为56.0%(14/25),两组间差别有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②在60例出生24h内HBsAg阳性的新生儿中,HBsAg、HBeAg同时阳性者(双阳组)有34人,HBsAg阳性而HBeAg阴性(单阳组)有26人。6月龄时检测婴儿乙肝标志物,双阳性组有19例转为阴性,HBsAg转阴率为55.9%(19/34),而单阳性组有23例HBsAg转阴,其HBsAg转阴率为88.5%(23/26),两组间差别有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③490例婴儿出生后6月龄时抗-HBs阳性率在注射组为81.4%(272/334),对照组为52.6%(82/156),其差别十分显著(P<0.001)。结论:孕晚期母亲注射HBIG能促进出生24h内HBsAg阳性新生儿的6月龄HBsAg阴转率,同时显著提高6月龄婴儿抗-HBs阳性率;出生24h内HBsAg、HBeAg同时阳性的新生儿,6月龄HBsAg阴转率较低。     

2008年桂林市城乡居民乙型肝炎病毒感染状况调查

[目的]了解桂林市居民乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染状况,评价1992年桂林市乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫管理和2002年实施适龄儿童乙肝疫苗免费接种的效果。[方法]2008年9月,在桂林市城乡。随机抽取2个城市社区和1个农村自然村,以家庭为单位每隔1户抽取1户,对所抽家庭中1～59岁人群和全部1～4岁儿童进行调查,采集静脉血检测HBV感染的5项指标。[结果]调查944人,HBsAg阳性率为5．19％,抗-HBs阳性率为67．27％,抗-HBe阳性率为3．60％,抗-HBc阳性率为27．33％,5项指标均阴性的占23．83％。HBsAg阳性率,男性与女性分别为3．84％、6．13％（P〉0．05）;1～4岁最低,不同年龄组的差异有统计学意义（Pdo．01）;农民和工人最高,不同职业的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;接种过与未接种过乙肝疫苗者分别为2．00％、13．96％（P〈0．01）。抗-HBs阳性率,男性、女性分别为64．35％、69．31％（P〉0．05）;l～4岁最高,不同年龄组的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;学龄前儿童、干部最高,不同职业的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;接种过与未接种过乙肝疫苗者分别为72．29％、59．01％（P〈0．01）。[结论]桂林市城乡居民HBsAg阳性率较低,乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫管理和适龄儿童免费接种可以提高人群对HBV的免疫水平。     

山西省强制戒毒者HBV感染状况及影响因素分析

目的 了解山西省强制戒毒者乙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis B virus,HBV）感染状况,初步探讨强制戒毒者HBV感染的影响因素。方法 于2014年6月～12月对山西省3所强制戒毒所1 176名强制戒毒者进行面对面问卷调查,收集一般人口学特征、HBV感染的可能影响因素等资料;同时采集静脉血5 ml,采用酶联免疫吸附（enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）法检测HBsAg和抗-HBs。用非条件Logistic回归模型分析HBV感染的影响因素,并对分析出的危险因素进行交互作用分析。结果 1 176名强制戒毒者年龄范围为18～65岁,年龄均数为（37.91±8.58）岁,其中男性1 118人,女性58人;HBsAg、抗-HBs的阳性率分别为4.68%（55/1 176）、34.69%（408/1 176）。Logistic回归分析显示,乙肝家族史（OR=6.654,95% CI: 2.550～17.364）、修脚史（OR=1.955,95% CI: 1.086～3.518）和丙型肝炎史（OR=7.935,95% CI: 1.496～42.098）是HBV感染的危险因素,血清抗-HBs阳性是HBV感染的保护因素（OR=0.125,95% CI: 0.044～0.359）。修脚史和乙肝家族史之间未发现相加及相乘交互作用（均有P>0.05）。结论 强制戒毒人群是HBV感染的高危人群,乙肝家族史、丙型肝炎史和修脚史是该人群HBV感染的危险因素,对该人群应加强乙肝疫苗接种,并采取针对性的干预措施。     

