中国青海省和西藏自治区柴胡属（伞形科）药用植物资源的调查和利用

柴胡为著名的常用中药，近年来需要量日增，而药典规定的正品柴胡资源日渐减少，急待开发新药源，中国伞形科柴胡属有40种以上，其中有很多种在产地或民间早已作柴胡药用，本文报道青海省和西藏自治区调查柴胡资源和利用的情况，共有柴胡属植物18种7变种和1变型，其中1种为首次发现的新种，订名为青海柴胡Bupleurum qinghaiense Y.Li et J.X.Guo,Sp.Nov。并按国际命名法作了拉丁文植物描述。调查在当地作为柴胡药用的共有三种，即青海柴胡、小叶黑柴胡Bupleurum smithii Wolff.var.parvifolium Shan et Y.Li、窄竹叶柴胡Bupleurum marginatum Wall.ex DC.var.stenophyllum(Wolff)Shan et Y.Li作者对此三种药用柴胡进行分类学研究、挥发油含量测定和柴胡皂甙的初步分析为今后开发利用这些资源提供了有价值的科学依据。     

不同产地柴胡中总皂苷及柴胡皂苷a含量测定

<正>柴胡(Bupleurum Chinense DC.)为伞形科柴胡属植物北柴胡的根,为常用的中药之一,具有疏肝升阳、和解表里的功效[1]。柴胡皂苷a(saikosaponin a)(化学结构式见图1)是其主要活性成分之一,而不同产地柴胡中其含量相差较大,为了评价不同产地柴胡的优劣,作者采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和可见分光光度法分别对柴胡皂苷a及柴胡总皂苷进行了含量测定。     

柴胡与伪品弯茎还羊参的鉴别

柴胡系伞形科植物柴胡(Bupleurum chinense DC．)或狭叶柴胡(B．scorzonerifolim Willd．)的干燥根,具有和解表里,疏肝,升阳的功能,来源十分复杂,商品中存在着大量柴胡属其它种植物根及根茎伪充正品柴胡的现象。近年来,笔者检查宁波地区药品质量时发现来自安徽毫州药材市场的一种新伪品,经鉴定为菊科植物弯茎还羊参(Crepis flexuosa (DC．)Benth．et Hook．f.)的根及根茎。从外观看伪品与北柴胡较为相近,二者较难区分,为了正确把握正品北柴胡与伪品柴胡的鉴别要点,笔者对柴胡和弯茎还羊参的根及根茎的性状、横切面显微特征、薄层色谱和紫外光谱扫描等方面进行了比较鉴别,介绍如下。     

柴胡属植物的化学成分和药理作用的研究概况

柴胡为常用中药。我国使用的柴胡主要为伞形科植物狭叶柴胡(Bupleurum scorzoneraefolium Willd)和北柴胡(B.chinesis DC)及其同属植物的根部。柴胡具“和表解里、疏肝解郁、止痛”之功效。由于疗效确切,早已为国内外医药界     

双波长薄层层析光密度法分离测定柴胡皂甙及其在评价栽培柴胡品质中的应用

柴胡的原植物因产地不同而异,现多用伞形科柴胡属植物的根,而日本产狭叶柴胡(Bupleurum falcatum L.)被认为品质最优,柴胡主要含柴胡皂甙-a(1)、-c(2),-d(3),并含少量-e,-f。其中,(1),(3)具抗炎、降血清胆固醇和抑制D-半乳糖胺的肝损害作用。本文报导了一个简便、快速地测定柴胡根中(1)、(3)的双波长薄层层析光密度定量法。将柴胡根的甲醇提取物用2％HCl/50％甲醇处理后,(1)、(3)可分别转变成     

柴胡及其常见伪品的鉴别

柴胡具和解表里,舒肝,升阳之功效。收载于《中国药典》2000年版一部。为伞形科植物柴胡Bupleurum chinense DC．或狭叶柴胡Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd．的干燥根。笔者在近期工作中发现临床上使用混乱,以下几种伪品较多见。伪品1:伞形科植物大叶柴胡Bupleurum lon     

