Clinical impact of direct referral to primary percutaneous coronary intervention following pre-hospital diagnosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

AIMS: Treatment delay is a powerful predictor of survival in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We investigated effectiveness of pre-hospital diagnosis of STEMI with direct referral to PCI, alongside more conventional referral strategies. METHODS AND RESULTS: From January 2003 to December 2004, 658 STEMI patients were referred for primary PCI at our intervention laboratory. Three predefined referral routes were compared: (1) for patients within 90 min drive of the PCI centre, pre-hospital diagnosis and direct transportation (n=166), (2) diagnosis at the interventional hospital emergency department (n=316), (3) diagnosis at local hospitals before transportation (n = 176). Pre-hospital diagnosis was associated with more than 45 min reduction in treatment delay (P = 0.001). No significant difference in in-hospital mortality was apparent in the overall study population. In the cardiogenic shock subgroup (n = 80), pre-hospital diagnosis was associated with a two-thirds reduction in in-hospital mortality (P = 0.019); mortality was only 6.2% in shock patients who underwent PCI in < 2 h. CONCLUSION: This study shows that pre-hospital diagnosis can provide a reduction in primary PCI treatment delay, and suggests the hypothesis that this referral strategy might provide survival benefits to patients with cardiogenic shock.     

Reduction of treatment delay in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: impact of pre-hospital diagnosis and direct referral to primary percutanous coronary intervention.

AIMS: The majority of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are admitted to local hospitals without primary percutaneous coronary intervention (primary PCI) facilities. Acute transferral to an interventional centre is necessary to treat these patients with primary PCI. The present study assessed the reduction in treatment delay achieved by pre-hospital diagnosis and referral directly to an interventional centre. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two local hospitals without primary PCI facilities were serving the study region. Pre-hospital diagnoses were established with the use of telemedicine, by ambulance physicians, or by general practitioners. Primary PCI was accepted as the preferred reperfusion therapy in patients with STEMI. From 31 October 2002 to 31 January 2004 all patients transported by ambulance and transferred for primary PCI were registered. Patients with STEMI were divided into three groups: (A) patients diagnosed at a local hospital (n = 55), (B) patients diagnosed pre-hospitally and admitted to a local hospital (n = 85), and (C) patients diagnosed pre-hospitally and referred directly to the interventional centre (n = 21). When comparing group A with group B and C, no difference was found in age, sex, infarct location, or distance from the scene of event to the interventional centre, whereas the median time from ambulance call to first balloon inflation was 41 min shorter in group B compared with group A (P<0.001) and 81 min shorter in group C compared with group A (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: In a cohort of patients scheduled for admission to a local hospital and subsequent transferral to an interventional centre for primary PCI, those diagnosed pre-hospitally had shorter treatment delay compared with those diagnosed in hospital, both in the setting of initial admission to a local hospital, and to an even larger extent in the setting of referral directly to the interventional centre.     

Comparison of pre-hospital combination-fibrinolysis plus conventional care with pre-hospital combination-fibrinolysis plus facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction.

AIMS: Early and complete reperfusion is the main treatment goal in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The timely optimal reperfusion strategy might be a pre-hospital initiated pharmacological reperfusion with subsequent facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This approach has been compared with pre-hospital combination-fibrinolysis only to determine whether either one of these methods offer advantages with respect to final infarct size. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with STEMI were randomized to either pre-hospital combination-fibrinolysis (half-dose reteplase+abciximab) with standard care (n=82) or pre-hospital combination-fibrinolysis with facilitated PCI (n=82). Primary endpoint was the infarct size assessed by delayed enhancement magnetic resonance. Secondary endpoints were ST-segment resolution at 90 min and a composite of death, re-myocardial infarction, major bleeding, and stroke at 6 months. The infarct size was lower after facilitated PCI with 5.2% [interquartile range (IQR) 1.3-11.2] as opposed to 10.4% (IQR 3.4-16.3) after pre-hospital combination-fibrinolysis (P=0.001). Complete ST-segment resolution was 80.0% after facilitated PCI vs. 51.9% after pre-hospital combination-fibrinolysis (P<0.001). After facilitated PCI, there was a trend towards a lower event rate in the combined clinical endpoint (15 vs. 25%, P=0.10, relative risk 0.57, 95% CI 0.28-1.13). CONCLUSION: In patients with STEMI, additional facilitated PCI after pre-hospital combination-fibrinolysis results in an improved tissue perfusion with subsequent smaller infarct size as opposed to pre-hospital combination-fibrinolysis alone. This translates into a trend towards a better clinical outcome.     

