应用SMAS-颈阔肌蒂肌皮瓣修复唇颊部皮肤及软组织缺损

目的探讨以SMAS-颈阔肌为蒂的颏下部肌皮瓣修复唇颊部皮肤及软组织缺损的方法.方法根据口周皮肤及软组织的缺损面积,设计以SMAS-颈阔肌为蒂的颏下部横行肌皮瓣,经皮下隧道修复缺损.最大皮瓣面积为3.0 cm×5.0 cm,最小蒂宽度为1.0 cm.结果临床应用于8例患者,经3～12个月的随访,术后皮瓣全部成活,效果较满意.结论应用设计部位较隐蔽的以SMAS-颈阔肌为蒂的颏下部皮瓣,远位修复唇颊部皮肤及软组织缺损,血供良好,皮瓣的颜色、质地与缺损周围的正常组织相匹配,可取得较满意的疗效.     

岛状胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣在面颊部复合组织缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨岛状胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣在面颊部复合组织缺损尤其是面颊部洞穿性组织缺损修复中的应用.方法 以胸锁乳突肌上端为蒂部,蒂部包含枕动脉,以乳突尖下2 cm处为肌皮瓣旋转轴点,根据缺损部位及大小进行肌皮瓣设计,以该点至缺损区最远点为肌瓣的长度,肌瓣宽度以稍大于创面宽度即可,但最大宽度不宜超过7 cm,下界不超过锁骨下2 cm.沿设计线切开,切断胸锁乳突肌起点,在胸锁乳突肌下分离切取皮瓣.蒂部仅包含胸锁乳突肌而不带皮肤.肌皮瓣经蒂部与缺损之间皮下隧道转移至缺损区,逐层缝合切口.供区视缺损大小可行直接拉拢缝合或邻近皮瓣转移或植皮修复.结果 应用岛状胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣转移修复面颊部组织缺损12例,其中面颊部软组织肿瘤10例,颊部洞穿性缺损2例,术后肌皮瓣全部成活,被修复处色泽、厚度及外形均尚满意.结论 岛状胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣血供丰富,血管恒定,切取及转移方便,是修复面颊部较大面积复合组织缺损的理想肌皮瓣.     

岛状胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣在面颊部复合组织缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨岛状胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣在面颊部复合组织缺损尤其是面颊部洞穿性组织缺损修复中的应用.方法 以胸锁乳突肌上端为蒂部,蒂部包含枕动脉,以乳突尖下2 cm处为肌皮瓣旋转轴点,根据缺损部位及大小进行肌皮瓣设计,以该点至缺损区最远点为肌瓣的长度,肌瓣宽度以稍大于创面宽度即可,但最大宽度不宜超过7 cm,下界不超过锁骨下2 cm.沿设计线切开,切断胸锁乳突肌起点,在胸锁乳突肌下分离切取皮瓣.蒂部仅包含胸锁乳突肌而不带皮肤.肌皮瓣经蒂部与缺损之间皮下隧道转移至缺损区,逐层缝合切口.供区视缺损大小可行直接拉拢缝合或邻近皮瓣转移或植皮修复.结果 应用岛状胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣转移修复面颊部组织缺损12例,其中面颊部软组织肿瘤10例,颊部洞穿性缺损2例,术后肌皮瓣全部成活,被修复处色泽、厚度及外形均尚满意.结论 岛状胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣血供丰富,血管恒定,切取及转移方便,是修复面颊部较大面积复合组织缺损的理想肌皮瓣.     

横行带蒂颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复大面积颅面部皮肤软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用横行带蒂颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复大面积颅面部皮肤软组织缺损的方法与疗效.方法 自2001年3月至2010年3月应用横行后蒂颈阔肌肌皮瓣,共修复6例大面积颅面部皮肤软组织缺损患者.本组缺损面积范围84～96cm2,平均89cm2.结果 术后6例肌皮瓣均完全成活.随访3～6个月,皮瓣色泽、质地与邻近面部皮肤匹配,修复效果满意.结论 带蒂颈阔肌肌皮瓣具有血运丰富,成活率高,手术切取简便的优点,是修复大面积颅面部皮肤软组织缺损的有效方法之一,值得临床推广应用.     

