急性心肌梗死直接PCI与溶栓后补救性PCI的对比研究

目的:研究急性心肌梗死后直接经皮冠脉介入治疗(PCI)和溶栓后补救性PCI的临床造影结果和短期预后,观察终点为30天的死亡率。 方法:连续入选150例ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死患者。按溶栓与否分为直接PCI组110例(73.3％)和溶栓后补救性PCI组40例(26.7％),溶栓药物包括重组葡激酶、重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂、重组纤溶酶原激活剂和尿激酶。分析其临床、造影和预后特点。 结果:与溶栓后补救性PCI组比较,直接PCI组CK和CK-MB峰值低(P<0.05),校正的心肌梗死溶栓临床试验的帧数(corrected TIMI framecounts,CTFC)低(P<0.05),心肌梗死溶栓临床试验心肌灌注分级(TIMI myocardial perfu-sion grades,TMPG)高(P<0.05),死亡率显著降低(P<0.01)。 结论:溶栓后补救性PCI可能使心肌酶增高,死亡率增加。     

急性心肌梗死溶栓失败后补救性PTCA的评价

溶栓失败后立即PTCA即补救性或挽救性 (res cue或salvage)PTCA。如表 1所示 ,急性心肌梗死STEMI患者溶栓后PTCA治疗可分为三种情况。其中溶栓治疗失败后的处理目前尚有许多地方值得商榷。溶栓成功再灌注大约为 75 % ,而其中达到TIMI 3级血流的只有5 0 %～ 6 0 %患者。而早期再灌注失败 (TIMI 0 ,1级 )甚至部分失败 (TIMI 2级 )都明显影响预后 ,因此从理论上说 ,补救性PTCA对濒危心肌的救助 ,左室功能和存活率的改善 ,都应有裨益。表 1　急性心肌梗死导管介入治疗类别　　类　别　　　　定　　义直接 (或初始 )直接或初始应用P…     

急性心肌梗死溶栓治疗失败后补救性PCI治疗临床观察

急性心肌梗死是心内科常见病 ,多发生心源性休克、心律失常、心功能不全等多种并发症。静脉溶栓治疗即可使 60 %～65 %的病人在 90min内恢复TIMI 3级血流[1] ,且无需特殊设备 ,短时间内即可使用。在临床上 ,尤其是基层医院由于人员和设备的限制 ,不能很快做经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (PCI) ,溶栓治疗仍为首选 ,但溶栓失败率仍有 3 5 %～ 40 % ,现就溶栓治疗失败后进行补救性PCI治疗 ,疗效情况报道如下。1　资料与方法1.1　临床资料　随机抽取我院 1998年— 2 0 0 2年因急性心肌梗死住院病人进行溶栓治疗的 82例 ,溶栓未成功者 2 9例 ,未进行…     

急性心肌梗死溶栓失败后补救性PTCA的评价

溶栓失败后立即PTCA即补救性或挽救性(rescue或salvage)PTCA。     

《心肌再灌注指南》之ST段抬高心肌梗死介入治疗解读

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死再灌注治疗主要是溶栓药物治疗和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI).PCI方案包括直接PCI、易化PCI、溶栓后转运PCI和补救PCI.不同PCI方案患者适应证不同,其临床结局亦各不相同.若接诊至球囊扩张时间＜90min,直接PCI为首选方案.溶栓药物与介入治疗联合施行措施中,易化PCI临床结局较差,...     

溶栓后PCI治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的研究进展

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死是由于心肌细胞急性缺血缺氧导致局部心肌坏死的病死率极高的临床综合征。其目前主要治疗方式是通过溶栓或介入治疗来早期开通梗死相关血管,达到血运重建,使心肌再灌注。然而溶栓与PCI在治疗时机和成功率各具优劣势,因此溶栓与PCI的结合成为了可能。但随之而来的高出血风险使得溶栓后PCI饱受争议。于是,研究能够有效降低出血风险的同时克服PCI时间窗使更多患者收益的治疗方式具有极大的临床价值。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死尿激酶原溶栓后早期介入与直接介入治疗的研究