Electrocardiographic markers of reperfusion in ST-elevation myocardial infarction

The outcome of patients who fail to reperfuse with thrombolytic therapy or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) may be improved with additional pharmacologic and mechanical interventions such as rescue PCI or intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa infusion. The standard 12-lead ECG is the most commonly available and suitable tool for routine bedside evaluation of the success of reperfusion therapy for STEMI. This article reviews and discusses the current data on the four ECG markers for prediction of the perfusion status of the ischemic myocardium: ST-segment deviation, T-wave configuration, QRS changes, and reperfusion arrhythmias.     

抽吸导管在急性心肌梗塞患者急诊经皮冠脉介入治疗中的应用

目的:通过抽吸导管在急性心肌梗塞患者急诊经皮冠脉介入(PCI)治疗中的应用,以评价其可行性及有效性。方法:选择30例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗塞行急诊PCI术的病人,分为两组,各15例,抽吸导管组:予抽吸导管抽吸后,根据血栓负荷情况,决定是即时支架植入,还是择期支架植入术;直接PCI组,予单纯球囊扩张后,植入支架。比较两组术后即刻TIMI血流的分级,并比较两组术前、术后2h肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)定量、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、B型脑利钠肽(BNP)、D-二聚体(D-dimer)定量的峰值。结果:抽吸导管组有13例行导管抽吸后行支架植入术,TIMI血流达到TIMI2～3级水平,只有2例出现无复流现象;直接PCI组中有8例病人支架植入后出现无复流现象(P0.05);两组病人术前CK、CK-MB、cTnT、hs-CRP、D-dimerl比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。术后,抽吸导管组的下述参数较直接PCI组显著减少,术后2h的峰值比:CK(2152.71±297.84):(3550.93±566.54)IU/I,P0.05;CK-MB(203.85±23.06):(322.85±46.01)IU/L,P0.05;cTnT(4.46±0.93):(7.71±1.19)ng/ml,P0.05;hs-CRP(7.25±1.06):(15.27±3.22)mg/L,P0.05;BNP(1441.75±321.83):(4589.75±1388.7)pg/ml,P0.05;D-dimer(134.53±40.15):(245.43±50.15)ng/ml,P0.05。结论:在急性心肌梗塞急诊PCI术中应用DiverCE抽吸导管行血栓抽吸术,可以减少急性心肌梗塞病人无复流的发生率,提高支架植入术的可靠性及安全性,是有效、安全的。     

Risk of bleeding complications is not increased in patients undergoing rescue versus primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: Concern for major bleeding complications (MBC) may lead to withholding of anticoagulation and fibrinolytic therapy in preparation for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), potentially resulting in unacceptable delays in achieving reperfusion. OBJECTIVEs: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate MBC associated with primary and rescue PCI and how timing to revascularization affects this variable. METHODS: We evaluated 659 consecutive patients presenting within 24 hours of an acute ST elevation myocardial infarctions (MI). One hundred and eighty-three patients presented for rescue PCI and 476 for primary PCI. Eighty-seven rescue PCI patients were treated within 6 hours of their first dose of fibrinolytic. Demographics, procedural variables, outcomes, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were compared between the primary and rescue PCI groups and between early and late presenters in the rescue PCI group. RESULTS: We observed that the incidence of MBC was 8% in patients undergoing rescue PCI and 6% in primary PCI (P=0.35). There were no significant differences in bleeding associated with GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist use, procedural success, or MACE. Similarly, in patients presenting for early or late rescue PCI there was no significant difference in MBC, procedural success, or MACE. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that early or late rescue PCI and primary PCI have similar rates of MBC and overall in-hospital outcomes for patients presenting within 24 hours of acute MI. Delaying the timing of a rapid reperfusion strategy in an effort to decrease the incidence of MBC complications is generally not justified.     