应用游离背阔肌皮瓣治疗四肢软组织缺损

目的 探讨游离背阔肌皮瓣修复四肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 以背阔肌外缘内侧2～3cm平行线为皮瓣轴线设计皮瓣,手术沿皮瓣后内缘向上追踪血管束至腋区进行解剖,切断背阔肌止点腱及血管蒂,移至受区与受区吻合相应的血管、神经和肌腱吻合,临床上进行缺损创面修复19例.切取皮瓣面积范围8 cm×15 cm～ 18 cm×35 cm.结果 19例背阔肌皮瓣,其中5例发生血管危象,3例经探查后成活,2例小面积坏死,经换药后愈合,1例因广泛血栓形成而坏死,其余皮瓣均成活良好,效果满意.结论 应用游离背阔肌皮瓣修复四肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损临床疗效好.     

颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复口腔癌术后组织缺损

目的探讨颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复口腔癌术后组织缺损的方法及可行性。方法2003年3月~2004年6月,应用颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复舌、口底、颊、咽侧壁及软腭缺损15例。其中男12例,女3例,年龄41~77岁。颊癌11例,舌癌1例,口底癌2例,咽侧壁及软腭癌1例。均行病变及颈淋巴根治性切除,缺损范围3.0 cm×3.5 cm~7.0 cm×4.0 cm,应用颈阔肌皮瓣修复软组织缺损,皮瓣范围7.0 cm×3.5 cm~12.0 cm×4.0 cm。结果术后15例皮瓣均成活,肌皮瓣色泽与皮肤相似,外形无异常,张口不受限。术后10~15 d出现颊部皮瘘8例,术后4周二期断蒂修补后完全愈合。随访6~12个月,无舌运动受限等并发症,肿瘤无复发,患者对术后形态及功能均较满意。结论颈阔肌肌皮瓣血运丰富,抗感染力较强,成活率高,是修复口腔组织缺损行之有效的方法,手术方法简便,值得推广。     

岛状背阔肌肌皮瓣或穿支皮瓣修复上臂内侧皮瓣供区缺损的应用

目的探讨应用岛状背阔肌肌皮瓣或穿支皮瓣修复上臂内侧皮瓣供区缺损的可行性和技术要点。方法自2015年12月至2019年6月,应用预扩张上臂内侧皮瓣修复头颈部皮肤软组织缺损,同期应用岛状背阔肌肌皮瓣或胸背动脉穿支皮瓣带蒂转移修复上臂供区缺损11例。采用近端蒂上臂内侧皮瓣修复3例,远端蒂上臂内侧皮瓣修复8例。术中切除病变组织后遗留缺损面积为12 cm×7 cm～15 cm×11 cm。预扩张上臂内侧皮瓣面积为18 cm×8 cm～27 cm×14 cm;背部组织瓣切取面积为16 cm×7 cm～22 cm×10 cm。所有供区直接拉拢缝合。结果所有皮瓣均成活,受区及供区均一期愈合,无手术相关并发症发生。随访1～18个月,转移皮瓣的颜色、质地和厚度均与受区皮肤相似,患者对头面部、上臂内侧和背部供瓣区的美学形态均较满意。结论在应用上臂内侧皮瓣修复头颈部较大面积皮肤软组织缺损时,可同期切取一个岛状背阔肌肌皮瓣或胸背动脉穿支皮瓣修复上臂内侧皮瓣供区缺损,既能保证足够的组织量,又能确保供区的美学修复,从而达到较好的修复效果。     

