显微外科治疗重度虎口挛缩的疗效分析

目的 探讨髂腹股沟皮瓣与桡动脉鼻烟窝上行穿支逆行皮瓣治疗重度虎口挛缩的手术疗效.方法 2007年3月至2009年6月,采用髂腹股沟皮瓣和桡动脉鼻烟窝上行穿支逆行皮瓣治疗虎口重度挛缩45例,其中采用髂腹股沟皮瓣治疗33例,采用桡动脉鼻烟窝上行穿支逆行皮瓣治疗12例,开大虎口同时行拇外展功能重建21例,术后进行6～12个月随访.结果 除3例选择桡动脉鼻烟窝上行穿支逆行皮瓣患者和1例选择髂腹股沟皮瓣患者皮瓣远端出现远端浅表坏死,其余患者皮瓣均一期愈合,虎口开大距离均可达健侧虎口90%以上.术后随访患者对掌功能恢复良好,髂腹股沟皮瓣稍臃肿,部分出现轻度色素沉着,其余皮瓣颜色均与手部皮肤相近.结论 对儿童、青少年及50岁以下成人病例开大虎口宜首选髂腹股沟皮瓣修复,对50岁以上成人及老年病例宜首选桡动脉鼻烟窝上行穿支逆行皮瓣修复.     

显微外科治疗重度虎口挛缩的疗效分析

目的 探讨髂腹股沟皮瓣与桡动脉鼻烟窝上行穿支逆行皮瓣治疗重度虎口挛缩的手术疗效.方法 2007年3月至2009年6月,采用髂腹股沟皮瓣和桡动脉鼻烟窝上行穿支逆行皮瓣治疗虎口重度挛缩45例,其中采用髂腹股沟皮瓣治疗33例,采用桡动脉鼻烟窝上行穿支逆行皮瓣治疗12例,开大虎口同时行拇外展功能重建21例,术后进行6～12个月随访.结果 除3例选择桡动脉鼻烟窝上行穿支逆行皮瓣患者和1例选择髂腹股沟皮瓣患者皮瓣远端出现远端浅表坏死,其余患者皮瓣均一期愈合,虎口开大距离均可达健侧虎口90%以上.术后随访患者对掌功能恢复良好,髂腹股沟皮瓣稍臃肿,部分出现轻度色素沉着,其余皮瓣颜色均与手部皮肤相近.结论 对儿童、青少年及50岁以下成人病例开大虎口宜首选髂腹股沟皮瓣修复,对50岁以上成人及老年病例宜首选桡动脉鼻烟窝上行穿支逆行皮瓣修复.     

显微外科治疗重度虎口挛缩的疗效分析

目的 探讨髂腹股沟皮瓣与桡动脉鼻烟窝上行穿支逆行皮瓣治疗重度虎口挛缩的手术疗效.方法 2007年3月至2009年6月,采用髂腹股沟皮瓣和桡动脉鼻烟窝上行穿支逆行皮瓣治疗虎口重度挛缩45例,其中采用髂腹股沟皮瓣治疗33例,采用桡动脉鼻烟窝上行穿支逆行皮瓣治疗12例,开大虎口同时行拇外展功能重建21例,术后进行6～12个月随访.结果 除3例选择桡动脉鼻烟窝上行穿支逆行皮瓣患者和1例选择髂腹股沟皮瓣患者皮瓣远端出现远端浅表坏死,其余患者皮瓣均一期愈合,虎口开大距离均可达健侧虎口90%以上.术后随访患者对掌功能恢复良好,髂腹股沟皮瓣稍臃肿,部分出现轻度色素沉着,其余皮瓣颜色均与手部皮肤相近.结论 对儿童、青少年及50岁以下成人病例开大虎口宜首选髂腹股沟皮瓣修复,对50岁以上成人及老年病例宜首选桡动脉鼻烟窝上行穿支逆行皮瓣修复.     

Treatment of complex hand trauma using the distal ulnar and radial artery perforator-based flaps

SUMMARY: The clinical value of distal ulnar or radial artery adipofascial perforator flaps is shown in a series of 30 patients with severe hand and wrist injuries and major soft tissue defects requiring coverage. There were 22 men and 8 women, aged 16-73 years. The defects were dorsal and/or palmar, with or without transpalmar or transcarpal amputation, or amputation of the thumb and/or the digits. Tendon injuries have been treated primarily or secondarily, or reconstructed using silicon rods. In all cases, after surgical debridement of the wound, reconstruction of the defect was done using distal ulnar (21 patients, in 3 patients primary reconstruction) and distal radial artery (11 patients; in 2 patients primary reconstruction and in 2 patients after necrosis of distal ulnar perforator flap) adipofascial perforator flaps. Minimum follow-up was 6 months. Two ulnar flap showed partial necrosis and were revised successfully by distal radial adipofascial perforator flaps. One radial and one ulnar flap showed 50% and 60% necrosis, respectively, and were revised by groin flaps. All donor sites healed uneventfully. Functional and cosmetic result was very good in 15 patients and good or satisfactory in the remaining. Range of motion of the wrist and hand joints was almost within normal limits (less than 25 degrees extension or flexion deficits). Distal ulnar and radial artery adipofascial perforator flaps for traumatic defects of the hand and wrist offer several advantages compared to other local flaps; they are easy to obtain and cover effectively both dorsal and palmar defects without significant functional deficits or donor site complications to the upper limb.     