ST-segment recovery and prognosis in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction reperfused by prehospital combination fibrinolysis, prehospital initiated facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention, or primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Complete ST-segment recovery (STR) is associated with favorable prognosis in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The optimal reperfusion strategy in patients presenting soon after symptom onset is still a matter of debate. STR for patients treated by prehospital combination fibrinolysis or prehospital initiated facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) compared with primary PCI has not been assessed. In the Leipzig Prehospital Fibrinolysis Study, patients with STEMI (symptoms <6 hours) were randomized to prehospital combination fibrinolysis (1/2 dose reteplase + abciximab; n = 82, group A) or prehospital initiated facilitated PCI (n = 82, group B). Further, a control group of patients with primary PCI (n = 136, group C) was prospectively assessed. STR at 90 minutes was analyzed by blinded observers as percent resolution. Categorization was performed as complete resolution (>70%), intermediate resolution (70% to 30%), or no resolution (<30%). The percentage of patients with complete STR was highest in group B with 80% versus 52% in group A and 52% in group C (p <0.001, B vs A and C, p = NS; A vs C). Complete STR resulted in lower event rates for the combined clinical end point of death, myocardial reinfarction, and stroke compared with intermediate and no STR in groups A (complete 9.8%, intermediate 23.8%, no STR 36.8%, p = 0.04), B (7.7%, 18.2%, and 50.0%, p = 0.01), and C (8.6%, 18.4%, and 42.9%, p <0.001). In conclusion, prehospital initiated facilitated PCI results in the highest percentage of complete STR compared with prehospital combination fibrinolysis or primary PCI. In addition, STR has been confirmed to predict prognosis in timely optimized reperfusion strategies.     

Primary versus rescue percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE: To compare angiographic and clinical outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus rescue PCI following failed thrombolysis. BACKGROUND: Patients presenting with AMI are treated either with primary PCI or with thrombolysis. When thrombolysis fails, rescue PCI is performed. METHODS AND RESULTS: We compared the outcome of 105 consecutive patients with AMI who underwent either primary PCI (60 patients) or rescue PCI (45 patients) between January 1997 and January 1999. The patients were followed for up to 6 months. Time delay to reperfusion was significantly longer in the rescue PCI group (354 vs. 189 min; p < 0.001). The majority of patients received a stent (93%). Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used in 53% of patients in the primary PCI group and in 22% in the rescue group. TIMI grade 3 flow was achieved in 93.3% of patients in the primary PCI group and in 88.8% in the rescue group (p = 0.08). Post-procedure ejection fraction was 53% in the primary PCI group and 47% in the rescue group (p = 0.014). A composite endpoint of death, recurrent MI, repeat PCI, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and recurrent angina at 6 months occurred in 35% of the patients in the primary PCI group and 26.7% in the rescue group (p = 0.36). CONCLUSION: Despite a significant delay to reperfusion and a lower immediate post-procedure ejection fraction, the clinical outcome of patients treated with rescue PCI following failed thrombolysis appears to be similar to that of patients treated with primary PCI at 6 months.     

