新疆北屯托幼机构餐(饮)具卫生消毒状况调查

目的 了解北屯垦区托幼机构食(饮)具卫生消毒状况,提高北屯垦区托幼机构消毒质量,做好疾病预防工作,保护人托儿童身体健康.方法 对北屯垦区2004～2006年托幼机构餐(饮)具卫生消毒检测结果报告进行回顾性分析.结果 2004～2006年托幼机构采样822份,总合格率为61.68%,一级、二级、三级托幼单位检测的合格率分别为72.78%,57.97%和44.31%.不同种类餐(饮)具的检测合格率分别为饭碗66.58%、缸子66.26%、小勺72.81%、饭桶64.70%、馍夹51.22%、馍箱41.38%.不同年份的检测合格率分别为49.47%,58.28%,71.82%.结论 北屯垦区托幼机构餐(饮)具卫生消毒工作质量存在较大差异,应加强街道与个体托幼机构餐(饮)具卫生消毒工作.     

2010～2012年沈阳市托幼机构消毒质量调查报告

目的了解沈阳市托幼机构消毒工作质量及卫生状况。方法采用现场抽样进行连续检测。结果 2010~2012年消毒质量合格率分别为75.2%、80.1%和83.6%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.833,27.33,P<0.01;χ2=5.22,P<0.05)。一般物体表面及室内空气消毒合格率分别为95.9%和77.9%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.023,0.338,P>0.05);工作人员及幼儿手合格率分别为70.1%和40.1%;3年期间合格率逐年提高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.999,22.433,11.678,P<0.01;χ2=4.962,P<0.05);公立、民营及个体消毒质量合格率分别为85.0%、78.8%及66.4%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=19.077,108.061,34.436,P<0.01)。结论沈阳市近三年托幼机构消毒质量合格率逐年提高,其中物体表面和工作人员手合格率尚可、室内空气及幼儿手合格率较低,应引起足够重视;不同性质托幼机构之间合格率差异有统计学意义,今后应加强民营及个体托幼机构的监测与管理工作。     

甘肃省武威市托幼机构消毒质量监测分析

目的了解并掌握甘肃省武威市托幼机构消毒工作的现状与质量,为预防传染病和食物中毒的发生提供科学依据。方法物体表面、玩具和保育员手采用无菌棉拭子沾湿采样液,按照规定面积进行涂抹采样;检测严格按照《消毒技术规范》执行;检测项目包括细菌菌落总数、致病菌;检测结果依照《消毒管理办法》相关卫生标准,以物体表面、保教人员手细菌总数≤10 cfu/cm2,致病菌不得检出;紫外线灯管强度≥70μW/cm2为合格。结果 2012—2014年武威市公立幼儿园采样监测95份,消毒质量合格率95.8%,私立幼儿园采样监测741份,合格率93.6%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=12.904,P0.05);玩具、物体表面、保育员手和紫外线灯共采样监测836份,合格率93.9%,其中保育员手监测合格率最高97.9%,紫外线灯合格率最低84.9%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=0.668,P0.05);在每年四季中,3月共采样监测180份,合格率最高97.2%,6—9月监测456份,合格率最低85.3%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=34.111,P0.05)。结论武威市托幼机构消毒质量合格率呈逐年上升趋势,但在日常监督监测工作中也发现诸多问题,今后仍应加强对托幼机构消毒知识的培训、监督监测及技术指导工作。     

传染性非典型肺炎的消毒隔离及防护

由于传染性非典型肺炎 (下称“非典”)有较强的传染性 ,可通过近距离空气飞沫、接触患者分泌物、排泄物传播 ,因此医院收治“非典”患者时 ,必须采取严格的消毒隔离及防护措施。遵照《传染性非典型肺炎医院感染控制指导原则》 (试行 )规定 ,医院及社会要做好“非典”的消毒隔离及防护工作。1　消毒工作要点消毒是为了切断传染病的传播途径 ,有效地保护人群健康的主要措施之一。对可能的传播途径和环节都要进行消毒。消毒的重点区域为与“非典”发病省、地毗邻的市 (县 )和出现病例的市 (县 ) ;重点部门为医疗卫生机构、托幼机构、老年公寓和…     

