Breast Cancer Metastasis Presenting as Conjunctival Chemosis

A 72-year-old woman presented with a painful right eye. A few weeks before, she had noticed a red, swollen area in the conjunctiva of the same eye. On slit lamp examination, it appeared as chemosis and vascular injection; artificial tears were prescribed. A month later, a firm mass developed on the superotemporal orbital rim, in the area of the lacrimal gland. A CT scan revealed infiltrative structures in both the left and right orbit, with contrast staining in the right lacrimal gland and near the left optic nerve. A biopsy was taken of the conjunctival swelling as well as of the lacrimal gland. Both tissues showed infiltration with lobular breast carcinoma metastases.Key Words: Breast cancer, Orbital metastasis, Conjunctival chemosis     

Imaging of metastatic orbital leiomyosarcoma

A 74-year-old man with a previous history of lower leg soft tissues leiomyosarcoma and multiple metastasis presented with a progressive painless proptosis of the left eye. Orbital ultrasound, CT, and MRI revealed a large mass in the left medial orbit. The mass was surgically removed and pathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of a metastatic orbital leiomyosarcoma. The imaging characteristics of this rare tumor are comprehensively detailed, using complementary ultrasound, CT, and MRI, the combination of which allowed planning of total excision of the lesion.     

Orbital involvement in Waldenstr?m's macroglobulinemia: ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance findings.

A case of orbital involvement in Waldenstr?m's macroglobulinemia is presented. Orbital echography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed and revealed a retrobulbar mass of the right orbit. Ultrasonography suggested a lymphoid orbital tumor. A CT scan was nonspecific, but helpful in exactly locating the tumor and excluding bony lesions. Signal intensity patterns of MRI were characterized by a low intensity on T1- and T2-weighted images. A marked enhancement of the tumor was evident after intravenous injection of a paramagnetic contrast agent (gadolinium-DTPA). Although the definite diagnosis could only be established by means of an ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy, MRI in connection with the history of our patient strongly suggested a diagnosis of orbital lymphoma in Waldenstr?m's disease.     

Orbital cholesterol granuloma with destruction of the lateral orbital roof

PURPOSE: Orbital cholesterol granuloma in a 51-year-old man is described. METHODS: Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were done. RESULTS: Both studies showed a mass in the left orbit, with evidence of orbital roof destruction in the CT scan. On the basis of clinical and imaging findings, a diagnosis was made of malignant orbital tumor with destruction of the lateral orbital roof. Surgical exploration revealed a thickly encapsulated mass densely adherent to the left superior orbital bone and periosteum. Although the dura mater was intact, bone destruction in the lateral orbital roof was seen. The entire mass was successfully excised and histopathological evaluation was performed. Histopathology showed numerous inflammatory cells, blood degradation products, and cholesterol clefts. The absence of epithelial elements led to the diagnosis of cholesterol granuloma. CONCLUSIONS: Care must be taken to differentiate cholesterol granuloma from malignant orbital tumor. CT scan and MRI imaging seem well-suited to detecting the characteristic findings of cholesterol granuloma.     

Myxofibrosarcoma of the orbit: case report and review of literature

A 17-year-old man was referred with a 6-month history of painless left inferior eyelid edema. Ophthalmic examination was normal except for the presence of a reddish conjunctiva in the left eye medial canthus. MRI demonstrated a 20-mm well-defined extraconical mass between the medial and inferior rectus muscle without destruction of the medial orbital wall. A low-grade myxofibrosarcoma was diagnosed on orbital biopsy. The tumor was locally excised, but the patient categorically refused left exenteration or conformal radiotherapy. He accepted to have annual clinical and radiologic checkup. To date, 2 years later, he has been followed up with no evidence of tumor recurrence. Orbital localization of myxofibrosarcoma is extremely rare, with only 2 cases reported in the literature. The differential diagnosis could be difficult: here, a fibromyxoid sarcoma and a myxoid variant of dedifferentiated liposarcoma have been especially discussed in terms of their histopathologic features. Risk of metastasis is related to the tumor grade. Management of these tumors associates surgery with orbital exenteration or globe-sparing approaches and postsurgical adjuvant radiation therapy.     