Thrombus aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The main limitation of primary PCI in acute MI is lack of tissue reperfusion due to distal embolization. We sought to examine the safety and feasibility of a manual thrombus aspiration device in patients undergoing primary PCI. METHODS: Seventy-eight consecutive patients with ST-elevation MI eligible for primary PCI were included. The device was used immediately after guidewire crossing only if a total occlusion (thrombolysis in myocardial infarction [TIMI] flow 0) existed or if a large filling defect was observed. End points were TIMI flow immediately after thrombus aspiration and at the end of procedure and ST resolution of more than 70%. RESULTS: Mean age was 59+/-12 years, and 79% of patients were males. Risk factor profile included smoking in 62%, diabetes in 21%, hypertension in 46%, and hyperlipidemia in 45%. The infarct-related artery was LAD in 42%, RCA in 36%, and LCX in 22%. Initial TIMI flow was 0 in 71%, I in 10%, and II/III in 19%. Immediately after aspiration, TIMI flow was II/III in 89% of patients and I in 9%. Direct stenting was performed in 73%. Final TIMI flow was III in 90%, II in 9%, and 0 in 1%. ST-segment resolution of more than 70% was observed in 76% of patients. No major device-related complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this preliminary data, manual thrombus aspiration using the Export device during primary PCI appears to be feasible and safe. The advantages over routine primary PCI should be further evaluated in randomized trials.     

Reperfusion strategies for ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction requires rapid, sustained and early restoration of flow in the infarct-related artery to minimize myocardial damage and to improve clinical outcomes. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred therapy but is limited by restricted availability and delays in implementation. Fibrinolytic administration is widely available but is limited by its failure to achieve Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction grade 3 flow in many patients, re-infarction, and intracranial hemorrhage. A combination approach to reperfusion--facilitated PCI--involves the administration of a pharmacologic agent to improve reperfusion with PCI. The evidence supporting facilitated PCI varies according to the pharmacologic regimen at this time.     

急性ST段抬高心肌梗死急诊介入治疗后心肌再灌注不良对近、远期预后的影响

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后心肌再灌注状态不良的发生率及其对近、远期临床预后的影响.方法 回顾性收集964例急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)行急诊PCI治疗患者的临床资料、冠状动脉造影资料与心电图,以ST段回落程度与心肌梗死溶栓试验心肌灌注(TMP)分级等指标评估心肌再灌注状态.患者分为4组:A组为ST段回落率≥50%并且术后TMP分级为Ⅲ级;B组为ST段回落率<50%并且术后TMP分级为Ⅲ级;C组为ST段回落率≥50%并且术后TMP分级≤Ⅱ级;D组为ST段回落率<50%并且术后TMP分级≤Ⅱ级.以A组代表心肌灌注状态良好者,D组代表心肌灌注状态不良者.分析心肌再灌注不良患者的发生率及其对近远期预后的影响.结果 STEMI急诊PCI术后梗死相关动脉前向血流达到TIMIⅢ级而TMP分级为Ⅱ级以下者占27.3%(237/964),心电图ST段回落小于50%者占30.6%(266/964).11.31%(109/964)的患者发生远端栓塞.A组占总例数的48.9%(425/964),D组占总例数的10.5%(91/964).与A组比较,D组患者在住院期间(RR=64.63,P<0.01)以及随访期间(RR=11.69,P<0.01)均有较高的主要不良心脏事件发生风险.结论 急性心肌梗死急诊PCI后不到50%的患者心肌再灌注良好,心肌再灌注状态与近、远期临床预后显著相关.     