阿克苏市托幼机构卫生保健现状与分析

目的加强托幼机构的卫生保健工作,依法对阿克苏市托幼机构进行卫生保健督导管理。方法根据卫生部《托儿所幼儿园卫生保健管理办法》对阿克苏市辖区内的145所各级各类托幼机构进行督导检查。结果阿克苏市城区公立幼儿园较少,私立幼儿园逐年增加,托幼机构卫生保健质量有所下降。结论市场经济使得托幼机构组成发生了巨大变化,管理难度加大,相关管理部门要更加密切配合,规范托幼机构管理,要强化托幼机构卫生保健意识,解决卫生监督中的真空地带,保证儿童健康成长。     

张家界市学校传染病防治工作现状调查分析

目的了解张家界市各类学校传染病防治管理现状,为加强学校传染病防控、采取针对性措施、建立有效防控模式提供对策。方法采用调查表对张家界市404所中小学校和托幼机构的传染病防治工作情况进行调查。结果托幼机构和小学传染病防治管理工作较为规范,初高中学校相对较差,初高中学校在学生晨午检、因病缺课登记追踪、教室通风消毒等方面存在制度缺失,措施未落实的现象较为严重。各类学校普遍存在无传染病专项经费或者经费不足的问题,同时还存在无专职卫生专业技术人员或者配备比例不足的问题。结论应加强学校传染病防治体系建设投入,加强制度建设及措施落实工作,强化督导检查及指导工作。     

2014年成都市托幼机构手足口病聚集性疫情分布特征

探索托幼机构的手足口病管理情况,为今后防制工作提供科学依据。 方法  应用描述流行病学方法,分析发生疫情托幼机构的区域、性质、教师配置、防控措施落实情况。 结果  2014年成都市托幼机构聚集性发病,城区高于农村,一、二、三圈层发生率分别为56.78%、50.40%和32.40%,59.75%属于城区发病,75.13%为民办机构发病。各起疫情平均病例数4.62例,疫情持续时间中位数6.9天。城乡结合部、农村托幼机构的防控措施落实差于城区,民办机构差于公立机构。托幼机构专职保健老师配置比例和工作年限分别与防控措施、疫情持续时间、疫情规模相关。配置比例越低,防控措施落实越差（r=-0.202,P<0.01）,疫情持续时间越长（r=-0.08,P<0.05）,累计病例数越多（r=-0.06,P<0.05）;工作年限越短,防控措施落实越差（r=0.187,P<0.01）。 结论  建议加大对托幼机构建设的政策支持,落实保健人员配置及稳定性,加大城乡结合部民办机构的监管,强化各项防控制度的执行和监督,以切实提高托幼机构传染病防控能力,减少手足口病聚集疫情的发生。     

深圳市罗湖区托幼机构儿童蛲虫感染现状及危险因素分析

目的 目的 调查深圳市罗湖区托幼机构儿童蛲虫感染情况, 并分析蛲虫感染危险因素。 方法 方法 以分层抽样法在罗 湖区抽取6所托幼机构的489名儿童进行调查。采用透明胶纸肛拭法检查蛲虫卵; 同时对托幼机构卫生环境、 儿童卫生 习惯及家庭卫生情况等进行问卷调查。 结果 结果 儿童蛲虫感染率为10.22% （50/489）。单因素分析结果显示, 可能与蛲虫 感染相关 （P＜0.05） 的因素有： 托幼机构档次、 年级、 睡房地面材质、 床铺类型、 被褥管理模式、 班级独立厕所、 盥洗室水龙 头类型、 父母文化程度、 洗澡频率、 清洗屁股频率、 饭前洗手、 便后洗手。多因素Logistic回归分析显示, 高年级、 被褥混合 叠放、 母亲学历低、 洗屁股频率低以及班级无独立厕所等5个因素为托幼机构儿童蛲虫感染的危险因素。 结论 结论 控制托 幼机构儿童蛲虫感染率, 应从规范托幼机构寝具管理、 提高家长对蛲虫病的认识、 改善儿童的卫生习惯等方面进行综合 防制。     

