Sonographic features of an intraductal polypoid mass: differentiation between hepatocellular carcinoma and intraductal cholangiocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To identify laboratory and sonographic features capable of differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) invading the bile duct from intraductal cholangiocarcinoma (IDCCC). METHODS: Nine patients with HCC invading the bile duct and 8 patients with IDCCC were found in our radiologic and pathologic database. Laboratory (alpha-fetoprotein, cancer antigen 19-9, total bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase) and sonographic findings were retrospectively reviewed by 2 reviewers by consensus. Sonographic findings included the presence and echo texture of parenchymal masses, the margin and echo texture of intraductal masses, continuity between parenchymal and intraductal masses, cystic ductal dilatation or wall thickening of the bile duct, and the presence of associated chronic liver disease. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in the levels of total bilirubin (14 versus 3.5 mg/dL), alpha-fetoprotein (2984 versus 5 ng/mL), and cancer antigen 19-9 (8574 versus 1861 U/mL) in HCC and IDCCC (P <.05). Echogenicity of the intraductal masses was iso or low in 8 (88.9%) of 9 HCCs and 3 (37.5%) of 8 IDCCCs (P <.05). In all 7 patients with HCC but in no patient with IDCCC, the parenchymal masses were contiguous with the intraductal masses (P <.05). Cystic ductal dilatation of bile duct was seen in 8 (88.9%) of 9 HCCs and 3 (37.5%) of 8 IDCCCs (P <.05). All 9 (100%) of 9 HCCs and 3 (37.5%) of 8 IDCCCs were associated with chronic liver disease (P <.05). Parenchymal masses occurred in 7 patients with HCC (77.8%) and in 3 patients with IDCCC (37.5%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P =.153). The margins of the intraductal masses were smooth in all 9 (100%) of 9 HCCs and lobulated in 3 (37.5%) of 8 IDCCCs (P =.082). CONCLUSIONS: Combined interpretation of laboratory and sonographic features may help in the differentiation of HCC with bile duct invasion and IDCCC.     

胆总管结石术后经鼻胆引流管注射生理盐水在超声检查残留结石中的应用

目的 探讨胆总管结石术后经鼻胆引流管注射生理盐水在超声检查残留结石中的应用价值。方法 对50例经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）、十二指肠镜下乳头括约肌切开术（EST）、内镜鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）诊治胆总管结石的术后患者行常规超声及超声联合鼻胆引流管注射生理盐水检查,对比注射生理盐水前后超声测量胆总管长度、宽度及残留结石的检出率。结果 50例患者注射生理盐水前后胆总管全程显示率分别为18.00%（9/50）、90.00%（45/50）;注射生理盐水前后超声检查胆总管长度分别为（2.63±0.26）cm、（5.79±2.17）cm,宽度分别为（0.49±0.35）cm、（0.99±0.35）cm,差异均有统计学意义（t=11.03、10.81,P均<0.01）。注射生理盐水前疑似胆总管结石1例,注射生理盐水后另增5例疑似存在胆总管结石,其中5例行ERCP检查：ERCP检查4例证实为胆总管结石,1例未见明显结石;1例经手术证实为胆总管结石。结论 经鼻胆管引流管注射生理盐水可提高胆总管显示率,进而提高对残留结石的检出率。     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术后并发症发生的原因分析与护理对策

目的探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后并发症发生的原因及相关护理对策。方法选取2018年1月至2019年9月在我院行ERCP患者394例为研究对象,查阅病历资料,获取并发症发生情况。结果本组患者术后有55例出现并发症,发生率13.96%,其中胰腺炎33例,均为内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)和鼻胆管引流术(ENBD),7例既往有胰腺炎病史,7例反复插管(>5次),5例手术时间>1 h,7例胰管显影,15例为术后反复取石、多发结石,3例合并胰管结石;消化道出血12例,均行EST,8例合并十二指肠乳头旁憩室;胆道感染7例,均行EST+网篮取石+ENBD手术,既往有胆管炎病史;肝内胆管穿孔3例,因胆总管结石进行EST+网篮取石+ENBD手术。结论ERCP术后并发症发生率较高,应加强防范,注重规范化培训,降低并发症发生率。     

