腕尺管综合征

目的探讨腕尺管综合征的卡压特点、临床表现和手术疗效。方法对１９８８年以来收治的７例腕尺管综合征的病因、症状与体征、手术发现和处理方法进行分析。结果术后随访６个月～６年１０个月。感觉、运动功能完全恢复或接近正常５例,大部分恢复２例。结论腕尺管综合征的诊断一经确立应及早手术治疗。由于在腕尺管内尺神经可能在两个区域同时被卡压,即同时有两种造成神经卡压的组织;因此,手术中应对腕尺管和尺神经进行全面的探查,避免因漏诊而致手术疗效不佳     

神经松解术治疗腕尺管综合征

目的：报道腕尺管综合征的诊治并复习文献。方法：临床治疗８例腕尺管综合征，按照尺神经在尺管内受压部位不同，为分３型：感觉型３例，运动型２例，感觉运动混合型３例。神经内松解６例，神经外松解２例。结果：８例腕尺管综合征术后功能均恢复正常。结论：在显微镜下行神经松解术，有利于保护神经内交通支和血运。早期手术神经功能的恢复是好的。     

腕尺管综合征39例回顾分析

目的探讨腕尺管的概念，腕尺管综合征的分型、病因、卡压特点、诊断及其临床意义。方法对1986年3月～2003年6月收治的39例腕尺管综合征患者的病历资料，结合文献，进行回顾分析。结果腕尺管包括Guyon管、豆钩管和小鱼际肌段。腕尺管综合征分为8型，病因较多，可伴有多部位卡压、腕管综合征或肘管综合征。通过临床表现及电生理检查能明确诊断。结论明确腕尺管的概念、腕尺管综合征的少见及复杂性，可以有效指导临床诊断和治疗。     

显微外科手术治疗肘管综合征43例

目的 评价应用显微外科手术治疗肘管综合征的临床疗效. 方法 从2005年10月至2010年12月,对肘管综合征43例应用显微外科手术治疗.均采用尺神经松解,其中37例行尺神经皮下前置,术后辅以神经营养药物等治疗.结果 术后随访时间为6个月～5年,平均3.2年.按中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评定,结果属优31例,良7例,可3例,差2例,优良率为88.4％. 结论 应用显微外科手术行尺神经松解皮下前置治疗肘管综合征较简便易行,在手术显微镜下操作可有效的彻底松解神经,并使神经的血供不受影响,临床疗效满意.     

肘管综合征的显微外科治疗

目的探讨肘管综合征显微外科治疗的临床效果。方法选择42例肘管综合征患者施行带血供的尺神经显微松解并前置术，术中观察尺神经肘管段的血供分支及分布特点，术后观察其疗效。结果36例肘管综合征临床症状全部消失，功能恢复正常；6例感觉功能完全恢复，运动功能大部恢复。结论带血供的尺神经显微松解并前置术是治疗肘管综合征的一种有效方法。     

腕部血管瘤破裂出血引起腕尺管综合征一例

腕部血管瘤破裂出血引起腕尺管综合征一例卢志远，刘永灿，王天胜，王大庆在尺管处引起尺神经受压最常见的原因为：腱鞘囊肿、脂肪瘤、腕部创伤。我院收治了１例因外力引起腕部尺动脉血管瘤破裂、出血，血管瘤与血肿共同压迫尺神经而引起腕尺管综合征。患者女，１８岁，学...     

肘管综合征尺神经前置术后再手术的原因分析

目的初步分析肘管综合征再手术的相关因素,为临床改进和提高肘管综合征手术疗效提供参考。方法总结我科2006年5月至2016年10月,因肘管综合征尺神经前置术后需再手术治疗患者21例,其中男18例,女3例;年龄45~61岁,平均51岁。均为单侧尺神经受累,右侧7例,左侧14例。21例患者在手术显微镜下对尺神经彻底松解,对进行再手术的肘管综合征病例进行总结,分析其再次手术的临床因素。结果导致首次尺神经前置手术疗效不佳的原因有:a)术中尺神经及其通道未能彻底松解减压,松解范围含各个卡压点及周围瘢痕。b)对尺神经的解剖及血供特点不熟悉。c)首次手术中对显微外科操作技术的运用不重视,甚至术中不使用手术显微镜。d)肘管内侧形成关节囊肿,关节液渗入尺神经外模内。e)尺神经前置术后固定欠妥当致尺神经脱位回移再次卡压形成。f)大部分基层医院无术中肌电图辅助,不能客观判断神经松解程度。本组21例患者在显微镜下进行再次手术松解,疗效满意。结论肘管综合征手术治疗最重要的是术中使用显微镜,并对尺神经及其通路的彻底松解减压及尺神经干支分离后进行尺神经前置。术中肌电图辅助可提高手术疗效。术中重视显微外科操作技术,保护尺神经的血供和组织床是提高疗效的重要因素。     

尺神经沟填埋神经外膜松解治疗肘管综合征

目的 探讨采用尺神经沟填埋、神经外膜松解及尺神经皮下前移、神经外膜松解术治疗肘管综合征的疗效.方法 对肘管综合征采用尺神经沟填埋术治疗20例(治疗组),采用尺神经皮下前移术治疗20例(对照组).结果 两组均获随访,时间10～41个月,平均18.6个月.疗效评定按照上肢功能评定标准:治疗组优良率95％,对照组优良率90％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 尺神经沟填埋术与皮下前移术是治疗肘管综合征的有效方法.     

肘管综合征的手术治疗

目的探讨尺神经肌间前置术治疗肘管综合征的疗效。方法对肘管综合征13例行尺神经肌间前置术后,观察前臂尺侧皮肤及环小指感觉、运动恢复情况。结果 13例获得随访3个月~2年,疗效评定结果:优8例,良4例,差1例。结论采用尺神经肌间前置术治疗肘管综合征效果满意,值得推广应用。     

带血管蒂尺神经松解前置治疗肘管综合征

目的 初步探讨带血管蒂尺神经松解前置治疗肘管综合征的疗效.方法 总结分析79例带血管蒂尺神经松解前置术治疗肘管综合征患者,采用肘管切开带血管蒂尺神经松解皮下前置35例、深部前置(带血管蒂肌下前置术:带血管蒂肌内前置术)治疗肘管综合征44例.结果 随访6个月～8年,平均随访3.5年.疗效按Macnicol肘管综合征术后客观判断标准评定,带血管蒂尺神经松解皮下前置术者35例,优8例,良12例,可11例,差4例;带血管蒂尺神经松解深部前置44例,优14例,良11例,可15例,差3例.结论 应用显微外科技术行带血管蒂尺神经松解前置治疗肘管综合征的效果确切,在手术显微镜下操作可有效的保护神经外膜伴行的营养血管,长期疗效满意.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.