学龄前儿童乙肝疫苗预防效果的分析研究

目的:探讨学前儿童乙肝疫苗免疫接种的群防效果,找出薄弱环节,有针对性地指导乙肝预防工作。方法:抽取儿童静脉血2.5 m l,采用ELISA法对乙肝5项标志物进行检测。结果:15 879名儿童中,抗-HBs阳性儿童10 476例,阳性率65.97%;1997~2004年抗-HBs阳性率逐年上升;男、女抗-HBs阳性率分别为65.94%、66.01%,无显著差异;随年龄增长抗-HBs阳性率呈下降趋势,并呈1~2岁、4~5岁组双高峰现象。15 879名儿童中,HBsAg阳性儿童166例,阳性率为1.05%;8年来HBsAg阳性率呈下降趋势。结论:8年来,我市预防儿童HBV感染工作成效显著,儿童乙肝疫苗免疫接种对预防HBV感染至关重要;我们要加强宣传,进一步提高基础免疫接种率,重视乙肝疫苗的加强接种。     

中国2014年HBsAg阳性母亲所生1～14岁儿童乙型肝炎血清流行病学特征分析

目的 分析HBsAg阳性母亲所生1～14岁儿童乙肝血清流行病学特征。方法 以2014年全国乙型肝炎（乙肝）血清流行病学调查中母亲HBsAg阳性的1～14岁儿童作为研究对象,采用SPSS 18.0软件分析不同性别、年龄、民族、出生地点、城乡、地区的儿童HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc阳性率以及HBsAg、抗-HBs影响因素等。结果 共分析HBsAg阳性母亲所生的1～14岁儿童645人,HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc阳性率分别为3.41%（22/645）、71.94%（464/645）、7.60%（49/645）。其中,1～、3～、5～、10～14岁组HBsAg阳性率分别为1.27%（3/236）、3.23%（6/186）、5.71%（8/140）、6.02%（5/83）,抗-HBs阳性率分别为85.17%（201/236）、69.35%（129/186）、56.43%（79/140）、66.27%（55/83）,抗-HBc阳性率分别为4.66%（11/236）、5.38%（10/186）、11.43%（16/140）、14.46%（12/83）。多因素logistic分析结果显示,出生地点、首针乙型肝炎疫苗（HepB）接种时间是影响HBsAg阳性母亲所生儿童HBsAg阳性率的主要因素,在医院外出生儿童HBsAg阳性率高于在医院内出生者（OR=7.47,95%CI：1.50～37.25）,首针HepB出生后> 24 h接种儿童HBsAg阳性率高于出生后≤24 h接种者（OR=6.21,95%CI：2.15～17.99）。结论 我国乙肝母婴阻断取得一定成效。住院分娩和首针HepB及时接种仍是新生儿乙型肝炎母婴阻断工作的重点。     

粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子治疗HBV宫内感染婴儿的作用

目的:初步观察重组粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor,GM-CSF)作为酵母重组乙型肝炎疫苗(rHBVac)的佐剂对HBV宫内感染婴儿的治疗作用。方法:新生儿抽股静脉血检查乙肝五项,HBsAg(+)和HBV DNA>1 000copies/ml者,分为两组:治疗组新生儿出生后给予乙肝疫苗10μg三角肌肉注射(疫苗注射时间按0、1、6方案),乙肝免疫球蛋白200IU臀部肌肉注射,每隔20天1次,共3次,注射乙肝疫苗后3天同一部位皮内注射GM-CSF 10μg/kg。对照组新生儿出生后给予乙肝疫苗10μg三角肌肉注射(0、1、6方案),乙肝免疫球蛋白每200IU臀部肌肉注射,每隔20天1次,共3次。于1月龄复查乙肝五项,若HBsAg(-)排除研究,HBsAg(+)进入研究,两组均20例。1岁时抽外周静脉血检测乙肝五项、HBV DNA的变化及T淋巴细胞亚群的水平。结果:治疗组1岁婴儿HBsAg转阴率25.00%,对照组1岁婴儿转阴率为5.00%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.14,P>0.05);治疗组CD4+百分数高于对照组(t=11.67,P<0.05),CD8+百分数低于对照组(t=6.25,P<0.05),CD4+/CD8+比值高于对照组(t=13.06,P<0.05),两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:GM-CSF联合乙肝疫苗及乙肝免疫球蛋白对HBV宫内感染儿有一定治疗作用。     

