国产麻黄的形态组织学研究——Ⅰ.北方主产的七种麻黄

据文献记载和作者的调查,我国产麻黄属(Ephedra)植物共有13种3变种1变型。本文报道我国北方生产的7种麻黄生药形态组织学比较研究结果。7种麻黄是:草麻黄Ephedra sinica Stapf、木贼麻黄E.equisetina Bunge、中麻黄E.intermedia Schrenk ex Mey.、膜果麻黄E.przewalskii Stapf,单子麻黄E.monosperma Gmel.ex Mey.、雌雄麻黄E.fedtschenkoae Pauls和细子麻黄E.reaeliana Florin。文中附有生药性状与组织构造特征比较表及生药组织图     

国产麻黄的形态组织学研究——Ⅱ.西南主产种及其它种

本文报道我国西南产麻黄——丽江麻黄Ephedra likiangensis Florin、匍枝丽江麻黄E.likiangensis f.mairei(Florin)C.Y.Cheng、藏麻黄E.saxatilis Royle ex Florin、山岭麻黄E.gerardiana Wall、垫状山岭麻黄E.gerardiana Var.congesta C.Y.Cheng、矮麻黄E.minuta Florin和异株矮麻黄E.minuta var.dioeca C.Y.Cheng,以及形态组织特征较特殊的宁夏产斑子麻黄E.lepidosperma C.Y.Cheng、新疆产窄膜麻黄E.lomatolepis Schrenk,西藏产西藏中麻黄E.intermedia var.tibetica Stapf的生药形态组织学研究结果。并根据对国产麻黄的生药形态组织学的系统研究结果,分别编写了各种国产麻黄(包括13种3变种1变型)的生药性状和生药显微特征检索表。     

国产甘草的生药形态组织学研究

本文报道了六种国产甘草生药形态组织的比较研究结果,它们是:乌拉尔甘草Glycyrrhiza nralensis Fisch.,胀果甘草G.inflata Bat.,光果甘草G.glabra L.,黄甘草G.eurycarpa P.Q.Li,粗毛甘草G.aspera Pall.和云南甘草G.yunnanensis Cheng f.et L.K.Tai ex P.C.Li的根茎和根。文中附有生药组织图3幅和上述六种生药的分种检索表。     

国产乌头类生药榜嘎类和牛扁类的形态组织学研究

本文报道榜嘎类包括两种乌头:船盔乌头Aconitum naviculare Stapf和甘青乌头A.tanguticum Stapf及牛扁类包括五种乌头:牛扁乌头A.barbatum var.puberulum Ledeb.、高乌头A.sinomontanum Nakai、空茎乌头A.apetalum B.Fedtsch.、赣皖乌头A.finetianum Hand.-Mazz.、花葶乌头A.scaposum Franch.根部的形态与组织构造研究,结果表明这两类共七种乌头可根据生药外形及显微特征进行鉴别。     

中药败酱草的形态组织学研究——Ⅲ.菊科苦苣菜属、莴苣属和苦荬菜属植物

本文报道我国北方使用的来源于菊科植物的中药败酱草的生药形态组织学的研究结果,它们是:苣荬菜Sonchus arvensis L.S.、苦苣菜oleraceus L.圆耳苦苣菜S.asper (L.)Hill.紫花山莴苣Lactuca tatarica(L.)C.A.Mey.、中华苦荬菜Ixeris ccinensis(Thunb.)Nakai、抱茎苦荬菜I.sonchifolia Hance和苦荬菜I.denticulata(Houtt.)Stebb..文中附有生药组织图7幅以及上述生药的性状检索表和显微特征检索表.     

草麻黄提取物的抗侵染、抗血管生成和抗肿瘤活性

曾发现草麻黄Ephedra sinica Stapf.的甲醇提取物在非细胞毒浓度时,体外抑制人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)微管形成,因此对该提取物的水部位(EW,即甲醇提取物混悬于水中、用乙酸乙酯和丁醇分配后得到的水相)进行了进一步的抗血管生成和抗肿瘤试验。     

草麻黄化学成分的研究

目的：研究麻黄科植物草麻黄（Ephedra sinica Stapf.）草质茎的化学成分。方法：运用多种色谱方法,对草麻黄草质茎的n-正丁醇提取部位分离、纯化,并结合波谱方法鉴定其结构。结果：从提取部位分离与鉴定10种化合物,分别是l-麻黄碱（l-Ephedrine,1）,d-伪麻黄碱（d-Pseudoephedrine,2）,N-甲基麻黄碱（N-Methylephedrine,3）,苯丙醇胺（Phenylpropanolamine,4）,4-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷苯甲酸（4-O-β-D-glucopyranosi-debenzoic acid,5）,杜鹃醇-4＇-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（Rhododendrol-4＇-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,6）,cis-丁香甙（cis-Syringin,7）,Pseudolaroside B（8）,腺苷（Adenosine,9）,黄嘌呤（Xanthine,10）。结论：从提取部位分离与鉴定的化合物7,8,9为首次从该植物分得。     

