人工引流熊胆粉中结合胆汁酸成分的研究

目的研究人工引流熊胆粉中的结合型胆汁酸成分。方法采用反相树脂柱层析法对人工引流熊胆粉进行分离,然后通过IR1、H-NMR和13C-NMR等波谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果从人工引流熊胆粉中分离得到3个化合物,鉴定为:牛磺熊去氧胆酸(Ⅰ)、牛磺鹅去氧胆酸(Ⅱ)和牛磺熊去氧酮胆酸(Ⅲ)。结论直接得到结合型胆汁酸Ⅰ和Ⅱ,化合物Ⅲ为首次从熊胆中分离。     

猪去氧胆酸合成熊去氧胆酸的研究进展

临床上用于治疗肝胆疾病的熊去氧胆酸最初是从熊的胆汁中提取得到,受熊胆汁来源的限制目前主要是以胆酸为原料合成而得。之后随着鹅去氧胆酸提取工艺和鹅去氧胆酸合成熊去氧胆酸工艺的成熟,鹅去氧胆酸逐渐代替胆酸成为生产熊去氧胆酸的主要原料。由于猪去氧胆酸来源丰富、价格低廉,近几年由猪去氧胆酸合成熊去氧胆酸的研究成为甾类药物合成研究的热点之一。本文对这一领域的研究进展进行综述,以期为相关研究提供有价值的参考。     

熊胆主要化学成分合成方法及药理研究进展

熊胆具有广泛的药理作用及应用价值。本文广泛查阅相关文献资料,进行分析、整理、归纳,综述了熊胆主要化学成分熊去氧胆酸(UD-CA)的合成方法,以及药理研究进展,为进一步深入研究提供参考。     

人工熊胆的化学研究

<正> 熊胆为贵重中药材,来源不同,质量差异很大。其质量优劣以中国药典77年版,分为“金胆”、“铁胆”、“菜花胆”三种,以金胆为上品。模拟天然熊胆而研制的人工熊胆,是以“金胆”为质量依据的。人工熊胆含有各种氨基酸,微量元素,各种胆汁酸,胆固醇和胆红素。其质量特征是含有牛磺熊去氧胆酸(TUDCA)钠,牛磺鹅去氧胆酸(TCDCA)钠,TUDCA与TCDCA是差向异构体,同时存在。本文用薄层扫描谱、核磁共振谱、红外光谱和导数光谱等现代分析方法,对人工熊胆、天然熊胆和引流熊胆进行了综合光谱分析比较,认为其质量与天然熊胆(金胆)接近,优于引流熊胆。     

不同胆汁制胆南星中胆酸类成分及其解热作用比较

目的比较猪、牛、羊胆汁制胆南星中胆酸类成分及其对发热小鼠体温的影响,为规范胆南星发酵工艺提供依据。方法分别采用猪、牛、羊胆汁与天南星生品发酵制备胆南星。采用HPLC-CAD法检测3种胆南星中胆酸类成分胆酸、去氧胆酸、猪去氧胆酸、鹅去氧胆酸。以干酵母制备小鼠发热模型,观察猪、牛、羊胆汁制胆南星对发热小鼠体温的影响。结果不同胆汁制胆南星中胆酸类成分存在差异,牛胆汁制胆南星中胆酸类成分质量分数最高,胆酸、猪去氧胆酸、鹅去氧胆酸、去氧胆酸的质量分数分别为0.035 9%、0.843 4%、2.260 2%、0.037 2%。猪胆汁制胆南星中鹅去氧胆酸和去氧胆酸升高,胆酸和猪去氧胆酸降低;羊胆汁制胆南星中胆酸类成分除去氧胆酸外均降低。不同胆汁制胆南星对发热小鼠均有一定的清热作用,猪胆汁制胆南星组小鼠体温先升高后降低,且与模型组比较差异有显著性,牛胆汁制胆南星亦表现出清热作用,但与模型组比较无显著性差异。羊胆汁制胆南星清热作用较弱。结论综合比较猪、牛、羊胆汁制胆南星中胆酸类成分质量分数和清热作用,作为制备胆南星的辅料,牛胆汁、猪胆汁优于羊胆汁。     

熊去氧胆酸联合通胆汤对原发性胆汁性肝硬化的治疗作用

目的探究熊去氧胆酸联合通胆汤对原发性胆汁性肝硬化治疗作用。方法观察组给予基础治疗、熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)和通胆汤治疗;对照组给予基础治疗、熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)。结果对观察组行熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)联合通胆汤治疗,治疗12周其完全反应率为83.3%,较对照组53.3%,有显著差异,P<0.05。结论熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)能够有效缓解早中期的PBC患者的病情,若加用通胆汤,能够加速完全反应时间,使之更好地改善临床症状,提高患者生活质量,具有积极的临床意义。     