2008～2010年南昌市手足口病疫情分析

目的分析南昌市2008～2010年手足口病疫情特点,为制定手足口病防控措施提供科学依据。方法利用国家疾病监测信息报告管理系统,对南昌市2008年1月1日～2010年12月31日上报的手足口病疫情资料进行统计,回顾性分析手足口病的三间分布、实验室检测及聚集性疫情发生情况。结果 2008～2010年南昌市报告手足口病8 745例,其中重症130例,死亡12例;男性多于女性;病例集中于每年的4～6月份;3岁以下儿童占总发病数的82.33%;肠道病毒检出率高达73.34%,病毒类型以EV71和CoxA16为主;托幼机构发生聚集性疫情99起,占聚集性疫情总数的92.52%。结论 2008～2010年南昌市手足口病疫情呈逐年上升趋势,托幼机构为聚集性疫情的主要发生场所;做好疫情监测、加强宣传教育、落实托幼机构晨检制度是手足口病防控工作的重点。     

消毒供应中心的人员管理

消毒供应中心承担着医疗器械用物的回收、清洗、消毒、灭菌、发放工作,其工作质量的好坏与医院内感染率的高低息息相关。加强对消毒供应中心人员的管理,提高护士长自身素质,可以提高消毒供应中心的工作效率及工作质量。     

Differences in gastroprotective processes in 6- to 8- and 14- to 16-week-old rats

The gastroprotective effect of opioid peptides, prostaglandin E₂ and capsaicin against acidified ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in young mature rats of different (6–8 and 14–16 weeks) ages has been investigated. It was found that gastric mucosal damage was more severe in 14–16 weeks old rats. The gastroprotective effect of opioid peptides - [D-Ala², D-Leu⁵]-enkephalin (DADLE), deltorphin II, [D-Ala², Phe⁴, Gly⁵ -ol]-enkephalin (DAGO) and -endorphin - given either intracerebroventricularly (0.6, 3.3., 0.2, and 0.01 nmol/rat, respectively) or subcutaneously (825 and 960 nmol/kg, respectively) was highly reduced in 14–16 weeks old rats. The mucosal protective action of orally administered capsaicin (1600–3200 nmol/kg) and PGE₂ (280–560 nmol/kg) was also diminished in 14–16 weeks old animals. Both ACTH and corticosterone plasma levels were significantly higher in 14–16 weeks old rats. These results suggest that the gastric mucosal susceptibility to ethanol and the gastroprotective effect of opioid peptides, capsaicin and PGE₂ are age-related.     

Lipoprotein size and atherosclerosis susceptibility in Apoe(-/-) and Ldlr(-/-) mice

Two hypercholesterolemic mouse models, the apo-E-deficient mouse (Apoe(-/-)) and the LDL receptor-deficient mouse (Ldlr(-/-)), have been used extensively as animal models of atherogenesis. Total plasma cholesterol levels in chow-fed Apoe(-/-) mice are much higher than in Ldlr(-/-) mice. In a recent study, we managed to even-up the cholesterol levels in Apoe(-/-) mice and Ldlr(-/-) mice by making both models homozygous for the Apob(100) (apo B-100-only) allele. On a chow diet, apo-E-deficient apo B-100-only mice (Apoe(-/-)Apob(100/100)) and LDL receptor-deficient apo B-100-only mice (Ldlr(-/-)Apob(100/100)) had similar total plasma cholesterol levels ( approximately 300 mg/dL). The plasma of Ldlr(-/-)Apob(100/100) mice contained large numbers of small lipoproteins, whereas the plasma of Apoe(-/-)Apob(100/100) mice contained much lower levels of much larger lipoproteins. Interestingly, the Ldlr(-/-)Apob(100/100) mice developed far more extensive atherosclerotic lesions than the Apoe(-/-)Apob(100/100) mice. The finding of substantially more atherosclerosis in Ldlr(-/-)Apob(100/100) mice than in Apoe(-/-)Apob(100/100) mice, despite nearly identical cholesterol levels, suggests that large numbers of small apo B-100-containing lipoproteins are far more atherogenic than lower numbers of large apo B-100-containing lipoproteins.     