颏下动脉颈部岛状扩张皮瓣修复面部软组织缺损

目的 探讨以颏下动脉为蒂的颈部扩张皮瓣在面部软组织缺损修复中的临床应用效果.方法 2004年9月至2008年9月,应用以颏下血管为蒂的颈部岛状扩张皮瓣修复面部软组织缺损12例.手术分两期进行,一期行颈部扩张器植入术,二期以一侧颏下动脉为蒂,设计岛状皮瓣转移修复面部软组织缺损.皮瓣的最大面积16 cm×9 cm.结果 12例皮瓣全部成活,其中1例因静脉回流不畅而出现皮瓣远端表皮坏死,经换药等治疗后愈合.4例获得远期随访,随访时间为6个月至2年,皮瓣质地及色泽均接近面部正常组织,外形满意,颈部供区瘢痕隐蔽、活动无明显受限.结论 颏下动脉走行恒定,颈部扩张后可以提供较大面积高质量的皮肤组织,以颏下动脉为蒂的颈部岛状扩张皮瓣是修复面部损伤后瘢痕挛缩及面部浅表肿瘤切除后组织缺损的较好的方法.     

颏下动脉穿支皮瓣修复面下部畸形及缺损

目的 探讨应用颏下动脉穿支皮瓣修复面下部缺损及畸形的方法.方法 2006年9月至2009年3月,采用带蒂的颏下动脉穿支皮瓣修复面下部皮肤软组织缺损或畸形22例,术前常规用多普勒超声血流探测仪探测穿支点并标记,皮瓣大小为4 cm×5 cm～6 cm×7 cm,将穿支点包括在内.结果 除1例皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药后愈合,其余皮瓣均成活,外形满意,供区隐蔽无明显畸形.结论 颏下动脉穿支皮瓣血运可靠,血管走行稳定,供区隐蔽,是临床修复面下部畸形或软组织缺损的良好供区.     

应用显微外科技术改良颈阔肌皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨应用显微外科技术改进颈阔肌皮瓣以修复口腔颌面部缺损的可行性及应用价值。方法以携带肌袖血管蒂的改良颈阔肌皮瓣一期修复口颊部缺损12例，软腭缺损3例，口底缺损1例；同期行颈淋巴结清扫术。结果15例肌皮瓣全部成活，1例肌皮瓣因静脉回流障碍皮瓣远端部分皮肤坏死。修复区手术组织量适中。形态良好，颈部瘢痕不明显。结论应用显微外科技术改良颈阔肌皮瓣不影响血供，肌皮瓣自由度明显改善，适于修复口腔颌面部手术。     

The Metabolism of Vitamin D3 in Response to Testosterone

Summary : Sex steroids were suggested as regulators of vitamin D metabolism. While considerable data is available regarding interaction between estradiol and vitamin D, very little is known about interactions between testosterone and vitamin D. A similar gap exists with regard to the involvement of the vitamin D endocrine system in the pathogenesis of the female versus the male osteoporosis syndrome. In the present study we studied the effect of long-term treatment with testosterone on the metabolism of vitamin D in vitamin D₃ replete sexually immature male chicks. We were able to show that under this treatment, circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D₃ (1,25(OH)₂D₃) are significantly reduced, but intestine and bone concentrations are significantly increased. The increased concentration of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ in bone was accompanied by an increase in the ash content of this tissue. The reduction in serum 1,25(OH)₂D₃ was not dependent on reduced activity of the renal 25-hydroxy vitamin D₃ - 1α - hydroxylase. Based on these findings it is proposed that testosterone is involved in the stimulation of the biological response to vitamin D in the classical target-organs, such as intestine and bone, and this observation may provide partial explanation to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in hypogonadal men.     