RP-HPLC法测定熊去氧胆酸胶囊中熊去氧胆酸及有关物质的含量

目的建立反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定熊去氧胆酸胶囊中熊去氧胆酸、胆酸、鹅去氧胆酸及胆石酸的含量。方法使用Diamonsil C18色谱柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.03 mol·L-1磷酸溶液(体积比为40∶60),流速为1.4 mL·min-1,检测波长为205 nm,柱温为35℃。结果熊去氧胆酸胶囊中熊去氧胆酸、胆酸、鹅去氧胆酸及胆石酸在25 min内洗脱并基线分离。熊去氧胆酸、胆酸、鹅去氧胆酸及胆石酸的线性范围分别为0.80²00.00、0.45200.00、0.45¹10.00、0.30110.00、0.30⁷0.00和0.3070.00和0.30⁸0.00 mg·L-1,平均回收率分别为99.7%、99.3%、98.7%和99.1%,RSD分别为1.30%、1.47%、1.87%和1.95%(n=3)。结论 RP-HPLC可用于同时测定熊去氧胆酸胶囊中熊去氧胆酸、胆酸、鹅去氧胆酸及胆石酸的含量,可应用于熊去氧胆酸胶囊胶囊制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定熊胆舒喉片中牛磺熊去氧胆酸和牛磺鹅去氧胆酸的含量

采用HPLC法测定熊胆舒喉片中牛磺熊去氧胆酸(TUDCA)和牛磺鹅去氧胆酸(TCDCA)的含量,以μ-BonndapakC18为分析柱(10μm,4.6×250mm),甲醇-磷酸二氢钠溶液(0.03mol/L,6530)为流动相,紫外检测波长为210nm,平均回收率分别为98.8%(RSD=1.41%,n=5))和101.3%(RSD=0.74%,n=5).     

熊去氧胆酸治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化82例肝功酶谱变化观察

目的观察熊去氧胆酸胶囊治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者的早期疗效。方法 82例患者均给予甘草酸二铵保肝基础治疗的同时口服熊去氧胆酸胶囊每日13～15mg/kg。结果 8周后肝功酶谱ALT、AST、GGT、ALP、TBA较治疗前明显下降,前后均数比较P<0.05,具有统计学意义。结论熊去氧胆酸胶囊治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者能够早期、快速改善肝脏生化学指标。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定龙泽熊胆胶囊中牛磺熊去氧胆酸和牛磺鹅去氧胆酸的含量

以牛磺熊去氧胆酸和牛磺鹅去氧胆酸为指标,建立龙泽熊胆胶囊中熊胆粉的含量测定方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱串联蒸发光检测器,色谱柱为ChromCore AQ C18（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,乙腈（A）-5 mmol·L-1醋酸铵溶液（B）为流动相,梯度洗脱（0~40 min,25%A;40~50 min,25%A→29%A;50~80 min,29%A;80~100 min,29%A→40%A）,流速1.0 mL·min-1,柱温30 ℃,ELSD漂移管温度110 ℃,氮流量2.5L·min-1。结果：牛磺熊去氧胆酸进样量在1.069~9.57μg内、牛磺鹅去氧胆酸进样量在0.740 46~7.404 64 μg内,进样量的对数与峰面积的对数呈良好的线性关系;仪器精密度、重复性、稳定性试验的RSD＜2.0%;经低、中、高3个浓度的准确度试验考察,牛磺熊去氧胆酸的回收率为95.2%~97.7%,牛磺鹅去氧胆酸的回收率为91.9%~95.9%。测定样品42批次,牛磺熊去氧胆酸和牛磺鹅去氧胆酸的含量分别为0.18~0.43、0.10~0.44 mg·粒-1。结论：本法适用于龙泽熊胆胶囊中熊胆粉的质量控制,可为完善龙泽熊胆胶囊的质量标准提供科学的依据。     

红外光谱鉴定熊胆的研究

熊胆的红外光谱是由主要成分TUDCA、TCDCA、TCA、UDCA、CDCA的红外光谱组成,具有很强的特征性。用其鉴定熊胆,能比较客观地反映熊胆的内在质量。可以避免一般鉴定方法的主观性和片面性。     