鼻胆管口鼻腔转换专用取出器的研制与应用*

目的降低内镜下鼻胆引流术(ENBD)患者鼻胆管引出鼻腔的操作难度,减少不良事件发生率。方法将200例实施ENBD的患者随机分为实验组(n=100)和对照组(n=100)。实验组在鼻胆管口鼻转换中采用取出器套取导引管,对照组采用传统方法即术者的手指伸入患者咽部取出导引管。比较导引管一次性抓取成功率和所耗的操作时间、患者对刺激的反应。结果与对照组患者比较,实验组患者引导管一次性抓取成功率更高(P0.05);导引管取出耗时更短(P0.05);不良事件发生率更低(P0.05)。结论鼻胆管口鼻腔转换取出器能明显提高导引管一次性抓取成功率,缩短导引管抓取时间,提高患者舒适度,较少并发症,省时省力,经济实用。     

经引流管超声造影在经皮经肝胆道置管引流术中的应用

目的探讨经引流管超声造影在梗阻性黄疸患者行经皮经肝胆道置管引流术(PTCD)中的应用价值。方法 54例梗阻性黄疸患者(肝内胆管内径≥0.5 cm),使用Sono Vue经引流管超声造影指导PTCD过程。结果 PTCD置管成功51例,成功率94.4%,效果良好且未见明显并发症;其中肝内置引流管1根46例,置引流管2根5例。置管失败3例。结论经引流管超声造影能有效提高梗阻性黄疸患者PTCD的成功率。     

肝脏黏液性囊性肿瘤与囊肿型肝内胆管乳头状肿瘤CT及MRI表现

目的 对比分析肝脏黏液性囊性肿瘤（MCN）与囊肿型胆管乳头状肿瘤（IPNB）的CT及MRI表现。方法 回顾性分析25例MCN和16例囊肿型IPNB（侵袭性10例、非侵袭性6例）的临床病理资料及影像学资料。结果 IPNB组与MCN组周围胆管交通、胆管扩张、附壁结节差异有统计学意义（P均<0.001）,病灶直径、位置、形状、囊内出血、ADC值差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。IPNB组中,非侵袭性和侵袭性病变间仅病灶直径差异有统计学意义（P=0.032）。结论 MCN和囊肿型IPNB的CT及MRI表现具有一定相似性,病灶周围是否有胆管扩张、扩张的胆管是否与病灶相通及病灶内部壁结节对鉴别诊断有重要意义。     

鼻胆管引流治疗胆囊切除术后胆漏

目的:探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)和经内镜鼻胆管引流(ENBD)在胆囊切除术后胆漏诊治中的应用价值。方法:对胆囊切除术后有腹痛、发热、B超引导穿刺引流出胆汁而诊断为胆漏的患者进行ERCP检查,并行ENBD。结果:15例患者ERCP检查均成功,10例发现有造影剂漏出,其中2例伴有明显胆管损伤,2例合并有胆总管结石。除2例胆管损伤患者接受手术治疗外,其余13例均经ENBD治疗成功,2例胆总管结石患者成功接受了EST网篮取石术。结论:对于胆囊切除术后出现胆漏的患者,ERCP是理想的诊断方法,而且还可以通过ENBD结合腹腔引流得到有效治疗。     

Percutaneous microwave ablation combined with simultaneous transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with macrovascular invasion or extrahepatic metastases

ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) combined with simultaneous transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with microvascular invasion (MVI) or extrahepatic metastases (EHM).MethodsBetween August 2012 and April 2017, 101 patients with MVI/EHM of HCC underwent percutaneous MWA combined with simultaneous TACE at our center. The clinical data were collected and analyzed for survival and prognostic factors.ResultsThe mean follow-up time was 23.6 ± 14.7 months. One patient had grade 3 complications, and the median overall survival was 12.0 months (95% confidence interval 9.7–14.3). Multivariate analysis showed that Child-Pugh class, serum alpha-fetoprotein level, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status were independent factors of survival.ConclusionOur results suggest that percutaneous MWA combined with simultaneous TACE is a safe and effective treatment for HCC with MVI/EHM.     