老年急性ST段抬高心肌梗死急诊介入治疗后心肌组织水平再灌注不良的发生率及其对临床预后的影响

目的探讨老年急性心肌梗死（acute myocardial infarction,AMI）-急诊经皮冠状动脉介入（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）治疗后心肌组织水平再灌注状态不良的发生率及其对近、远期临床预后的影响。方法回顾性收集398例老年急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（ST-elevationmyocardi-alinfarction,STEMI）行急诊PCI治疗患者的临床资料、冠状动脉造影资料与心电图,以ST段回落程度与TIMI心肌灌注（TIMIMyocardialPerfusion,TMP）分级等指标评估心肌组织水平再灌注状态,患者分为4组,A组为ST段回落率〉50%并且术后TMP分级为Ⅲ级;B组为ST段回落率〈50%而术后TMP分级=Ⅲ级;C组为术后TMP分级≤Ⅱ级而ST段回落率〉50%;D组为ST段回落率〈50%并且术后TMP分级≤Ⅱ级。分析心肌组织水平再灌注不良患者的发生率及其对近远期预后的影响。结果 STEMI急诊PCI术后梗死相关血管（infarctionrelatedartery,IRA）前向血流达到TIMIⅢ级而TMP分级为Ⅱ级以下者占37.2%,心电图ST段回落小于50%者占37.2%,均接近1/3。12.5%的患者具有远端栓塞。术后ST段回落率〉50%并且TMP分级为Ⅲ级者占总人数的39.8%,ST段回落率〈50%,并且术后TMP分级≤Ⅱ级占总人数的14.3%。心肌组织灌注状态不良者与心肌组织灌注状态良好者相比平均住院日更长,左室EF值更低,梗死后心绞痛发生率更高,远端栓塞发生率更高,IABP辅助应用比率更大,心功能恶化、心脏性死亡更高。与D组相比,随访期间MACE的发生风险在C组为43%（P=0.11）,在B组为24%（P〈0.01）,在A组为2.7%（P〈0.01）。结论老年急性心肌梗死行急诊PCI治疗后IRA再通者仅有不到40%的患者其心肌组织水平得到了良好的再灌注,其近、远期预后较好,而剩余约60%的患者其心肌组织水平存在不同程度的再灌注障碍,其中有大概约超过10%的患者其心肌组织水平存在较差的再灌注状态,这些患者在住院期间以及远期随访期间有着极高的MACE发生风险。     

冠状动脉介入治疗中阿昔单抗两种给药途径治疗效果比较的meta分析

目的:比较冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）中冠状动脉内和静脉内使用阿昔单抗的治疗效果。方法: 计算机检索 PubMed、 EMbase、 Cochrane图书馆、 中国生物医学文献光盘数据等数据库,系统性搜索已发表的相关临床研究,并对纳入的研究进行质量评价,对相关结果进行meta分析。共纳入6个随机对照临床研究,共1 138例患者,其中试验组580例（冠状动脉内运用阿昔单抗组）,对照组558 例（静脉内运用阿昔单抗组）。纳入患者均为急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死。结果: 冠状动脉内运用阿昔单抗组仅在心肌梗死溶栓后Ⅲ级血流所占比例优于静脉内运用阿昔单抗组［RR=1.06,95%CI（1.01,1.12）,P=0.02］。而在病死率［RR=0.48,95%CI（0.23,1.02）,P=0.06］、靶血管血运重建［RR=0.55,95%CI（0.30,0.99）,P=0.05］,以及出血事件发生率［RR=0.88,95%CI（0.63,1.23）,P=0.44］,两组没有统计学意义上的差异。结论:与静脉内使用阿昔单抗组相比,冠状动脉内使用阿昔单抗改善了急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的心肌灌注,但并未降低其病死率、靶血管血运重建及出血事件发生率。     

The role of paramedics in a primary PCI program for ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Time to reperfusion is linked to survival in patients presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is now considered the dominant strategy when it can be performed quickly. Because the number of cardiac catherization facilities is limited, health care workers have attempted to develop systems to ensure access to primary PCI for all patients with STEMI. The pre-hospital ECG has been shown to be a valuable tool to identify STEMI early and its use in the field has allowed paramedics to alert the medical team of an incoming patient with STEMI. Paramedics have come to play an important role in the early identification of patients with STEMI who make use of the emergency medical services. We review evidence that supports the role of the paramedics in patients presenting with STEMI.     

