Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration

Since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the management of common bile duct (CBD) stones has undergone significant change. Preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with sphincterotomy is now routinely done in cases where the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis is suspected preoperatively, with clearance of the bile ducts before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Intraoperative discovery of CBD stones by cholangiography represents a challenge to the surgeon, who must make a decision about when to perform laparoscopic CBD exploration, convert to open surgery, or send the patient for ERCP during the postoperative period. Because ERCP has a definite failure rate, laparoscopic CBD exploration can be a treatment option. Among 2500 laparoscopic cholecystectomies done by our group from January 1991 to June 1997, 50 patients (2%) underwent laparoscopic CBD exploration, 13 by the transcystic technique and 37 by choledocotomy, with a conversion rate of 8% and a hospital stay of 4.3 days. One patient died from complicated pancreatitis following ERCP and unsuccessful extraction of a CBD stone. We obtained our goal of a CBD free of stones in 92% of the cases. We conclude that laparoscopic CBD exploration is an effective method for treating choledocolithiasis that allows management of this pathology in one stage, although it requires advanced laparoscopic skills and adequate equipment.     

Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the procedure of choice for laparoscopically skilled surgeons when dealing with both chronic and acute cholecystitis. When choledocholithiasis is encountered in the treatment of these patients the skilled laparoscopist has several treatment options available to treat the patient in one stage and avoid the morbidity of endoscopic sphincterotomy. Although still controversial, laparoscopic common bile duct exploration has been shown to be safe, applicable, and cost-effective in the treatment of choledocholithiasis. This report details several laparoscopic treatment alternatives for choledocholithiasis.     

Micro-Incision of the Cystic Duct Confluence in Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration for Elderly Patients with Choledocholithiasis

Common bile duct (CBD) stones are common in elderly patients. The laparoscopic transcystic approach with micro-incision of the cystic duct confluence in common bile duct exploration (LTM-CBDE) is a modified laparoscopic transcystic approach. Its safety and efficacy have not been studied in elderly patients with secondary choledocholithiasis. This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of LTM-CBDE in elderly (≥65 years) patients with secondary choledocholithiasis and compares the results with those in younger patients. In this retrospective analysis, 128 patients underwent LTM-CBDE from March 2007 to December 2013. The patients were divided into two groups according to age: the elderly group consisted of 50 patients aged ≥65 years and the younger group consisted of 78 patients aged <65 years. The preoperative morbidity rate, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, previous abdominal operations, operation time, postoperative hospital stay, open conversion rate, postoperative complication rate, residual stone rate, recurrence rate and mortality were compared in both groups. The preoperative morbidity (41 vs. 28) and ASA score (2.5 ± 0.7 vs. 1.8 ± 0.6) were higher in the elderly group (P = 0.000, in both groups). No significant differences in previous abdominal operations, operation time, postoperative hospital stay, open conversion rate, postoperative complication rate, residual stone rate, recurrence rate and mortality (P > 0.05) were found between the two groups from March 2007 to December 2013. LTM-CBDE is a safe and effective treatment procedure for elderly patients with secondary choledocholithiasis. For suitable patients, we recommend LTM-CBDE as the treatment of choice.     

腹腔镜下经胆囊管肝总管汇合部微切开胆总管探查的可行性

目的探讨腹腔镜下经胆囊管肝总管汇合部微切开胆总管探查免置T管的可行性及病例选择。方法回顾性分析我院2009年1月至2011年12月期间52例拟行胆总管探查患者的临床资料,实施了经腹腔镜、胆道镜双镜联合下经胆囊管肝总管汇合部微（3～4mm）切开取石、不放置T管引流,一期缝合。结果本组52例患者术中无阴性探查,术中使用胆道镜及胆道造影检查证实结石完全取出,结石取净率为100％,手术时间为90～200min,平均100min。术中胆道造影时间为3～10min,平均6min。胆道镜协助取石时间为5～15min,平均8min。术后腹腔引流管拔管时间3～5d,平均3．5d。术后腹腔引流液量为20～60mL／d,平均30mL／d。术后无胆汁漏、腹痛、黄疸及切口感染发生。术后住院5～12d,平均6．5d。术后随访时间为3～40个月,平均20个月,无结石再生或胆管狭窄发生。结论若术者腹腔镜、胆道镜技术熟练,手术病例选择适当,术中检查仔细,冲洗干净,经胆囊管肝总管汇合部微切开取石后行胆总管一期缝合是安全、可行的。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查术治疗胆管结石

胆石症在我国是常见病和多发病,收治率约占普外科住院患者的11.5%,且发病率呈上升趋势[1]。对于肝外胆管的结石,传统方法是行开腹胆总管切开取石、T管引流治疗为主。目前,随着微创设备的高速发展,腹腔镜、胆道镜的普及,腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗模式因其创伤小、康复快、住院时间短、切口感染率低、并发症少等诸多优点已逐渐取代传统开腹手术,必将成为今后治疗胆管系统结石的主流模式。现就腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查术在治疗胆管结石中的应用情况做简要叙述。     

Transcystic Approach to Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration

Background and Objectives:

One-stage laparoscopic management for common bile duct stones in patients with gallbladder stones has gained wide acceptance. We developed a novel technique using a transcystic approach for common bile duct exploration as an alternative to the existing procedures.