Clinical characteristics of intrahepatic biliary papilloma: A case report

BACKGROUNDIntrahepatic bile duct papilloma (IPNB) is a rare benign tumour from the bile duct epithelium and has a high malignant transformation rate. Early radical resection can obviously improve the prognosis of patients, but it is difficult to be sure of the diagnosis of IPNB before operating.CASE SUMMARYThis study included 28 patients with intraductal papilloma admitted to the First Hospital of Jilin University from January 2010 to November 2020 and recorded their clinical manifestations, imaging features, complications and prognosis. There were 12 males and 16 females with an average age of 61.36 ± 8.03 years. Most patients had symptoms of biliary obstruction. Biliary dilatation and cystic mass could be seen on imaging. After surgery, IPNB was diagnosed by pathology.CONCLUSIONIPNB is a rare benign tumour in the bile duct. Early diagnosis and timely R0 resection can improve the prognosis of IPNB.     

肝内胆管乳头状肿瘤常规超声及超声造影表现

目的 观察肝内胆管乳头状肿瘤（IPNB）常规超声及超声造影（CEUS）表现。方法 回顾性分析16例接受腹部常规超声及CEUS检查并经手术病理证实的单发IPNB患者，其中9例伴癌变（癌变组），7例伴中重度异型增生或上皮内瘤变（增生或瘤变组）；对比观察2组病灶常规超声及CEUS表现。结果 16个病灶中，11个形态不规则并与肝内胆管相通，10个内部探及点线状血流信号；病灶内部回声可表现为囊性（单房/多房无回声）、囊实性及实性。组间病灶直径、形态、是否与胆管相通及病灶内是否探及血流信号差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05），内部回声特征差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组病灶CEUS多表现为"快进快出"，动脉期均以不均匀增强伴乳头状强化为主，增强模式及动脉期增强形态差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 IPNB常规超声及CEUS表现具有一定特征性。     

内镜下鼻胆管外引流术中的内引流现象

目的：观察ENBD术中的引流现象，探讨其判断指征和意义。方法：观察分析12例行ENBD术而存在内引流现象的患者术前、后病情变化，血常规，肝功能及X线、B超下胆管形态学改变等，进行自身对照，并与10例示行引流术者（未引流组）对照。采用SPSS软件作统计学处理。结果：引流组所有患者外引流胆汁总量极少，但病情各各项指标无明显好转或恢复正常，自身对照具统计学意义（P＜0．01）。与未引流组比较有极显著差异。结论：ENBD中可存在显著的内引流现象，应加以利用。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的内镜诊治

目的：探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症的内镜诊疗价值。方法：2001年4月～2004年7月对12例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者，应用电子十二指肠镜进行胆道造影，乳头切开、取石、放置鼻胆管或塑料内支架引流等诊疗方法。结果：原位肝移植术后出现胆道并发症12例，共行ERCP15次：胆管吻合口狭窄、胆总管结石伴急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎3例，急诊内镜取石、鼻胆管引流，再次内镜胆总管塑料内支架引流。胆管吻合口狭窄伴胆管泥沙样结石2例，内镜乳头切开、取石、引流。胆管吻合口狭窄5例，其中塑料内支架引流2例，未置引流1例，鼻胆管放置失败1例，胆管吻合口严重狭窄导丝无法通过1例。胆漏2例，因胆总管吻合口严重狭窄，导丝未能通过。结论：肝移植术后胆道并发症经内镜诊疗具有微创、安全、有效，有一定的诊疗价值。     

Intrahepatic bile duct dilatation secondary to hepatocellular carcinoma: CT features in 10 patients

Background: To determine the computed tomographic (CT) features of bile duct obstruction secondary to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: CT examinations of 10 patients (mean age, 58 years) with bile duct obstruction secondary to HCC were retrospectively reviewed. Results: All tumors were intrahepatic. Eight tumors were well-delineated and two were ill-defined. The largest diameters of tumor ranged from 1.5–6.0 cm (mean, 3.6 cm). All tumors were hypodense before contrast and did not contain calcification. After contrast, four tumors became hypodense, three were isodense, and three were hyperdense to the liver. No tumor demonstrated encapsulation. Diffuse intrahepatic bile duct dilatation was observed in seven patients. One patient had extrahepatic bile duct dilatation. Localized bile duct dilatation was observed in three patients, in the hemi-liver which contained the tumor. No tumor invaded the portal vein. Conclusion: Although rare, HCC should be included in the differential diagnosis of bile duct obstruction. This diagnosis should be suggested in patients with bile duct obstruction when CT shows an associated intra- or extrahepatic mass. Our results suggest that HCC responsible for bile duct obstruction is remarkable for the absence of encapsulation.     