Hemodialysis catheter survival and complications in children and adolescents

. Venous catheters have become an indispensable form of hemodialysis access. We evaluated catheter performance as temporary and long-term access in children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We assessed the survival rates and causes of catheter failure in 78 catheters used for hemodialysis access in 23 pediatric patients (aged 10 months to 22 years) with ESRD over a 5-year period. Median survival was 31 days for 56 uncuffed catheters. One- and 2-month actuarial survival was 69% and 48%, respectively. Reasons for removal were: elective (39%), kinking (36%), trauma (11%), infection (7%), and other (5%). Smaller catheters (7 or 9 French) were more likely to be removed for kinking (P = 0.003). One-year actuarial survival for 22 cuffed catheters was 27%. Cuffed catheters were removed due to: infection (36%), kinking (14%), elective (9%), trauma (9%) and other (9%). Twelve catheters were removed for infection. Infection rates leading to removal were 0.58 and 0.71 per patient-year for uncuffed and cuffed catheters, respectively. Staphylococcus species were cultured most commonly. We conclude that uncuffed catheters function well for short-term hemodialysis access of up to 2 months’ duration and cuffed catheters are successful for long-term access in children and adolescents with ESRD. Received April 1, 1996; received in revised form and accepted August 1, 1996     

Transgenic animal models as tools for studying renal developmental physiology

. Transgenic animal technology, which allows the germline insertion of exogenous genes or the alteration or disruption of endogenous genes, has emerged as a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of gene function. Since the primary strategy of transgenic techniques is to examine the biological results of lifetime overproduction or underproduction of particular gene products, perhaps no field is better suited for such technology than developmental biology. Indeed, many new phenotypes observed in novel transgenic models involve the alteration of some aspect of development or growth. Considerable information regarding genes involved in the regulation of renal developmental physiology and pathophysiology has emerged from the use of transgenic technology over recent years. We will review the use of traditional transgenic approaches and the resulting animal models, as well as describe more recent advances that allow tissue-specific, cell-specific, and temporal control of genes involved in kidney development. Received June 11, 1996, received in revised form and accepted July 9, 1996     

Postexercise albuminuria in children with different duration of type-1 diabetes mellitus

. About 30% of diabetic patients develop progressive renal failure. We studied albumin, IgG, and transferrin excretion during exercise in diabetic children without signs of nephropathy to investigate proteinuria under these conditions: 39 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and 21 healthy children undertook a bicycle exercise test. Albuminuria measured by nephelometry was calculated as the albumin excretion rate (AER) and albumin-to-creatinine ratio before and after exercise. The diabetic group was divided into three subgroups according to disease duration (DI<5 years, DII 5 – 10 years, DIII>10 years). No significant difference in metabolic control (hemoglobin A_1c) was detected between the diabetic groups (median hemoglobin A_1c: DI 7.2%, DII 7.6%, DIII 8.6%). There was no increase in AER in the healthy children after exercise. Before exercise the diabetic groups had an AER similar to controls. No significant increase in albuminuria after exercise was seen in group DI. Both groups with a disease duration of more than 5 years had a significant increase in albuminuria [median before/after: DII 7.8/16.7 (P< 0.05), DIII 0/57.9 (P< 0.05) μg/min per 1.73 m²). Of these patients, 43% also had a measurable urinary excretion of IgG and transferrin, indicating structural glomerular damage. There was no correlation of albuminuria and parameters of metabolic control or renal function. We conclude that in diabetic children an exercise test unveils albuminuria in certain patients, while their AER may be normal at rest. Received September 22, 1995; received in revised form and accepted January 24, 1996     

The expanding repertoire of targets for immune checkpoint inhibition in bladder cancer: What lies beneath the tip of the iceberg,PD-L1

Over the last decade, a new understanding of tumor-immune system interplay has been ushered in, lead in large part by the discovery of immune checkpoints mediated through B7-CD28 family interactions. Therapeutic blockade of the PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway has already shown great success as a cancer immunotherapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma, leading to durable clinical remissions in an otherwise incurable disease. There are newly described members of the B7-CD28 family including B7-H3, B7x, and HHLA2. These ligands are thought to play an essential role in suppressing T-cell response, leading to immune tolerance of tumors. This feature makes them attractive targets for novel immunotherapy treatment paradigms. Here, we review the literature of current strategies and future directions of immune checkpoint blockade therapy for bladder cancer.     

Recent developments in the management of bladder cancer: Introduction

An upsurge of advances in the management of bladder cancer has rapidly occurred over the past 2 years. In this issue, recent developments in the management of bladder cancer will be discussed, including the emerging role of immunotherapy, biomarkers, and advanced imaging.