Adenoid cystic carcinoma arising in the inferior orbit without evidence of lacrimal gland involvement

A 60-year-old woman sought treatment for right orbital fullness and intermittent headache. CT revealed an inferior orbital mass along the inferior rectus muscle. Incisional biopsy revealed an adenoid cystic carcinoma. Orbital exenteration followed by concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy was performed. The lacrimal gland was uninvolved by tumor microscopically. Although rare, adenoid cystic carcinoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis of an orbital tumor, because the unusual location of an orbital adenoid cystic carcinoma may make its early detection difficult.     

Esophageal Adenocarcinoma and Urothelial Carcinoma Orbital Metastases Masquerading as Infection

Orbital metastases can masquerade as other orbital processes. We present two cases of orbital metastases, the first being the first reported adenocarcinoma of the esophagus presenting as an orbital metastasis prior to the primary being known, and the other as the first urothelial carcinoma to present as orbital cellulitis. The first patient presented with left upper eyelid pain. CT scan identified a superolateral subperiosteal fluid collection without concomitant sinus disease, which was drained in the operating room. Two weeks later repeat CT scan showed recurrent orbital subperiosteal fluid. It was drained and a biopsy showed necrotic adenocarcinoma. The second case presented with a painless right proptosis, decreased vision, and globally decreased ocular motility 3 days after bladder resection for urothelial carcinoma. CT scan demonstrated pan sinusitis with a soft tissue mass in the apex of the right orbit with extension through the superior orbital fissure. After no improvement on antibiotics endoscopic drainage was performed. Pathology revealed metastatic urothelial carcinoma within the orbital fat.     

Orbital Metastases

BackgroundOrbital metastasis, although uncommon, is a condition optometrists should consider in a patient presenting with proptosis, ptosis, diplopia, or a lid mass with a history of cancer. However, in as many as 19% of cases, patients have no prior or concurrent history of systemic cancer when presenting with ophthalmic symptoms. If suspecting an orbital metastasis, neuroimaging is important, as well as a referral to the patient's primary care provider, oncologist, and ophthalmologist.Case ReportsThree patients with orbital metastasis are discussed. The first was a 55-year-old white man who initially presented with a left ptosis of unclear etiology. Magnetic resonance imaging of his orbits and an orbital biopsy found metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy were initiated, but the patient died shortly afterward. The second patient was a 49-year-old black man who also presented with a ptosis of the right upper eyelid. An area of the retina appeared elevated; ophthalmic B-scan and computed tomography of the orbits confirmed the presence of a mass, determined to be metastatic lung carcinoma to the right orbit. A course of radiotherapy was initiated, but the patient died 3 days after completing therapy. The last case was a 77-year-old white man with a history of metastasis to the left orbit from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. On examination, he had proptosis of the left eye, initially thought to be caused by a recurrence of the metastasis. However, a computed tomography scan showed a new meningioma in the same orbit, and treatment was started. The proptosis improved, and the patient continues to be followed up regularly.ConclusionsAny patient with proptosis and/or ptosis with a history of cancer should be evaluated for orbital metastasis. Optometrists should keep in mind that an orbital metastasis may represent the initial manifestation of undiagnosed systemic cancer. Prognosis can be poor, and thus treatment is sometimes palliative in nature, intending to slow the progression of the disease instead of providing a cure.     

Thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the orbit

Metastatic thyroid carcinoma rarely involves the orbit. A 35-year-old woman with a history of thyroid lobectomy for a "benign" goiter 6 years earlier presented with a right superotemporal mass causing bony erosion of the lateral orbital wall shown by clinical examination and computed tomographic (CT) scanning. Orbital exploration with biopsy showed metastatic thyroid carcinoma. This represents the youngest patient reported with this rare condition.     

Isolated upper eyelid retraction: a sign of idiopathic inflammatory orbital disease

A 41-year-old woman was examined for left upper eyelid retraction. Remaining ocular and systemic examination was unremarkable. Orbital CT demonstrated an ill-defined, extraconal, superior orbital soft-tissue mass involving the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. Incisional biopsy with histopathology demonstrated idiopathic orbital inflammation. The patient was started on a gradually tapering dose of oral steroids, for 6 weeks. On follow-up, the eyelid retraction had resolved. We report this case to demonstrate that idiopathic inflammatory orbital disease, localized to the superior orbit, may cause isolated upper eyelid retraction without associated proptosis. This condition resolves with medical therapy, leading to symmetrical palpebral apertures.     