Premalignant lesions of cholangiocarcinoma: characteristics on ultrasonography and MRI

Background and objective

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive malignancy with high prevalence rate in Asia. The CCA premalignant lesions, including Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (Bil-IN) and Intraductal papillary neoplasm of biliary tract (IPNB), share a common carcinogenesis; however, on imaging, patterns of presentation are different. Patterns and imaging characteristics on ultrasonography (US) and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of both Bil-IN and IPNB are reported herein.

Methods

In this retrospective study of imaging findings in premalignant CCA, pathology-proven cases of Bil-IN and IPNB at Chulabhorn Hospital were analyzed. Demographics, locations of lesions, imaging characteristics of both Bil-IN and IPNB were assessed, compared, and described.

Results

Twenty-one premalignant lesions, 13 Bil-INs and 8 IPNBs, from 18 patients were included. Both Bil-IN and IPNB lesions were found more commonly at the right than left intrahepatic ducts (66.7% vs. 33.3%), and had more peripheral than central locations (85.7% vs. 14.3%). On US, Bil-IN commonly presented as focal bile duct dilatation (76.9%), whereas IPNB was more variable with hyperechoic nodules (37.5%), focal bile duct dilatation (37.5%), and diffuse bile duct dilatation with intraductal nodules (25%). On MRI, focal bile duct dilatation and nonfunctioning bile excretion are the most sensitive findings with sensitivities in the range of 84.6% to 100%. The presence of intraductal nodules and connection to the biliary system are findings that were significantly different between IPNB and Bil-IN, 62.5% versus 7.7% (p = 0.014) and 75% versus 15.4% (p = 0.018), respectively.

Conclusions

Premalignant lesions of CCA, including Bil-IN and IPNB, have different imaging presentations. Knowledge of imaging presentations may improve early detection and increase confidence in diagnosis.

     

Comparison of tumor response following conventional versus drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization in early- and very early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma

ObjectiveTo compare the safety of conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE) vs drug-eluting bead TACE (DEB-TACE) in very early- and early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsData of patients with early- and very early-stage HCC treated with cTACE or DEB-TACE were evaluated retrospectively in this study. A total of 40 patients were included, 20 treated with cTACE and 20 with DEB-TACE. The cTACE and DEB-TACE groups were comprised of 80% and 75% males, while there were 20% females in cTACE group and 25% in Deb-TACE group respectively. The mean age of patients in cTACE group was 57.43 ​+ ​5.6 years, while it was 56.4 ​+ ​5.5 years in DEB-TACE group. All patients had liver status of Child–Pugh Class A and a score ≤ 7 in Child-Pugh class type B in very early- (stage 0) or early-phase (stage A) stages according to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) system.ResultsThe Child-Pugh class degradation in the cTACE group was slightly higher than that in the DEB-TACE group. Serious complications like peritumoral parenchymal ischemia were observed in 4 patients in the cTACE group and 5 in the DEB-TACE group. Localized bile duct dilation was seen in 2 patients in the cTACE group and 6 in the DEB-TACE group.No significant variation in serious complications between the two groups was established in localized bile duct dilatation. Other minor complications noted were liver failure, liver abscess, liver infarction, acute cholecystitis, biliary tree necrosis, and mortality. Further, no substantial variation in tumor response between the groups was reported immediately and 1-year post-procedural assessment. Conversion rate to other treatment modalities such as surgical resection, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), or swap between cTACE and DEB-TACE was substantially higher in the DEB-TACE group (40%) than in the cTACE group (10%) at the 1-year completion period of the study.ConclusionIn terms of tumor response, the DEB-TACE group showed a better response, to some extent, as an initial therapy for HCC in the early stages as compared to the cTACE group, and DEB-TACE also exhibited better clinical efficacy in patients with HCC.     

内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石术后胰腺炎影响因素分析

目的探讨胆总管结石内镜下十二指肠乳头切开取石术相关内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)术后胰腺炎(PEP)的影响因素。方法回顾分析327例经内镜乳头切开取石术患者的临床资料,就患者的临床表现、伴随疾病、血生化、困难插管、胆总管扩张程度、胆总管结石大小及数量、乳头括约肌切开大小、鼻胆引流(ENBD)及术前用药等20余项指标进行统计学处理,寻找影响PEP的相关因素。结果 327例患者共发生PEP 23例(7.0%),单因素统计处理发现患者伴有胆囊结石、入院时血清总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、胆总管扩张程度PEP组和非PEP组比较P值小于或接近0.05,将这7项有可能影响PEP的指标纳入多因素分析,结果示胆囊结石和胆总管扩张程度是影响PEP发生的独立因素。结论伴有胆囊结石和胆总管不扩张或轻度扩张的胆总管结石患者,行内镜下乳头切开取石术较易并发PEP。     