目的：比较急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)重组人尿激酶原溶栓后早期经皮冠状动脉介入治疗( PCI) 与直接PCI的疗效。方法：2014年1月－2015年6月就诊于我院STEMI患者69例,根据治疗方法将患者分为尿激酶原溶栓后早期PCI组和直接PCI组,分别对两组患者梗死相关动脉( IRA) 的再通率、并发症发生率、支架植入术、住院期间死亡率及1 个月后患者左室射血分数( LVEF) 等指标进行比较分析。结果：溶栓后早期PCI组共纳入32例患者,直接PCI组共纳入37例患者。术前溶栓后早期介入组血管开通率87.5%(18.7%TIMI Ⅱ级, 68.8%TIMI Ⅲ 级血流), 直接PCI组为18.9%(10.8%为TIMI Ⅱ级血流, 8.1%TIMI Ⅲ 级血流)(P <0.001)。两组PCI术后血流再通率相似, 分别为90.6%、89.8 %(P=0.653),但尿激酶原溶栓早期PCI组所用支架数更少。两组住院期间不良事件发生率(大出血、在闭塞、急性型左心衰和住院天数)无显著差异。1月后随访LVEF、LVEDd、心源性死亡、再梗、脑卒中等无显著差异。结论：尿激酶原溶栓后早期PCI治疗是一种有效、安全的替代再灌注策略。     

溶栓后转运PCI:降低中国农村急性心肌梗死的病死率

中国农村急性心肌梗死(AMI)的病死率逐年增加,已超越城市。县级医院溶栓和溶栓后转运经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)是救治ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的利器。建立区域性基层医院溶栓后转运PCI紧急救治体系,有望降低中国AMI病死率。     

急性心肌梗死直接PCI与其他治疗方法的疗效比较

急性心肌梗死作为一种严重威胁人类健康的疾病，在过去的20年里，住院死亡率明显下降，这与治疗方法的改变是密不可分的。尤其是直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的应用。本文旨在于比较直接PCI与其他冠状动脉血运重建方法的优缺点。     

急性前壁心肌梗死患者静脉溶栓失败后行补救性介入治疗30例疗效观察

2006年1月～2010年7月,笔者对急性前壁心肌梗死患者溶栓失败后补救性介入治疗及常规药物治疗进行比较,以探讨补救性介入治疗对急性前壁心梗患者左心功能的影响。     

Bleeding after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction

232 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction weretreated either with 2 x 10⁶ IU urokinase as an intravenous bolusinjection, or 250000 IU streptokinase intracoronary, or 60 mgrecombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) over 90min. All patients enrolled had chest pain for more than 30 minand less than 3 h before admission and a typical electrocardiogram.Contra-indications to thrombolytic treatment were absent. Allbleeding complications occurring within 24 h after admissionwere assumed to be due to thrombolytic therapy. Bleeding complicationsoccurred in 14 patients (6.5%). Only seven patients receiveda blood transfusion (3%). No correlation was evident betweenprevious hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, sex, age,fibrinogen level before and 24 h after thrombolytic therapyand bleeding complications. The risk of bleeding was not significantlydifferent between the different thrombolytic regimens despitemarked differences in the fall of the fibrinogen level. Thedecrease of fibrinogen following thrombolytic therapy did notinfluence the patency rate of the infarct vessel. Thrombolytictherapy in acute myocardial infarction is a safe treatment evenamong patients advanced in years and with medically controlledhypertension and diabetes mellitus, irrespective of the kindof thrombolytic treatment.     

Electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial salvage after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction

There is a need for a simple clinical measurement that will indicate the extent of myocardial salvage after successful thrombolysis. This study examined whether coronary artery reperfusion reduced the infarct size as assessed electrocardiographically after thrombolytic treatment. The sum of the (sigma) ST segment area in leads showing ST segment elevation in the 12 lead electrocardiogram at presentation was used as an index of potential myocardial injury (initial ischaemic index). The evolved infarct size at 48 h was assessed by a QRS scoring system. Two groups of patients, both admitted with anterior myocardial infarction within 6 h of onset, were studied. Group 1 (n = 35) received analgesia only and group 2 (n = 33) received thrombolytic treatment either by the intracoronary (streptokinase, n = 13) or intravenous route (anistreplase, n = 20). Reperfusion was assessed angiographically. The mean (SD) potential infarct size assessed by the initial ischaemic index was similar in both groups (group 1, sigma ST area = 115 (60) mm2 and group 2 = 126 (77 mm2). The QRS score representing evolved infarct size was significantly lower in the treated group (4.1 (2.5] than in group 1 (7.8 (2.6]. The 95% confidence intervals for QRS scores based on the admission sigma ST area from patients with successful reperfusion were applied to a third set of patients (n = 22) to test the ability of the admission ST area (myocardial injury) to predict the QRS score accurately. While patients with successful reperfusion had significantly lower QRS scores than those who did not (4.5 (3.1) versus 9.3 (3.4)), the wide confidence intervals caused by inter-individual variability precluded an accurate prediction of the QRS score in an individual from the sigma ST area at time of presentation. There was no difference in infarct size in patients treated early (相似文献   