Orbital liposarcoma: a retrospective, single-center study of thirteen patients

AIM: To explore the clinical and pathological characteristics of thirteen patients with orbital liposarcoma. METHODS: The clinical history data of thirteen patients diagnosed as orbital liposarcoma at Beijing Tongren Hospital, from 2006 to 2021 were collected and analyzed. The data includes age, gender, affected orbital side, course of disease, status of disease (primary or recurrent), clinical manifestations, preoperative visual acuity, operative treatment, the relations between liposarcoma and surrounding tissue, longest diameter of liposarcoma, histological subtype, immunohistochemical indicators, follow-up treatment and prognosis. RESULTS: The initial symptoms are diverse. Proptosis is the most frequent chief complaint and the others included vision loss, epiphora, diplopia, and eyelid palpable mass. Results of imaging examination [computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] showed orbital mass. In terms of treatment, 10 patients received tumor resection, and the mean longest diameter of the tumor was 3.39±1.36 cm. The other 3 patients had optic nerve invaded, so they received orbital exenteration. Pathological examination results confirmed the diagnose of liposarcoma for 13 patients. Six patients displayed as myxoid type, and three patients in each type of dedifferentiated and well-differentiated type. One patient was verified as pleomorphic, which was a rare type of liposarcoma. All of the patients showed Vimentin positive, and most showed CD34 and S-100 positive. Besides, four patients showed smooth muscle actin positive. All thirteen patients were alive. CONCLUSION: Orbital liposarcoma is a rare disease and it has no specific clinical manifestation. The diagnosis of liposarcoma should be considered when proptosis and orbital mass occurred in orbit. It is recommended to perform pathological examination to achieve early detection and early treatment.     

Rezidivierender maligner solit?rer fibr?ser Tumor der Orbita

A 53-year-old female patient presented with a palpable mass in the right medial orbit which had been present for 18 months. The left eye had been enucleated in childhood due to a perforating injury. An orbital biopsy performed ex domo showed unspecific inflammatory tissue but no definite diagnosis was made and systemic therapy with corticosteroids was unsuccessful. A second orbital biopsy was performed in our clinic and revealed a solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) of the orbit. Medial orbitotomy with tumor excision followed and the histological examination of the excised tumor established the diagnosis of SFT of the orbit with focal sarcomatous transformation. The patient presented 3 years later with a new orbital mass in a control MRI examination. Relapse was suspected and orbitotomy with excision of the mass was performed. The histological examination revealed a relapse of the SFT with sarcomatous transformation in the whole extent of the tumor. Radiotherapy with a dosis of 59.4 Gy was subsequently performed. The patient remained tumor-free in the most recent control examination 3 years later.     

眼眶自然杀伤-T细胞淋巴瘤的临床及病理观察

目的探讨眼眶自然杀伤（NK）-T细胞淋巴瘤患者的临床表现、诊断和治疗方法。方法为回顾性系列病例研究。收集1982年至2004年间7例住院手术、经病理检查证实为眼眶NK-T细胞淋巴瘤患者的临床和病理检查资料,包括手术方式、治疗方法、肿瘤病理标本的HE、免疫组织化学染色和分子生物学检查结果。结果7例患者均表现为眼球突出、活动受限或固定,视力下降或失明,内眦部和眼睑皮肤红肿、溃烂和腔洞形成,CT检查可见眶内侧有边界欠清、密度不均的肿块。病理活检可见肿瘤内有大量淋巴细胞浸润和坏死组织,CD3、CD45、RO、CD57及Ki-67免疫组织化学染色阳性。2例患者T细胞受体基因重排呈阴性表达。而EB病毒的mRNA检查呈阳性。眶内肿瘤切除、局部放射及全身化学治疗效果均欠佳。结论眼眶NK-T细胞淋巴瘤少见,其特点是发病急,病变进展快且破坏性大,预后差。最后确诊需借助于组织病理学、免疫组织化学或分子生物学检查结果。（中华眼科杂志,2008,44：42-45）     