麻黄属植物化学成分及临床应用的研究进展

目的：阐述麻黄属植物化学成分及临床应用的研究现状,为麻黄的临床应用提供新的思路。方法：查阅麻黄属植物相关研究文献,总结其化学成分及临床应用概况。结果：麻黄中主要的化合物有麻黄碱类、挥发油类、黄酮类、多糖类和少量的有机酸。目前在麻黄属植物麻黄中麻黄碱的应用十分广泛,除以中药配方应用于临床,已有60余种化学药品以盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱作为有效成分,主治咳嗽。对其挥发油类、黄酮类的临床应用研究不多。麻黄联合化学药品共同使用,弥补了传统中药配方煎熬过程中有效成分的丢失,可以使治疗效果更明显。麻黄多糖抗炎、镇痛、对免疫的影响作用机制尚不确定,有待进一步研究。结论：麻黄作为传统中药,具有较大的药用价值,将为其临床应用提供新的思路。     

基于网络药理学和实验验证的麻黄细辛附子汤治疗变应性鼻炎的作用机制探讨

目的 基于网络药理学和分子对接技术探讨麻黄细辛附子汤治疗变应性鼻炎（AR）的作用机制,并结合体外细胞实验进行验证。方法 运用TCMSP平台获取麻黄细辛附子汤的活性成分及作用靶点,通过GeneCards、OMIM、PharmGKB、TTD和DrugBank数据库检索AR疾病靶点。利用STRING平台构建蛋白质相互作用（PPI）网络。通过R语言进行基因本体（GO）和京都基因与基因组百科全书（KEGG）富集分析。利用AutoDock对关键化合物与核心靶基因进行对接验证。体外培养人鼻黏膜上皮细胞（HNEpC）,使用酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）、流式细胞术、实时荧光定量PCR（qRTPCR）的方法验证麻黄细辛附子汤对炎症因子、细胞凋亡、部分关键靶点表达的影响。结果 经筛选得到麻黄细辛附子汤活性成分62个,治疗AR靶点99个。PPI核心靶点包括前列腺素G/H合成酶2（PTGS2）、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶3（MAPK3）、基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）等。KEGG富集分析涉及与免疫炎症相关信号通路,与细胞增殖、凋亡相关信号通路,GO富集分析涉及对脂多糖反应等生物过程,细胞因子受体结合、细胞因子活性等分子功能。分子对接结果表明,活性成分与靶基因紧密结合。细胞实验结果显示,与模型组比较,麻黄细辛附子汤可以减少炎症因子白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-8（IL-8）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）分泌（P＜0.05、0.01）,抑制细胞凋亡（P＜0.01）,降低PTGS2、MAPK3 mRNA表达、升高MMP-9 mRNA表达（P＜0.05、0.01）。结论 麻黄细辛附子汤可以通过多种活性成分作用于多靶点、多通路,调控炎症反应、免疫功能、细胞凋亡等途径发挥治疗AR的作用。     

商品黄芪的地区用药及其易混品的形态与显微鉴别

黄芪的地区用药及易混品共5种,即:梭果黄芪Astragalus ernesti Comb.,淡紫花膜荚黄芪A.membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge f.purpurinus (Y.C.Ho)Y.C.Ho,乌拉特黄芪A.hoantchy Franch.,甘青黄芪A.tanguticus Batalin和马衔山黄芪A.mahoschanicus Hand.-Mazz.等,对其生药形态和组织特征进行了比较研究,并编写了生药性状和组织特征检索表。     

Herbological studies on Chinese crude drug Ma-huang. Part 1-On the botanical origin of Ma-huang in ancient China and the origin of Japanese Ma-huang

The botanical origin of a Chinese crude drug Ma-huang in ancient China and the origin of Japanese Ma-huang were herbologically studied. The results showed that the plants of Ephedra sinica Stapf, E. intermedia Schrenk & C. A. Meyer and E. equisetina Bunge were used as Ma-huang in China, and the first species was considered to be of high quality. The characters of Mao-zhou Ma-huang and Tong-zhou Ma-huang printed in Tu-jing-ben-cao, published in the Song Dynasty in China, were identified as E. likiangensis Florin and E. intermedia, respectively, and both species were recognized as excellent Ma-huang in the Ming Dynasty. The word origin of Katsune-kusa, the Japanese name for Ma-huang in the Heian Era, was etymologically considered as meaning the plant having reddish brown roots. In Japan, the plant of Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. var.japonicum Milde, of the family Equisetaceae, was substituted for Ma-huang in the middle of Edo Era, and it was designated that this action was based on the confusion of Ephedra plants and Equisetum plants those days in China.     