薄层扫描法鉴定熊胆的研究

熊胆经8%NaOH水解,用硅胶G-CMC薄层板,以氯仿-丙酮-甲醇(70∶30∶8)展开,薄层扫描绘制层析谱。其谱图有熊胆特有成分熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)峰,具有特征性。此法鉴定熊胆的真伪与优劣,比较客观,准确。     

核磁共振法测定熊去氧胆酸中鹅去氧胆酸的含量

用一般的滴定方法测定熊去氧胆酸中鹅去氧胆酸的含量是很难进行的。NMR方法能有效地进行测定。样品(10～20毫克)溶解在CDCl_3和DMSO-d_6(8:1v/v)的混合溶剂中,马来酸做标准物,以δ=3.8ppm的鹅去氧胆酸C_7质子峰面积计算含量。方法的变异系数是0.45-1.3%,回收率是99.3-100.1%。     

Effect of bile acids on absorption of nitrendipine in healthy subjects

AIMS: To examine whether bile acids such as ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) can influence the absorption of nitrendipine, a highly lipophilic calcium channel blocker. METHODS: Six healthy subjects received nitrendipine (10 mg) with and without UDCA (50 mg) and CDCA (200 and 600 mg) with an interval of 1 approximately 2 weeks between study phases. RESULTS: Bile acids decreased the Cmax (ng ml(-1)) [control 10.9 +/- 5.8 (mean+/- s.d.), UDCA 5.0 +/- 4.7 (95% confidence interval for difference; 3.9, 7.8, P = 0.0006), CDCA (600 mg) 5.0 +/- 3.9 (2.6, 9.2, P = 0.0059)] and AUC (ng ml(-1) h) [(control; 60 +/- 36, UDCA 15 +/- 13 (20, 73, P = 0.0064), CDCA (600 mg) 19 +/- 19 (21, 63, P = 0.0038)] of nitrendipine, while elimination half-life remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the amount of nitrendipine absorbed was decreased when the drug was administered with UDCA and CDCA.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of ursodeoxycholic acid after solid phase extraction of blood serum and detection-oriented derivatization

Ursodeoxycholic acid (3, 7β-dihydroxy-5β-cholanoic acid, UDCA) is a therapeutically applicable bile acid widely used for the dissolution of cholesterol-rich gallstones and in the treatment of chronic liver diseases associated with cholestasis. UDCA is more hydrophilic and less toxic than another therapeutically valuable bile acid, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), the 7-epimer of UDCA. Procedures for sample preparation and HPLC determination of UDCA in blood serum were developed and validated. A higher homologue of UDCA containing an additional methylene group in the side chain was synthetized and used as an internal standard (IS). Serum samples with IS were diluted with a buffer (pH=7). The bile acids and IS were captured using solid phase extraction (C18 cartridges). The carboxylic group of the analytes was derivatized using 2-bromo-2′-acetonaphthone (a detection-oriented derivatization), and reaction mixtures were analyzed (HPLC with UV 245 nm detection; a 125–4 mm column containing Lichrospher 100 C18, 5 μm; mobile phase: acetonitrile–water, 6:4 (v/v)). Following validation, this method was used for pharmacokinetic studies of UDCA in humans.     

Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in combined bile acid-induced cytotoxicity: the switch between apoptosis and necrosis.

The goal of this investigation was to determine whether chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA)-induced apoptosis is prevented by ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) or tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDC) and to characterize the involvement of mitochondria in the process. Cultured human HepG2 cells were treated in a dose- and time-dependent protocol in order to establish a sufficiently low exposure to CDCA that causes apoptosis but not necrosis. Low-dose CDCA induced an S-phase block and G2 arrest of the cell cycle, as determined by flow cytometry. As a result, cell proliferation was inhibited. CDCA-induced apoptosis, as determined by fluorescence microscopy of Hoechst 33342-stained nuclei, was evident upon coincubation with TUDC. Additionally, after exposure to UDCA plus CDCA, the cell membrane was permeable to fluorescent dyes. Caspase-9-like activity, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, and extensive DNA fragmentation were detected in CDCA-exposed cells and in cells coincubated with TUDC, but not UDCA. CDCA caused a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and depletion of ATP, both of which were potentiated by UDCA but not TUDC. The results suggest that UDCA potentiates CDCA cytotoxicity, probably at the level of induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Consequently, as suggested by the lack of the main hallmarks of the apoptotic pathway, in the presence of UDCA, CDCA-induced apoptosis is not properly executed but degenerates into necrosis.     