Recurrent ischemia after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: Reliable predictors have yet to be found for recurrent ischemia after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), nor do we know whether early angiography can herald recurrent ischemia. This study sought to investigate the relationship between recurrent ischemia and cardiac procedures after thrombolysis for AMI. METHODS: The Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO-I) trial prospectively studied recurrent ischemia, which was defined as the presence of angina and changes in hemodynamics or the electrocardiogram. Cox regression analysis was used to identify predictors of recurrent ischemia. Other variables examined included time to coronary angiography and revascularization. RESULTS: Of 21,772 US GUSTO-I patients, 6313 (29%) had recurrent ischemia before discharge. Women (hazard ratio [HR] 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-1.33) and patients with hypercholesterolemia (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.07-1.22) or prior angina (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.32-1.49) had a higher likelihood of recurrent ischemia. Current smoking and hours to thrombolysis were inversely related to recurrent ischemia (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.81-0.92, HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95- 0.99, respectively). Patients who underwent angiography before recurrent ischemia had a marginally increased risk of ischemia within 12 hours after angiography (HR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.4); ultimately, they had a considerably lower risk 1 week after angiography than did patients without angiography (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.45-0.72). CONCLUSIONS: Female sex, hypercholesterolemia, prior angina, and nonsmoking status weakly predict recurrent ischemia. Early coronary angiography reduces recurrent ischemia, probably because high-risk patients are identified and revascularized.     

Electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial salvage after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction.

There is a need for a simple clinical measurement that will indicate the extent of myocardial salvage after successful thrombolysis. This study examined whether coronary artery reperfusion reduced the infarct size as assessed electrocardiographically after thrombolytic treatment. The sum of the (sigma) ST segment area in leads showing ST segment elevation in the 12 lead electrocardiogram at presentation was used as an index of potential myocardial injury (initial ischaemic index). The evolved infarct size at 48 h was assessed by a QRS scoring system. Two groups of patients, both admitted with anterior myocardial infarction within 6 h of onset, were studied. Group 1 (n = 35) received analgesia only and group 2 (n = 33) received thrombolytic treatment either by the intracoronary (streptokinase, n = 13) or intravenous route (anistreplase, n = 20). Reperfusion was assessed angiographically. The mean (SD) potential infarct size assessed by the initial ischaemic index was similar in both groups (group 1, sigma ST area = 115 (60) mm2 and group 2 = 126 (77 mm2). The QRS score representing evolved infarct size was significantly lower in the treated group (4.1 (2.5] than in group 1 (7.8 (2.6]. The 95% confidence intervals for QRS scores based on the admission sigma ST area from patients with successful reperfusion were applied to a third set of patients (n = 22) to test the ability of the admission ST area (myocardial injury) to predict the QRS score accurately. While patients with successful reperfusion had significantly lower QRS scores than those who did not (4.5 (3.1) versus 9.3 (3.4)), the wide confidence intervals caused by inter-individual variability precluded an accurate prediction of the QRS score in an individual from the sigma ST area at time of presentation. There was no difference in infarct size in patients treated early (</= 3 h) (QRS score 4.2(2.8)) or later (3-6 h) (4.1(2.1)). This study provides evidence that sequential electrocardiographic changes are reduced in patients with anterior infarction who achieve reperfusion after thrombolytic treatment and that this benefit is shown with treatment given up to six hours after infarct onset. None the less, the relation between the initial ischaemic index and the evolved QRS score has wide confidence intervals, reflecting inter-individual variability, and does not allow the prediction of a QRS score in an individual patient.     

Emergency thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction

The goal of thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction is to reestablish permanent blood flow, salvage ischemic myocardium, and reduce mortality. If patency is achieved sufficiently early and is maintained, left ventricular function is preserved and mortality decreases. The recent experience with tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase in the TIMI I trial is reviewed with specific attention to reperfusion, reocclusion, and bleeding. Other studies concerning left ventricular preservation and mortality are also discussed. Current guidelines for antithrombotic therapy and thrombolysis are discussed. It is extremely important to adequately select patients to avoid side effects. Thorough lysis of the thrombus must be achieved to reduce the risk of rethrombosis. Simultaneous heparin should be administered to treat ongoing thrombosis. Additional antithrombotic therapy with aspirin and acute vasodilation to reduce vasoconstriction probably also decrease the likelihood of reocclusion. Because this treatment predisposes to bleeding, extreme care should be taken to avoid vascular punctures and invasive procedures in these patients. The association of immediate percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty has not been beneficial in preventing further events; on the contrary, adverse effects have been associated with this acute intervention.     