Environmental and soil characteristics in Ephedra habitats of Uzbekistan

Journal of Natural Medicines - In Uzbekistan, Ephedra distachya L., E. equisetina Bunge, E. foliata Boiss. ex C. A. Mey., E. lomatolepis Schrenk, and E. strobilacea Bunge show species specificity...     

Sequence analysis of chloroplast chlB gene of medicinal Ephedra species and its application to authentication of Ephedra Herb

Chloroplast chlB gene encoding subunit B of light-independent protochlorophyllide reductase was amplified from herbarium and crude drug specimens of Ephedra sinica, E. intermedia, E. equisetina, and E. przewalskii. Sequence comparison of the chlB gene indicated that all the E. sinica specimens have the same sequence type (Type S) distinctive from other species, while there are two sequence types (Type E1 and Type E2) in E. equisetina. E. intermedia and E. prezewalskii revealed an identical sequence type (Type IP). E. sinica was also identified by digesting the chlB fragment with Bcl I. A novel method for DNA authentication of Ephedra Herb based on the sequences of the chloroplast chlB gene and internal transcribed spacer of nuclear rRNA genes was developed and successfully applied for identification of the crude drugs obtained in the Chinese market.     

人工种植麻黄中左旋麻黄碱、右旋麻黄碱含量及相关性研究

目的　对不同产地、不同生长期人工种植麻黄生物形态和土壤特征指标进行了同期跟踪测定 ,依次探讨麻黄人工规范化种植的技术条件 ,为麻黄现代化种植 ,提高技术水平打下一定的基础。方法　采用高效液相色谱法 ,测定麻黄中左旋麻黄碱、右旋麻黄碱含量。结果　基地生长期一年半的中麻黄的总碱含量均已超过药典规定标准 ,达到收购标准 ,草麻黄亦接近收购标准。结论　植株含量测定结果表明 ,秋季移栽麻黄的麻黄碱含量较春季移栽麻黄高 ,而传统的麻黄移栽期为春季 ,本研究对指导生产具有一定的现实意义。     

Genetic diversity of Ephedra plants in mongolia inferred from internal transcribed spacer sequence of nuclear ribosomal DNA

Ephedrae herba has been used for treating colds, relieving coughs and asthma from ancient times. We previously reported the distribution of Ephedra sinica, E. equisetina, E. przewalskii, E. regeliana, E. monosperma and Ephedra sp. in Mongolia, and among them E. sinica and E. equisetina were potential new resources of Ephedrae herba of Japanese pharmacopoeia grade, based on our field survey and subsequent molecular and chemical assessments. However, the Ephedra population in southwestern areas showed a high possibility of having hybrid origins. Further field surveys in southwestern areas, and sequence analysis of the partial nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region, besides trnK and 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene regions, were conducted in order to obtain detailed evidence of hybridization status. As a result, the distribution of E. glauca in western area and E. lomatolepis in western-most area was confirmed. The ITS sequences from all 8 Ephedra species collected in Mongolia were roughly divided into 5 types (types I-V). Type II sequence, having several additive nucleotides, was found in Ephedra sp., E. glauca, E. regeliana and E. sinica, which provided useful information for tracing hybrid origins. Morphological, genetic and distribution evidence suggested that the hybridization of Ephedra species occurred widely in southwestern Mongolia, and several Ephedra species including E. przewalkskii and E. intermedia were involved in these events. Integrated with our previous report, trnK-, 18S- and ITS-types from pure lines of each species are proposed. In addition, we propose a practicable method for detecting additive peaks on a direct sequencing electropherogram.     

十二种国产麻黄的品质评价

本文应用高效液相色谱法对我国24个产地所产的12种麻黄生药进行了六种生物碱的定量分析,这六种生物碱是:麻黄碱(ephedrine),伪麻黄碱(pseudoephedrine),去甲基麻黄碱(norephedrine),去甲基伪麻黄碱(norpseudoephedrine),甲基麻黄碱(methylephedrine)和甲基伪麻黄碱(methylpseudoephedrine)。根据分析结果,对这些麻黄生药的品质作出了评价。     

Phylogenetic analysis of the DNA sequence of the non-coding region of nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast of Ephedra plants in China

Twenty-four Ephedra plants belonging to 8 species grown in the northern and western parts of China were phylogenetically analyzed for their non-coding DNA sequences, internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) of nuclear ribosomal DNA as well as trnL intron and intergenic spacers between trnL and trnF (trnL/ trnF) of the chloroplast. Based on the ITS sequences, the 8 species could be divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (Ephedra intermedia, E. sinica, E. przewalskii), Group 2 (E. equisetina, E. monosperma, E. gerardiana), and Group 3 (E. likiangensis, E. minuta). The species classified into Group 1 grow mainly in the north, Group 3 in the south and Group 2 in the center, suggesting their genetic and geographic relationships. A specific primer set was designed to classify the 3 groups by routine PCR. Combined analysis of ITS and trnL/ trnF differentiated the 8 Ephedra species.