Use of bilateral groin flaps in the closure of defects of the perineum: A case report

Reconstruction of perineal and groin defects is a challenging problem. Commonly used methods of reconstruction include skin grafts and local flaps. The groin flap is a vascularized axial flap based on the superficial circumflex iliac artery arising from the femoral artery just below the inguinal ligament. Due to the location, the donor defect can usually be closed primarily, leaving an acceptable scar. The use of bilateral groin flaps for coverage of defects of the anterior perineum following excision of condylomas is reported.     

Use of groin flap in the closure of through and through defect of a forearm: A case report

The groin flap is a vascularized axial flap based on the superficial circumflex iliac artery arising from the femoral artery just below the inguinal ligament. It is used regularly by many reconstructive surgeons for covering soft tissue defects of the hand. Although the development of various fasciocutaneous free flaps during the 1980s decreased the attractiveness of the groin flap, these flaps can be used in reconstructing significant defects of the forearm and hand where free tissue transfer is not feasible.     

Posterior Scrotal Artery Flap to Cover a Groin Defect: A New Technique

Commonly, a groin defect is reconstructed with flaps from ipsilateral thigh or lower abdomen. Here we present a case report of use of a pedicled flap from the posterior scrotum based on posterior scrotal artery to cover a groin defect exposing femoral vessels. Posterior scrotal artery, to best of our knowledge, has not been described in the literature to cover a groin defect.     

A reappraisal of the free groin flap in aesthetic craniofacial reconstruction

Craniofacial defects are often associated with 3-dimensional volumetric contour deficiencies. The free groin flap was historically popular though technical limitations subsequently caused its use to fall from favor. We sought to determine if a role remained for the free groin flap in aesthetic craniofacial reconstruction. From May 2005 to July 2010, 15 patients had 18 consecutive free groin flaps performed by the senior surgeon at the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center and the Johns Hopkins Medical Institute. Data collected included age, sex, operative date, etiology, defect size, recipient vessels, complications, donor-site closure, and follow-up time. Eighteen groin flaps were used for the patient cohort consisting of 10 males and 5 females (mean age, 26 years; range, 18-40 years) who underwent reconstruction necessitated by various oncologic, traumatic, infectious, and congenital etiologies. The average defect size was 7.3 × 6.3 cm (range, 3-10 × 1-10 cm). Seventeen flaps were based on the superficial circumflex iliac vessels and 1 on the superficial inferior epigastric vessels. Seventeen flaps used the superficial temporal artery and vein as the recipient vessels, and the remaining flap used the superior thyroid artery and retromandibular vein. Of the 18 flaps, 17 survived (94% survival rate). All donor sites were closed primarily. Follow-up time ranged from 6 to 60 months. The free groin flap is generally underused in the reconstruction of complex craniofacial facial defects. Its unique characteristics and minimal donor-site morbidity should prompt the reconstructive surgeon to retain the free groin flap in his or her armamentarium.     

Venous drainage in retrograde pedicle flaps: experimental study in rats

This study was performed to investigate the venous drainage in reverse island groin flaps in a rat model. Two groups of 10 rats were studied. All rats of group A had a groin reverse flap with a complete pedicle (artery and venae comitantes). In rats of group B, an arterial groin reverse flap (artery without venae comitantes) was performed. For the two groups, the perivascular tissue was excised. Nine flaps in the group A and seven flaps in the group B, survived without partial or complete necrosis. Microscopic examination showed venous dilatation in the two groups. There was no significant difference between the two groups. These results confirm that venous drainage of the arterial reverse flow flap without venae comitantes is performed by venae arteriosa. However, venae comitantes probably ensure venous drainage when they are respected.     