眼外蔓延的脉络膜黑色素瘤的临床观察

目的 总结眼外蔓延的脉络膜黑色素瘤的诊断方法和治疗经验.方法 回顾性系列病例研究.收集12例经病理学确诊的眼外蔓延期脉络膜黑色素瘤患者临床资料,总结病史特点、临床表现及影像学征象、治疗与随访结果.结果 4例既往有误诊为青光眼的病史;4例既往确诊者,其中3例接受肿瘤局部切除术.常见体征包括:视力下降,眼球突出,上睑下垂,眼球运动受限,结膜充血,眼压或眶压升高等,特异性体征为巩膜表面隆起性肿物.眼B超检查6例,典型表现为眼球壁结构中断,眼内、外肿瘤连续,眼外肿瘤呈低回声,或呈中、低回声混杂.CT检查6例,表现为肌锥内团块状肿瘤与球内肿瘤相连续,边清,均质,包绕眼球或视神经生长.所有患者行MRI T1和T2加权像检查,球内、外的肿瘤有4种类型的信号特征,肿瘤在T1加权像呈高信号,T2加权像呈低信号为典型表现.球外肿瘤的最大直径超过4 mm者有9例.MRI检查可显示球外多灶蔓延及远处转移,且有助于显示微小的球外蔓延灶,最小直径3 mm.11例患者行眶内容物剜除术,1例行眼球及球外瘤体摘除术.病理学检查显示肿瘤以上皮细胞型最为多见,有3种向眼外蔓延的途径.有随访记录者8例,术后联合化疗、放疗或干扰素治疗,随访1～5年,6例无眼部复发,全身情况良好,1例死亡,1例转移.结论 脉络膜黑色素瘤发展至眼外蔓延期的主要原因可能是延误治疗,临床缺少特异表现,确诊多需结合多种影像学检查.手术联合辅助治疗有助于减少局部复发和全身转移.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical features, diagnostic methods and treatment of extraocular extension of choroidal melanoma. Methods It was a retrospective case series study. The records of 12 consecutive cases with extraocular extension of choroidal melanoma confirmed by pathologic examination were analyzed with special attention to the case histories, clinical manifestations, imaging findings, treatment and follow up results. Results Four patients were misdiagnosed as glaucoma. Another 4 patients were confirmed the diagnosis of melanoma and 3 of them received the operations of transscleral local resection. The common clinical manifestations included: impaired vision, exophthalmos,blephroptosis, limited ocular motility, conjunctival hyperemia, and increased ocular or orbital pressure, etc.Characteristic sign was raised mass on the surface of sclera. All cases underwent orbital MRI preoperatively,6 underwent ocular B-scan echography, and 6 underwent orbital CT scanning to evaluate for extraocular extension of tumor. Typical ultrasonography revealed the discontinued ocular wall and an intraocular mass with a continuous hypoechoic extraocular mass. In some cases the extraocular mass showed hypoechoic with medium echo area. CT scan showed a well-defined homogeneous intraconal mass connecting with intraocular lesion in 6 cases, which could infiltrate eye or optic nerve. The MR signal features of intraocular tumors with extraocular extension showed 4 patterns in all patients. The typical pattern was the tumor showed hyperintensity on T1 and hypointensity on T2-weighted image. The maximum diameter of extraocular tumor was measured over 4 mm in 9 cases. MRI was useful for demonstrating multiple extraocular lesions, remote metastatic lesion or micro extraocular tumor, of which minimal diameter was 3 mm in our cases. Orbital exenteration was performed in 11 cases and ocular enucleation with excision of extraocular tumor was in 1 cases. Microscopic examination showed the epithelioid-cell-type tumors were the most common. The tumor extended out of the eye by three types of way in our cases. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 5 years in 8 cases,who underwent chemotherapy, radiotherapy or interferon. Six cases had no recurrences and general health.Death and metastasis was respectively recorded in one case. Conclusions Delayed treatment could induce the growth of choroidal melanoma to the stage of extraocular extension, which has few specific clinical manifestations. The combination of multiple imaging examinations was helpful for the correct diagnosis.Surgical operation with adjunctive therapies could partly reduce recurrence and metastasis of melanoma.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic to the orbit

Orbital metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma are rare. The authors report a case of hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic to the orbit. A 56-year-old woman with hepatitis B infection as confirmed serologic test for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) demonstrated superior displacement of the left eyeball. The clinical appearance of the patient demonstrated an inferior displacement of the right eye. MRI disclosed an orbital mass that extended toward the lower eyelid and into the temporal fossa with destruction of the lateral orbital wall. Upon subsequent abdominal computed tomographic scans, the primary tumor was found in the liver. A biopsy specimen of the orbit showed trabecular structures with eosinophilic cytoplasm. Bile canaliculi and sinusoids were also seen. The tumor cells showed vesicular nuclei with mitoses. Immunohistochemical markers such as high-molecular-weight keratin and alpha-fetoprotein showed a positive response. However, immunohistochemical markers such as low-molecular-weight keratin and polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen showed as negative. We diagnosed the tumor as a hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic to the orbit. A review of the pertinent literature disclosed relatively few occurrences of hepatocellular carcinoma metastasizing to the orbit.     