北柴胡、紫花阔叶柴胡叶绿体全基因组解析及柴胡属药用植物叶绿体基因组比较与系统发育分析

柴胡属(Bupleurum L.)是伞形科(Apiaceae)中具有重要经济价值的药用类群。本研究利用Illumina HiSeq X Ten平台测序获得北柴胡(B.chinense DC.)和紫花阔叶柴胡(B.boissieuanum H.Wolff)的叶绿体全基因组序列,对其进行了组装、注释和特征分析,并与同属已发表的叶绿体全基因组进行了比较和系统发育分析。北柴胡和紫花阔叶柴胡叶绿体全基因组大小分别为155458、155800 bp,均为由一个大单拷贝区(large single copy,LSC;85343、85804 bp)、一个小单拷贝区(small single copy,SSC;17495、17410 bp)和一对反向重复区(inverted repeat,IRa/IRb;26310、26293 bp)构成的环状四分体结构;两者分别注释得到129个基因,包括84个蛋白编码基因、37个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因;此外,两者重复序列的类型与分布模式相似,但数量有所差异。比较基因组学分析结果表明,柴胡属植物叶绿体全基因组大小、结构、GC含量及基因组成和排列顺序等在种内、种间均高度保守,IRs区未出现明显扩张或收缩;序列的种间变异高于种内,非编码序列(包括基因间区和内含子)变异高于编码基因序列,LSC和SSC区序列变异高于IRs区;此外,筛选到11条核苷酸多样性较高的种间高变异序列,分别位于LSC和SSC区。系统发育分析结果强烈支持柴胡属为单系,其中,北柴胡同种不同个体聚为一支,并与紫花鸭跖柴胡(B.commelynoideum H.Boissieu)亲缘关系最近,而紫花阔叶柴胡与三岛柴胡(B.falcatum L.)亲缘关系更近。本研究将为柴胡属药用植物的分类鉴定、系统发育及资源开发利用等相关研究提供基础。     

药用木槿属植物化学成分和药理作用研究进展

锦葵科木槿属植物全世界200余种,分布于热带和亚热带地区;我国有24种和16变种(包括引入栽培种),分布于全国各地[1].常见的品种有黄槿(Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn.)、木槿(H. syriacus Linn.)、大麻槿(H. cannabinus Linn.)、朱槿(H. rosa-sinesis Linn.)、玫瑰茄(H. sabdariffa Linn.)、木芙蓉(H. mutabilis Linn.)、台湾芙蓉 (H. taiwanensis S.Y.Hu)等[1].本属植物多数供药用,对治疗跌打损伤、阴囊湿疹、皮肤癣、痢疾腹泻、痔疮出血、心脏和神经系统疾病以及各类炎症有良效[2～11].此外,木槿属植物可作为造纸工业的原料[8,12].     

柴胡的药理作用与古今应用对照

柴胡来源于伞形科植物柴胡 ( Bupleurum chinese dc.) 或狭叶柴胡 ( Bupleurum scor20- nerifolium willd.) 的干燥根 . 本药味苦微辛 , 入肝胆、三焦、心包经 ; 其性轻清上升 , 宣透疏散 , 长于透表泄热 , 和解少阳 , 为治外感发热 ,邪在少阳 ,寒热往来的主药 . 又善疏肝解郁 , 宣畅气血 , 故为肝气郁滞之胸胁胀满 , 月经不调的常用药 , 并能疏解截症 , 而用于症疾寒热 , 有能升达清阳 , 治疗清阳下陷之久泻脱肛、子宫脱垂等 . 近代以来 , 对柴胡进行了大量的研究 , 现已知其主要成分为柴胡皂苷、挥发油、脂肪油、黄酮类化合物、葡萄糖、芸香苷及生物碱等 .     

南柴胡化学成分的研究

从南柴胡（Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd.)根的乙醇提取物中分离得到7个化合物，根据波谱数据和理化性质鉴定为：柴胡皂甙元F（1），柴胡次皂甙F（2），3″－O－乙酰柴胡皂甙d(3),6″-O-乙酰柴胡皂甙d(4),4″-O-乙酰柴胡皂甙d(5),a″－菠甾醇（6），二十四碳酸（7）。均为首次从该植物中得到。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.