手指再造手术中砪甲瓣供区的修复

目的 探讨手指再造手术中砪甲瓣供区的修复方法。 方法 从1998年12月至2010年12月,共修复砪甲瓣供区511例,分别应用足背皮瓣32例、第1跖背皮瓣24例、第2跖背皮瓣21例、踝前皮瓣14例、跗内侧皮瓣17例、跗外侧皮瓣79例、跖底皮瓣106例、第2趾皮瓣79例、小腿中下段皮瓣15例以及游离皮瓣124例。 结果 皮瓣成活良好,术后经过6个月～11年随访,见皮瓣质地良好,外形满意,砪趾活动及负重行走、跑跳等皆不受影响。 结论 砪甲瓣供区的修复方法较多,各有优缺点,以跖底皮瓣及游离腹股沟皮瓣为优。     

Primary reconstruction to avoid wound breakdown following groin block dissection.

We report our experience of immediate reconstruction of the groin using the deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) myocutaneous flap following 32 consecutive ilioinguinal block dissections for groin metastases in patients with penile carcinoma. All groin wounds healed primarily, resulting in a short postoperative hospital stay. Transferring one or both DIEA flaps did not lead to any significant functional disability.     

手外伤后软组织缺损的急诊修复

目的 探讨手外伤后软组织缺损的急诊修复方法。方法 1999年1月－2002年1月共治疗125例手外伤后伴有软组织缺损的患，根据术中软组织缺损情况，分别采用了手指掌侧推进皮瓣（21例），V－Y皮瓣（19例），双三角皮瓣（37例），第四掌背动脉皮瓣（2例），带桡神经浅表的示指背侧岛状皮瓣（9例），中指尺侧及环指桡侧岛状皮瓣（2例），前臂逆行岛状皮瓣（3例），股前外侧游离皮瓣（4例），足背复合游离皮瓣（2例），Mu趾皮甲瓣（1例），锁骨下皮瓣（16例），交臂皮瓣（2例），腹股沟皮瓣（4例）腹壁皮瓣（3例），进行急诊修复手部软组织缺损。结果 术后有4例出现感染，皮瓣坏死，行残端修整，其余修复后外形良好，2例腹股沟皮瓣断蒂后皮瓣臃肿，行去脂术后外形良好。结论 手部外伤后软组织缺损根据软组织的不同缺损情况选用恰当的一期急诊修复方法，具有创面可直接覆盖，感染率低，住院时间短，手部外形良好等优点。     

Superficial upper limb vasculature and its surgical implications

Any kind of anatomical variation whether encountered during cadaveric dissections or routine clinical or surgical procedures needs to be reported and taken into account. This can be quite helpful in planning surgeries accordingly and avoid disastrous complications. During routine cadaveric dissection, authors found a superficial course of arteries of the arm as well as the forearm, unilaterally in one cadaver. In this case, there were two brachial arteries – superficial and deep. Superficial brachial artery terminated into superficial radial and superficial ulnar artery. Deep brachial artery was trifurcated into common interosseous, medial and lateral artery branches. Authors have also discussed the developmental anomaly, which could have led to the observed morphological variation. Superficial vessels can provide large size pedicles for raising flaps for local reconstructive surgeries in the region of axilla, elbow, wrist or hand, or other regions.KEY WORDS: Artery, brachial, radial, superficial, ulnar     

Pedicled superficial femoral artery perforator flaps for reconstruction of large groin defects

Soft‐tissue defects after wide resection of groin sarcomas have been reconstructed with well‐characterized flaps, such as rectus abdominis, gracilis, and anterolateral thigh flaps. To our knowledge, the use of superficial femoral artery perforator (S‐FAP) flaps for this purpose has not been reported. We report on three female patients in whom groin defects after sarcoma resection were reconstructed with pedicled S‐FAP flaps. The dimensions of the skin defects ranged from 13.5 × 11 to 16 × 14.5 cm. Sizable perforators from the superficial femoral arteries were identified preoperatively around the apex of the femoral triangle with computed tomographic angiography or color Doppler ultrasonography. The lengths of the flaps ranged from 17 to 19 cm. The main perforator penetrated the sartorius muscle in two patients and emerged between the sartorius and the adductor longus muscles in the other patient. The postoperative course was uneventful, and results were satisfactory in all patients. The main advantages of the S‐FAP flap over more commonly used flaps are that it is easier to harvest and is associated with less donor‐site morbidity. We believe that the S‐FAP flap may be a versatile option for the coverage of groin defects. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:470–474, 2014.     

A microvascular peritoneal flap based on the deep circumflex iliac artery

Reconstructive surgery following tumor resection or trauma to the oromandibular areas requires one-stage, reliable, functional, and cosmetic results with a low donor site morbidity. In the past 2 decades free vascularized osteocutaneous flaps using the scapular, radial forearm, fibular, and groin flap have shown their advantages [2]. Only recently has the peritoneum been considered part of a vascularized flap to assure primary healing by mucosal defects [1, 3–5]. To show a constant vascular pattern of the deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA), 17 dissections on fresh cadavers were performed. The visualization was obtained by blue dye coloration, contrast medium angiography, and intravascular silicone latex injections. The results confirmed that the osteocutaneous part of the composite groin flap is constantly supplied by the main branch and the internal oblique transverse muscle, including peritoneum (approximately 8×10 cm), mainly by the ascending branch of the DCIA.     