Repeat thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction

The author describes a case-history of streptokinase intolerance during treatment of acute myocardial infarction (IM) where it was impossible to ensure rescue percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and to resolve this condition by subsequent alteplase treatment. The author discusses whether it is justified and indicated to use this procedure rarely mentioned in the literature.     

Prehospital thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction

The benefit and risk of prehospital thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were evaluated in a double-blind randomized trial. Patients presenting less than 4 hours after symptom onset received 2 million units of urokinase as an intravenous bolus either before (group A, n = 40) or after (group B, n = 38) hospital admission. The mean time interval from onset of symptoms to thrombolytic therapy was 85 +/- 51 minutes in group A and 137 +/- 50 minutes in group B (p less than 0.0005). In 91% of the patients, thrombolytic therapy was administered less than 3 hours after symptom onset. Complication rates during the pre- and in-hospital period were low and did not differ between groups. Three patients died (1 in group A, 2 in group B) from reinfarction 7 to 14 days after admission. Left-sided cardiac catheterization before discharge revealed a patency rate in the infarct-related artery of 61% in group A and 67% in group B (difference not significant). Global left ventricular function and regional wall motion at the infarct site did not differ significantly between group A and B (ejection fraction 51 +/- 10%, n = 28 vs 53 +/- 14%, n = 28; wall motion -2.3 +/- 1.3 vs -2.2 +/- 1.1 standard deviation, respectively). Also, peak creatine kinase did not differ significantly (838 +/- 634 U/liter in group A vs 924 +/- 595 U/liter in group B). Prehospital thrombolysis using a bolus injection of urokinase has a low risk when performed by a trained physician with a mobile care unit. The saving of 45 minutes in the early stage of an acute infarction through prehospital thrombolysis did not appear to be important for salvage of myocardial function.     

Anti-t-PA antibodies in acute myocardial infarction after thrombolysis with rt-PA

BackgroundThrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is successfully used in acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation (STEMI). Reocclusions follow rt-PA treatment in up to 30% of patients within one year. The infusion of rt-PA may induce the production of anti-t-PA antibodies which could interfere with the function of the native t-PA molecule.MethodsIn order to detect and characterise anti-t-PA antibodies, plasma samples were collected from 30 STEMI patients (20 treated and 10 not treated with rt-PA) at baseline before rt-PA infusion and then 15, 30, 90 and 180 days after STEMI and from 40 healthy subjects at baseline only. Immunoenzymatic, chromatographic and chromogenic methods were employed.ResultsAn increase of anti-t-PA antibodies was observed 15 days (IgM, p = 0.0001) and 30 days (IgG, p = 0.0001) after rt-PA infusion. Six patients had large increases of anti-t-PA IgG which bound the catalytic domain of t-PA (two cases) or kringle 2 domain (four cases), were of IgG1 or IgG3 subclasses and interacted with the t-PA molecule in fluid phase.ConclusionThe infusion of rt-PA may induce the production of specific antibodies that bind active sites of t-PA, thus potentially reducing its in vivo function.     

Secondary splenic rupture after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction

Secondary splenic rupture after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. HISTORY AND ADMISSION FINDINGS: A 67-year-old male patient was admitted with acute chest pain and signs of an acute anterior myocardial infarction in the ECG. The usual contraindications were excluded and after a systemic lysis with rt-PA the ECG-alterations as well as the symptoms of angina resolved completely. 2 hours later the patient developed an acute abdomen with a severe circulatory shock. INVESTIGATIONS: On ultrasound and CT a massive intraabdominal bleeding was found. TREATMENT AND COURSE: Emergency laparotomy revealed a splenic rupture. Retrospectively, 6 weeks before admission, the patient had fallen from a ladder to his left side. This is a rare case of a secondary splenic rupture during thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. 2 weeks later the patient developed rein-farction with angiographically shown two vessel disease. After angioplasty of the ramus interventricularis anterior (RIVA) he was stable. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous thrombolysis in case of acute myocardial infarction is the method of choice. In the past a great number of patients were excluded from thrombolysis because of an extensive interpretation of contraindications. The aim to reach an alteration in this use may not risk health of patients by insufficient history.