乙型肝炎表面抗原无症状携带者的传染性及其传染源作用的研究

通过对无症状HBsAg携带者血清的HBeAg、HBV-DNA和Dane颗粒检查,揭示HBeAg、HBV-DNA均为阳性HBsAg的无症状携带者的血清具有传染性,而单纯HBsAg阳性(HBeAg、HBV-DNA均为阴性)血清传染性不强。
经三年观察,发现HBsAg、HBeAg、HBV-DNA均阳性的无症状携带者对同一个班内密切接触者能引起HBV感染,其感染的相对危险性比对照组高3.7倍。     

HBV, HCV and HDV infections in Albanian refugees in Southern Italy (Apulia region)

The seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C and D markers was assessed in a sample of 670 Albanian refugees in Southern Italy in 1997. The mean age was 25 years (S.D. = 12.3). Of study subjects 62.1% (95% CI: 58.4-65.7) were positive for anti-HBc antibodies and 13.6% (95% CI: 10.9-16.1) for HBsAg. The prevalence of anti-HBs was 47.6% (95% CI: 43.8-51.3). Among HBsAg carriers the prevalence of HBeAg was 7.7% (95% CI: 2.2-13.1). The highest carrier rate for HBsAg (25.5%; 95% CI: 16.7-34.3) was found in the age group 21-25 years. A relevant finding was a prevalence of HBsAg of 8.1% in children 10 years and under. The prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies was 0.3% (95% CI: 0.0-0.7) while only one of the HBsAg carriers was positive for anti-HDV (1.1%, 95% CI: 0-3.2). In Albania, hepatitis B infection represents a public health priority that should be addressed by a universal vaccination campaign.     

江苏省2010年和2020年乙型肝炎血清流行病学特征分析

目的 掌握江苏省社区人群乙型肝炎(简称乙肝)流行变化特征,评价江苏省乙肝综合防控措施的效果。方法 采用横断面调查方法,于2010年和2020年在张家港市、丹阳市和泰兴市分别开展了两次大规模乙肝血清流行病学调查。结果 2010年和2020年分别调查了148 196人和100 989人,2020年的HBsAg标化阳性率为5.33%,较2010年7.46%的水平下降了28.55%,张家港市、丹阳市、泰兴市三个示范区2020年的HBsAg标化阳性率分别为2.92%、5.25%和7.14%,较2010年的HBsAg水平均下降。按照不同年龄组比较,2020年较2010年的HBsAg阳性率在各年龄组均存在不同程度的降低,尤其在20～<35岁年龄组出现大幅度的降低。在2020年的调查中,明确有乙型肝炎疫苗(简称乙肝疫苗)接种史人群的HBsAg阳性率为4.88%,低于未接种乙肝疫苗人群8.16%的HBsAg阳性率(P<0.001)。2020年调查中抗-HBs总体阳性率为45.55%,1～<5岁的婴幼儿抗-HBs阳性率最高,而5～<20岁的青少年则呈现明显下降的趋势。结论 通过乙肝...     

Hepatitis B markers in Lancashire police officers

A total of 284 Lancashire police officers each with a minimum of 5 years experience was tested for evidence of hepatitis B infection. None was hepatitis B surface antigen positive (HBsAg). Three were positive for both antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and HBsAg (anti-HBs). Five were positive for anti-HBc alone. Thus the overall prevalence was 2.8% which is within the range reported for blood donors in the UK. There was no association with working in the drug squad or custody office but there was a higher prevalence in those who had worked in the scene-of-crime's squad. However, the numbers were small, and of this group of 28 officers, 2 of the 3 with detectable hepatitis B markers were positive for anti-HBc alone. Therefore for police officers in mixed rural/urban areas of the UK, routine administration of hepatitis B vaccine is not justified although special consideration should be given to those working in selected groups. Further studies are required to ascertain whether there may be an increased risk for police officers working in conurbations.