手指皮肤缺损的修复

目的 回顾性分析手指皮肤缺损的治疗效果，提出手指皮肤缺损的分类，总结修复经验。方法 根据手指皮肤缺损的不同位置及面积，选用指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣、指动脉指神经蒂顺行推进皮瓣、第2掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣、拇甲瓣、趾腹皮瓣、桡动脉逆行岛状皮瓣、腹股沟轴形皮瓣、食指背侧岛状皮瓣、邻指皮瓣等19种皮瓣。共计114例129块皮瓣。结果 125块皮瓣成活，3块大部成活，1块坏死，成活率99．2％。结论 正确选用不同种类的皮瓣修复不同指别、不同位置及面积的手指皮肤缺损，可以获得良好的外形及功能。     

改良桡动脉穿支皮瓣在修复额面部组织缺损中的应用

目的 探讨改良桡动脉穿支皮瓣在修复额面部中小面积缺损中的临床应用.方法 以桡动脉腕上皮支动脉和桡动脉伴行静脉为蒂.通过筋膜蒂营养的前臂近端桡侧皮瓣(最大面积10 cm×5 cm),游离移植修复额面部肿瘤切除后的组织缺损10例.结果 修复额部缺损6例,面颊都缺损4例,术后皮瓣全部存活,经随访6～12个月后行皮瓣修薄整形术.10例病例经8～18个月随访,平均随访11.3个月,其中7例于术后6～9个月进行二次整形.所有病例皮瓣柔软,瘢痕不明显,皮色与面颊部基本接近,皮瓣两点分辨率在20～40mm.结论 改良的前臂桡动脉穿支皮瓣是修复额面部中小面积缺损的主要方法之一.     

岛状股前外侧皮瓣修复腹股沟及会阴部创面

目的探讨一种皮瓣修复会阴部及腹股沟创面的方法。方法设计以旋股外侧动脉降支为血管蒂的岛状股前外侧皮瓣,掀起皮瓣后经过皮下隧道将其转移至会阴部及腹股沟创面。结果临床治疗12例,皮瓣面积为8cm×11cm～18cm×20cm。除1例皮瓣靠近肛门处部分表皮坏死外,其余成活良好,外形恢复满意。结论以旋股外侧动脉降支为血管蒂的岛状股前外侧皮瓣是修复会阴部及腹股沟创面较好的方法。     

The radial forearm flap

Described in 1981 by the Chinese authors Yang Kuofan et al. [1] as a free flap, then in 1982 by Lu et al. [2] as a retrograde flow pedicle flap, this fasciocutaneous flap is designed at the level of the anterior and external faces of the forearm, and vascularized by the radial artery via a network of septal arteries. Prior to utilization it must be reversed on its distal pedicle. This flap allows repairing cutaneous substance loss of the whole hand and fingers. The emergence of the Chinese flap in the 1980’s resulted in a regression of the Mac Gregor groin flap that was widely used at this time [3,4]. Nevertheless, other forearm flaps, less “expensive” in terms of vascular involvement [5–9] have reduced its indications. The Chinese flap however keeps two essential indications: the multi-finger important defect that no other forearmflapmay cover; and composite substance loss of the thumb (despite the fact that the Chinese flap shares these indications with interosseous artery composite flaps).     

The Combined Use of a Pedicled Superficial Inferior Epigastric Artery Flap and a Groin Flap for Reconstruction of a Dorsal and Volar Hand Blast Injury

A hand blast injury case causing a large through-and-through composite tissue loss is presented. This injury resulted in a dorsal and a palmar hand defect with segmental bone loss. Soft tissue coverage of both dorsal and palmar wounds was achieved by two separate pedicle flaps with pedicles closely arising from the femoral artery: a superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flap and a groin flap. Simultaneously, a large iliac corticocancellous bone graft was harvested from the same incision to be used for the wrist fusion procedure. This approach uses two separate pedicled flaps with robust independent blood supply to cover simultaneously a dorsal and a volar hand wound. A large through-and-through hand defect can be reconstructed readily with this approach, and it is associated with much less perioperative morbidity compared to free composite tissue transfer options. The dissection of both the groin flap and the SIEA flap is straightforward and can be easily performed by a single surgeon. The combined use of these two flaps allows stable coverage of sizable dorsal and palmar wounds of the hand.