Abnormal osmotic regulation in trpv4-/- mice

Osmotic homeostasis is one of the most aggressively defended physiological parameters in vertebrates. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying osmotic regulation are poorly understood. The transient receptor potential channel, vanilloid subfamily (TRPV4), is an osmotically activated ion channel that is expressed in circumventricular organs in the mammalian CNS, which is an important site of osmotic sensing. We have generated trpv4-null mice and observed abnormalities of their osmotic regulation. trpv4-/- mice drank less water and became more hyperosmolar than did wild-type littermates, a finding that was seen with and without administration of hypertonic saline. In addition, plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone were significantly lower in trpv4-/- mice than in wild-type littermates after a hyperosmotic challenge. Continuous s.c. infusion of the antidiuretic hormone analogue, dDAVP, resulted in systemic hypotonicity in trpv4-/- mice, despite the fact that their renal water reabsorption capacity was normal. Thus, the response to both hyper- and hypoosmolar stimuli is impaired in trpv4-/- mice. After a hyperosmolar challenge, there was markedly reduced expression of c-FOS in the circumventricular organ, the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, of trpv4-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. This finding suggests that there is an impairment of osmotic sensing in the CNS of trpv4-/- mice. These data indicate that TRPV4 is necessary for the normal response to changes in osmotic pressure and functions as an osmotic sensor in the CNS.     

多指(趾)-肥胖-肾-眼综合征2例并文献复习分析

目的总结Laurance-Moon-Bardet-Biedl综合征(LMBBS)(多指-肥胖-肾-眼综合征)的发病情况及临床表现,并与国外文献报道进行比较。以提高临床医生对该综合征的认识。方法对1987—2003年对汕头大学医学院附属第二医院的2例LMBBS报告,以及国外462例、国内94例文献,进行分析。结果LMBBS有较高的血缘率及阳性家族史,视网膜色素变性、智力低下、肥胖、性发育不良和多指(趾)畸形五大主症,临床表现复杂多变。结论应避免近亲结婚。国外新近提出的诊断标准及调查方法,有利于患者儿童期的早期诊断。     

Uroporphyria in the Cyp1a2-/- mouse

Cytochrome P4501A2 (Cyp1a2) is important in the development of uroporphyria in mice, a model of porphyria cutanea tarda in humans. Heretofore, mice homozygous for the Cyp1a2−/− mutation do not develop uroporphyria with treatment regimens that result in uroporphyria in wild-type mice. Here we report uroporphyria development in Cyp1a2−/− mice additionally null for both alleles of the hemochromatosis (Hfe) gene and heterozygous for deletion of the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (Urod) gene (genotype: Cyp1a2−/−;Hfe−/−;Urod+/−), demonstrating that upon adding porphyria-predisposing genetic manipulations, Cyp1a2 is not essential. Cyp1a2−/−;Hfe−/−;Urod+/− mice were treated with various combinations of an iron-enriched diet, parenteral iron-dextran, drinking water containing δ-aminolevulinic acid and intraperitoneal Aroclor 1254 (a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture) and analyzed for uroporphyrin accumulation. Animals fed an iron-enriched diet alone did not develop uroporphyria but uroporphyria developed with all treatments that included iron supplementation and δ-aminolevulinic acid, even with a regimen without Aroclor 1254. Hepatic porphyrin levels correlated with low UROD activity and high levels of an inhibitor of UROD but marked variability in the magnitude of the porphyric response was present in all treatment groups. Gene expression profiling revealed no major differences between genetically identical triple cross mice exhibiting high and low magnitude porphyric responses from iron-enriched diet and iron-dextran supplementation, and δ-aminolevulinic acid. Even though the variation in porphyric response did not parallel the hepatic iron concentration, the results are compatible with the presence of a Cyp1a2-independent, iron-dependent pathway for the generation of uroporphomethene, the UROD inhibitor required for the expression of uroporphyria in mice and PCT in humans.     

多指（趾）-肥胖-肾-眼综合征2例并文献复习分析

目的 总结Laurance—Moon—Bardet—Biedl综合征（LMBBS）（多指-肥胖-肾-眼综合征）的发病情况及临床表现，并与国外文献报道进行比较。以提高临床医生对该综合征的认识。方法 对1987—2003年对汕头大学医学院附属第二医院的2例LMBBS报告，以及国外462例、国内94例文献，进行分析。结果 LMBBS有较高的血缘率及阳性家族史，视网膜色素变性、智力低下、肥胖、性发育不良和多指（趾）畸形五大主症，临床表现复杂多变。结论 应避免近亲结婚。国外新近提出的诊断标准及调查方法，有利于患者儿童期的早期诊断。