急诊介入治疗合并院前心脏骤停急性心肌梗死疗效观察

目的 评价急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)合并院前心脏骤停急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)的临床疗效.方法 入选2004年9月至2008年11月接受急诊PCI的STEMI患者1446例,其中合并院前心脏骤停患者(心脏骤停组)49例,无院前心脏骤停患者(无心脏骤停组)1397例.分析患者住院期间和出院后1年的临床情况,包括总病死率、心脏不良事件、卒中及出血事件等.结果 与无心脏骤停组比较,心脏骤停组急诊PCI成功率差异无统计学意义(88.8%比85.7%,P=0.497),住院期间心原性休克(3.0%比22.4%,P＜0.001)和心脏骤停(5.9%比44.9%,P＜0.001)的发生率较高,住院期间总病死率较高(2.0%比36.7%,P＜0.001).发病至院外抢救时间、心脏骤停时心律为心室停顿、入院时Glasgow昏迷评分≤7分和人院时心原性休克是心脏骤停组患者住院期间死亡的独立危险因素.随访1年显示,无心脏骤停组与心脏骤停组总病死率(6.5%比6.9%)、再次心肌梗死(1.4%比3.4%)、再次血运重建(3.4%比6.9%)和卒中发生率(6.4%比6.9%)差异均无统计学意义.结论 与无院前心脏骤停STEMI患者比较,合并院前心脏骤停STEMI患者住院期间病死率较高,但是急诊PCI后1年的疗效相似.     

Pharmaco-invasive strategies expand access to percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred method of reperfusion in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Therefore, increasing timely access to PCI is a major national focus. The majority of United States hospitals are not PCI capable, which has stimulated the development of regional STEMI programs using standardized protocols and organized transfer systems. These regional STEMI systems have improved treatment times and clinical outcomes, leading to a recent class I recommendation in the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines to develop STEMI systems of care. Despite this, less than 15% of patients transferred from non-PCI hospitals to PCI centers have total door-to-balloon times less than 2 hours. We review the therapeutic options for the STEMI patient with expected delay to PCI focusing on recent pharmacoinvasive trials. Based on these trial results, recent guidelines recommend early transfer and cardiac catheterization for patients treated with fibrinolytic therapy.     

Short- and long-term mortality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with different therapeutic strategies. Results from WIelkopolska REgional 2002 Registry (WIRE Registry)

BACKGROUND: Although primary coronary angioplasty seems to be the best treatment in acute myocardial infarction (MI), thrombolytic therapy still remains the most common reperfusion strategy particularly in smaller centers. Nowadays, different regional networks are developed to improve the treatment of patients with MI. AIM: To analyse the effects of different therapeutic strategies on 30-day and long-term mortality (median time 18.3 months) after ST-elevation MI (STEMI) in a population of 3 350 000 people from the Wielkopolska Region. METHODS: In 2002, 3780 patients with STEMI entered the registry. Complete data were available for 3564 (94.3%) patients. Depending on therapeutic strategies, patients were divided into five groups: the PCI group--direct percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PCI) in small cathlab, 'selected patients', n=381 (10.7%); the PA group--aged <70, treated with tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) up to 4 hours from the onset of chest pain, n=479 (13.4%); the IS group - invasive strategy in every patient, 24-hour duty, setting of unselected patients with STEMI, n=989 (27.7%); the SK group--patients receiving standard streptokinase treatment up to 12 hours from the onset of chest pain, n=584 (16.4%); the NR group--no reperfusion therapy, n=1131 (31.7%). RESULTS: The 30-day mortality rate in the groups above was: 3.15, 4.38, 4.54, 9.25, and 12.5% respectively (p <0.001). Long-term mortality rate was: 4.2, 9.4, 9.4, 14.4, and 18.50% respectively (p <0.001). The rate of urgent PCI in the PA group was 25% and in the SK group--11% (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with rt-PA in patients under 70 years of age and up to 4 hours from pain onset may be an alternative to an invasive strategy. However, a quarter of those patients require urgent PCI. In long-term observation the mortality benefit can be clearly seen only in patients with early PCI.     