Primary orbital rhabdomyosarcoma in an adult

PURPOSE . Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common primary orbital malignant tumor in children. Though rare above the age of twenty, the authors present a case of primary orbital rhabdomyosarcoma in an adult and review the literature. DESIGN. Clinico-pathologic case report. METHODS . A 34-year-old man presented with a recurrent orbital tumor four years after initial excision. This tumor was initially misdiagnosed elsewhere as Merkel cell tumor on the basis of spurious immunohistochemical studies. Excision biopsy of the recurrent orbital mass was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES . MRI of the orbit and brain was done as well as histopathologic examination and immunohistochemistry of the excised mass. RESULTS . Histopathologic study of the excised orbital tumor revealed rhabdomyosarcoma. CONCLUSION . Careful microscopic evaluation and immunohistochemical stains are important in confirming the diagnosis of atypical cases of orbital tumors.     

Primary orbital rhabdomyosarcoma in an adult

PURPOSE. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common primary orbital malignant tumor in children. Though rare above the age of twenty, the authors present a case of primary orbital rhabdomyosarcoma in an adult and review the literature. DESIGN. Clinico-pathologic case report. METHODS. A 34-year-old man presented with a recurrent orbital tumor four years after initial excision. This tumor was initially misdiagnosed elsewhere as Merkel cell tumor on the basis of spurious immunohistochemical studies. Excision biopsy of the recurrent orbital mass was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES. MRI of the orbit and brain was done as well as histopathologic examination and immunohistochemistry of the excised mass. RESULTS. Histopathologic study of the excised orbital tumor revealed rhabdomyosarcoma. CONCLUSION. Careful microscopic evaluation and immunohistochemical stains are important in confirming the diagnosis of atypical cases of orbital tumors.     

Orbital metastasis as the presenting sign of adenocarcinoma of the breast.

A 64-year-old woman presented with periorbital induration of 6 months' duration. Computed tomography (CT) revealed enlargement of extraocular muscles. A biopsy specimen of the orbicularis muscle and indurated preaponeurotic fat demonstrated an infiltrating carcinoma, and immunoperoxidase studies for surface antigens suggested a metastatic adenocarcinoma. Extensive evaluation revealed a 1-cm subareolar breast mass, with histopathological features identical to those of the orbital lesion. Orbital metastasis presenting before the diagnosis of a primary breast cancer is unusual, particularly in the absence of other disseminated disease.     

眼眶囊肿70例影像学诊断分析

目的 探讨眼眶囊肿的影像诊断特征.方法 回顾性分析经手术组织学证实的眼眶囊肿70例的B超、CT、MRI的表现.结果 B超、CT、MRI在眼眶囊肿中均有特征性表现,B超可以确定病变的声学性质,揭示病变内的组织结构.CT能够准确空间定位并可揭示骨缺失等继发改变.MRI可通过不同信号强度提示病变的组织结构,并可清楚显示眶颅沟通性病变.结论 联合应用B超、CT及MRI多种检查方法在眼眶囊肿的诊断中有重要价值.     

Isolated intraosseous extra-gnathic orbital myxoma: a clinicopathologic case report

A 19-year-old female student presented with painless, progressive proptosis in the right eye for the past six months causing significant cosmetic blemish and double vision. Clinical evaluation revealed normal visual acuity, normal pupillary reflex, severe proptosis, and dystopia. Orbital imaging revealed a heterogeneous mass in superior orbit displacing the globe inferiorly and causing extensive bony erosion of frontal bone superiorly and invading the frontal sinus. Excision biopsy was performed with en-bloc removal of the tumor. Surgical delivery of a slimy mass with infiltrated bony tissue led to a presumptive diagnosis of myxoid liposarcoma. Careful histopathologic analysis coupled with immunohistochemical studies were performed which established the rare diagnosis of low-grade myxoid spindle cell neoplasm with features suggestive of intraosseous myxoma. On follow-up at 15 months, our patient revealed no signs of recurrence. Isolated intraosseous orbital myxoma is a rare entity; only two such cases have been reported in the literature.