鹅去氧胆酸对胆汁淤积孕鼠血生化指标、肝脏病理及胎鼠预后的影响

目的以熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)为对比,研究法尼醇X受体(FXR)激动剂——鹅去氧胆酸(CDCA)对妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积(ICP)孕鼠血生化指标、肝脏病理及胎鼠预后的影响。方法建立ICP孕鼠模型,将孕17d的SD大鼠40只随机分成对照组、ICP组、UDCA组和CDCA组。比色法检测用药前后各组丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT),天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST),碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和总胆酸(TBA)水平,光镜下观察孕鼠肝脏病理学变化,记录胎鼠身长、尾长、体重及死胎数。结果ICP组ALT、AST、ALP、TBA明显高于对照组(P<0.008 3);与ICP组比较,UDCA组ALT、AST、ALP明显降低(P<0.008 3),但TBA无明显改善(P>0.008 3);CDCA组ALT、AST、ALP无明显改善(P>0.008 3),但TBA显著降低(P<0.008 3);2治疗组胎鼠的身长、尾长、体重及死亡率与ICP组比较均无统计学差异(P>0.008 3)。光镜下见ICP组肝细胞肿胀变性,肝血窦变窄,胆管扩张;UDCA组肝细胞脂肪变性明显,小叶结构正常;CDCA组小部分肝细胞脂肪变性,小叶结构正常。结论UDCA能改善ICP孕鼠肝功能指标,但不能有效降低血胆汁酸水平及胎鼠死亡率;CDCA能明显降低胆汁酸,促进胆汁酸代谢,但其安全性还有待确定。     

Further observations on the in vitro metabolism of chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid

Human intestinal flora from normal subjects was incubated with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and 7-ketolithocholic acid (7-keto-LCA) for various periods of time and the metabolites thus formed were quantitatively determined by gas chromatography (GC) and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed that: a) the 7 alpha-dehydroxylation of CDCA produced more lithocholic acid more rapidly than the 7 beta-dehydroxylation of UDCA; b) the oxidation of CDCA produced more 7-keto-LCA more rapidly than the oxidation of UCDA; and c) the transformation of 7-keto-LCA produced CDCA and UDCA peaks after 8 h of incubation and a lithocholic peak at the end of 24 h of incubation after rising from almost 0% at 4 h. The presence of 3 alpha-hydroxy-delta 6-5 beta-cholenic acid, a hypothetical unsaturated intermediate in the 7-dehydroxylation of CDCA and UDCA, could not be detected by GC-MS.     

痰热清注射液的清热作用及其主要活性成分在LPS诱导发热大鼠中的药物动力学研究

目的 研究痰热清注射液的清热作用及其主要活性成分在发热大鼠体内的药物动力学变化。方法 SD大鼠随机分成4组,分别为正常对照组、发热模型对照组、正常给药组、发热模型给药组。发热模型对照组和发热模型给药组腹腔注射LPS 100μg·kg^-1造模,正常对照组和正常给药组同时给予同剂量生理盐水。所有大鼠30 min后尾静脉给5 mL·kg^-1痰热清注射液,于给药后8 h内每0.5 h测1次体温,给药后不同时间取血浆,同时从血浆中提取3种成分,LC-UV法测定黄芩苷（BG）的浓度,LC-MS法测定熊去氧胆酸（UDCA）和鹅去氧胆酸（CDCA）的浓度。采用WinNonlin 6.3计算药动学参数。结果 痰热清注射液对LPS诱导发热大鼠有显著降温作用,能使发热大鼠体温降至与正常大鼠体温接近,并且在给药后5～8 h血药浓度较低时仍有较好的降温作用。发热模型大鼠和正常大鼠iv 5 mL·kg^-1痰热清后估算BG的半衰期分别为（41.42±7.65）和（50.32±19.10）min,AUC0～τ分别为（2 411.95±523.80）和（2 187.74±447.14）μg min.mL-1,估算UDCA的半衰期分别为（60.22±14.97）和（71.85±18.82）min,AUC0～τ分别为（1 687.59±319.65）和（1 581.38±101.48）μg min·mL^-1,AUC0～∞分别为（1 754.39±311.16）和（1 659.51±110.23）μg min·mL^-1,估算CDCA的半衰期分别为（96.47±25.04）和（94.35±27.41）min,AUC0～τ分别为（407.35±87.29）和（356.89±39.16）μg min·mL^-1,结果表明发热模型大鼠和正常大鼠iv 5 mL·kg^-1痰热清后BG、UDCA和CDCA的药物动力学行为相似。结论 痰热清注射液对LPS诱导发热大鼠有显著降温作用,发热状态下大鼠静脉注射痰热清注射液不影响其主要活性成分BG、UDCA和CDCA的药物动力学行为。