超声引导下鼻胆管引流的临床应用价值

目的探讨超声引导下内镜鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）的效果和临床应用价值。方法对术前经超声、CT或MRCP检查提示胆总管结石、胆总管扩张并肝吸虫感染,恶性梗阻性黄疸、急性胰腺炎、胆道狭窄共70例患者行超声引导下ENBD术、ERCP术,术后所有患者行X线下内镜逆行胆胰管造影（ERCP）进行对照。结果（1）本组所有病例均在超声引导下行ENBD术,与X线ERCP对照,符合率为100％。（2）超声能清晰地显示ERCP管并监测ERCP管进入胆总管的安放过程。（3）超声ERCP术可提高超声诊断率。结论超声引导下可行ENBD术,达到同样定位效果。且具有无辐射、无过敏,可进行床边急诊治疗等优点。     

胆总管探查术中采用胆道镜直视检查确认是否通畅对患者的影响

目的 探讨胆总管探查术中采用胆道镜直视检查确认胆总管下端是否通畅对患者胆道流变学指标的影响.方法 将择期行胆总管探查的40例患者随机分为对照组和实验组各20例,对照组术中采用常规探查确认胆总管下端是否通畅,实验组术中采用胆道镜直视检查确认胆总管下端是否通畅.监测2组患者术后72 h内的24 h T管引流量,术后胆总管压力、流量、流量阻力及引流液淀粉酶含量.结果 对照组在术后第2天T管引流量增加,胆总管压力明显增高,流量减低,流量阻力加大,引流液淀粉酶含量降低,与实验组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 若术中避免胆总管下端损伤性探查,术后72 h内监测胆总管压力、流量及流量阻力可能有助于确定T型管护理时早期夹管时机.     

胆管超声造影的临床价值初探

目的 探讨胆管超声造影在评价梗阻性胆道疾病中的可行性.方法 20例梗阻性黄疸患者(结石4例,术后胆道狭窄2例,肿瘤性病变14例)行经皮经肝胆道引流术置管引流,并经引流管注射SonoVue和泛影葡胺行胆管造影.以手术或经皮经肝胆管造影(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography,PTC)为金标准,分析各类病变的胆管超声造影(ultrasonic cholangiography,USC)表现和诊断的准确性.结果 ①20例均成功观察到超声造影剂在胆道内分布,19例显示了三级以上胆管.胆管内造影剂清晰显影持续时间可达6 min以上.未发生明确的并发症及造影后不适.②与手术及PTC对照,USC正确显示了其中18例的梗阻部位,USC对梗阻部位诊断的准确性为90.0%(18/20),对梗阻原因诊断的准确性为85.0%(17/20).结论 USC安全可行,能够清晰显示胆管树形态,对肝内胆管的显示率与PTC接近,作为一种新的胆管造影方法,在评估胆道梗阻性病变的部位和原因方面有一定价值,但需要进一步的研究证实.     

经ERCP胆道金属支架植入治疗不可切除肝外胆道恶性梗阻的安全性及疗效评价

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)胆道金属支架置入对于肝外胆道恶性梗阻的临床疗效及安全性。方法根据患者手术方法不同将40例恶性胆道梗阻患者分为经皮经肝胆管穿刺引流术(PTCD)组和ERCP组。PTCD组患者接受PTCD治疗,ERCP组患者接受ERCP置入金属支架治疗。结果两组生存时间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。ERCP组术后胆道通畅时间明显长于PTCD组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。ERCP组住院时间明显少于PTCD组(P0.05)。术后1周ERCP组肝功能检测指标明显优于PTCD组(P0.05)。此外,PTCD组和ERCP组的并发症发生率分别30.0%与10.0%。ERCP组的并发症发生率明显低于PTCD组(P0.05)。结论 ERCP支架置入与PTCD解除胆道恶性梗阻疗效相似。但是,ERCP术后胆道通畅时间长,并发症少,患者肝功能指标恢复快。因此,对于肝外胆道恶性梗阻的患者,采用ERCP临床疗效更好,安全性更高。