替罗非班在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死急诊PCI治疗中的作用

目的探讨在冠状动脉介入术（PCI）前开始使用盐酸替罗非班对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）患者心肌再灌注的疗效。方法入选84例STEMI患者,根据是否有胸痛症状分为替罗非班组（n=61）和对照组（n=23）。对照组给予阿司匹林、氯吡格雷常规药物治疗,替罗非班组在常规治疗基础上加用盐酸替罗非班治疗,观察替罗非班对患者冠状动脉血流、PCI术后1hST段回落、CK-MB峰值及出血副作用的影响。结果支架置入术前替罗非班组TIMI1级血流发生率及支架置入术后TIMI3级、2级血流发生率均优于对照组（P均〈0.05）。两组CK-MB峰值、PCI术后1hST段完全回落率比较,均有统计学差异（P均〈0.05）。替罗非班组和对照组发生轻微出血的比率分别为29.51%、8.70%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论替罗非班能改善支架置入前后的TIMI血流,有利于缺血心肌的再灌注,但同时增加轻微出血的风险。     

Angiographic and clinical outcomes in elderly subjects treated with percutaneous coronary intervention following fibrinolytic administration for ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Background Prior studies have demonstrated that the achievement of faster coronary artery flow following reperfusion therapies is associated with improved outcomes among ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. The association of patient age with angiographic characteristics of flow and perfusion after rescue/adjunctive percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) following the administration of fibrinolytic therapy has not been previously investigated. Objectives and Methods We examined the association between age (≥70 years or < 70years) and clinical and angiographic outcomes in 1472 STEMI patients who underwent rescue/adjunctive PCI following fibrinolytic therapy in 7 TIMI trials. We hypothesized that elderly patients would have slower post-PCI epicardial flow and worsened outcomes compared to younger patients. Results The 218 patients aged≥70 years (14.8%) had more comorbidities than younger patients. Although these patients had significant angiographic improvement in TTMI frame counts and rates of TIMI Grade 3 flow following rescue/adjunctive PCI, elderly patients had higher (slower) post-PCI TTMI frame counts compared to the younger cohort (25 vs 22 frames, P = 0.039) , and less often achieved post-PCI TTMI Grade 3 flow (80.1 vs 86.4% , P = 0.017). The association between age (≥70 years) and slower post-PCI flow was independent of gender, time to treatment, left anterior descending (LAD) lesion location, and pulse and blood pressure on admission. Elderly patients also had 4-fold higher mortality at 30 days (12.0 vs 2.7% , P = 0. 001). Conclusions This study suggests one possible mechanism underlying worsened outcomes among elderly STEMI patients insofar as advanced chronological age was associated with higher TTMI frame counts and less frequent TIMI Grade 3 flow after rescue/adjunctive PCI. (J Geriatr Gardiol 2005;2(1) :10-14)     

Stroke complicating percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Stroke associated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a tragic complication. Despite advances in the practice of PCI, the incidence of stroke complicating PCI has not changed over the decades. The objective of the present study was to evaluate incidence and correlates of stroke occurring in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) undergoing PCI. METHODS AND RESULTS: Stroke was defined as the presence of any new focal neurological deficit lasting > or =24 h that occurred anytime during or after PCI until discharge. In 2,281 consecutive patients with PCIs for non-ST-elevation MI, or ST-elevation MI (STEMI), 20 strokes were identified (0.88%). Strokes were ischemic in 95%. On multivariate analyses, ejection fraction < or =30% (odds ratio =4.3, p=0.003) was the only independent predictor for stroke. In patients who developed stroke within 24 h of PCI, PCI of vein grafts was more frequent, and use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor was less frequent. Those patients tended to present late in the course of MI. Stroke found more than 24 h after PCI was related to diabetes, higher serum creatinine, lower ejection fraction, anterior wall STEMI and emergency use of intra-aortic balloon pumps. CONCLUSIONS: Low ejection fraction was the only independent predictor for stroke, but risk factors for periprocedural stroke are different from those of stroke occurring more than 24 h after PCI. Upstream use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor might decrease the risk of periprocedural stroke.