Methods:

From April 2010 to June 2012, 9 consecutive patients diagnosed with cholelithiasis and common bile duct stones were enrolled in this study. The main inclusion criteria included no upper abdominal surgical history and the presence of a stone measuring <5 mm. After the gallbladder was dissected free from the liver connections in a retrograde fashion, the fundus of the gallbladder was extracted via the port incision in the right epigastrium. The choledochoscope was inserted into the gallbladder through the small opening in the fundus of the gallbladder extracorporeally and was advanced toward the common bile duct via the cystic duct under the guidance of both laparoscopic imaging and endoscopic imaging. After stones were retrieved under direct choledochoscopic vision, a drainage tube was placed in the subhepatic space.

Results:

Of 9 patients, 7 had successful transcystic common bile duct stone clearance. A narrow cystic duct and the unfavorable anatomy of the junction of the cystic duct and common bile duct resulted in losing access to the common bile duct. No bile leakage, hemobilia, or pancreatitis occurred. Wound infection occurred in 2 patients. Transient epigastric colic pain occurred in 2 patients and was relieved by use of anisodamine. A transient increase in the amylase level was observed in 3 patients. Short-term follow-up did not show any recurrence of common bile duct stones.

Conclusion:

Our novel transcystic approach to laparoscopic common bile duct exploration is feasible and efficient.     

腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术的临床体会

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术的优势,总结手术操作经验及常见并发症的预防与处理.方法 回顾性分析我院1999年6月至2010年4月期间收治的108例胆管结石患者行腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术的手术方法、操作要点及并发症的处理.结果 腹腔镜手术成功105例,中转开腹3例;手术时间(120±20)min,出血量(25±5)ml,住院时间(9±1)d;术后发生胆道出血3例,漏胆7例,残余结石6例;全组无死亡病例.结论 腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术具有创伤小、痛寿轻、恢复快、对腹腔脏器干扰小、住院时间短等优点,值得临床推广.     

经胆囊管纤维胆道镜胆总管探查的临床应用

目的 探讨经胆囊管纤维胆道镜胆总管探查的临床应用效果.方法 我院2004年1月至2008年6月期间用该方法治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者28例(研究组); 另选择同期行胆总管切开取石T管引流术患者30例(对照组),比较观察2组患者的手术和住院时间、输液量、住院费用、术后恢复情况、手术并发症等.结果 研究组较对照组术后住院时间更短[(6.0±1.1) d比(9.6±1.8) d,P＜0.05],肛门排气时间[(28.2±3.8) h比(46.3±5.9) h,P＜0.05]和恢复正常生活时间[(10.3±2.1) d比(35.7±5.8) d,P＜0.01]更快,输液量[(5 515±368) ml比(9 542±834) ml,P＜0.01]和住院费用[(8 100±425)元比(12 100±756)元,P＜0.05]更少.研究组发生手术并发症2例(2/28); 对照组发生手术并发症6例(6/30),其中需再次外科手术治疗的严重并发症2例(2/30),严重并发症均由放置T管引起.结论 对于合适的胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的患者,可首选经胆囊管纤维胆道镜胆总管探查,避免了放置T管引起的一系列弊端,是安全、可行的.     

超细胆道镜在术中经胆囊管胆道探查的临床应用

目的探索胆道探查手术中应用超细胆道镜的临床价值。方法开腹或腹腔镜手术切除胆囊后保留残留胆囊管0．5～0．6cm,经胆道探条或血管分离钳机械扩张胆囊管,直至CHF—XP20超细纤维胆道镜随意插进胆总管,观察胆总管、肝总管及左右肝管,同时可以经胆道镜活检孔道插入配置的取石网篮取石,或插入配置的活检钳进行组织活检。结果332例胆总管内小结石（0．3～0．5cm）,其中25例合并肝内一级胆管结石,术中经超细纤维胆道镜检查证实后,使用网篮顺利取出;9例胆总管内隆起样病变取组织活检,其中炎性息肉样病变5例,轻一中度不典型增生病变4例;胆总管下端炎性狭窄及乳头肌收缩功能减退24例。365例经胆囊管进行均顺利完成超细纤维胆道镜检查及治疗,术中未出现胆道持续出血、胆道穿孔及术后胆道感染等并发症。295例随访3～12个月（平均7．5月）,未发现术后残余结石,继续随访13～18个月（平均15．5月）,胆总管结石复发12例。结论超细纤维胆道镜经胆囊管进行胆道探查手术有严格适应征,合理、选择性的应用可避免总胆管切开。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查并发症分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查并发症的处理和预防。方法回顾性分析我科2003年6月~2007年6月124例腹腔镜胆总管探查出现的13例并发症资料。结果术中发现胆总管穿孔性损伤3例(其中胆道合并十二指肠穿孔1例),术中出血2例;术后发现十二指肠穿孔1例,胆漏2例(一期缝合),术后腹腔出血1例,胆道残石4例。全部治愈。胆道穿孔3例开腹修补后随访6个月无胆管狭窄,4例胆道残石取石后随访1~4年,未见结石复发。结论必须严格腹腔镜胆总管探查指征和强化术者的操作技巧和方式。实行适时中转开腹,对并发症进行即时有效的处理,其预后是良好的。     

胆道下端探查术中的一点改进

1998年 2月以来 ,笔者应用一次性导尿管进行术中胆道下端探查 ,报道如下。1　临床资料本组 6 3例 ,急诊手术 2 6例 ,其中胆管结石并胆道感染 2 2例 ,胆道蛔虫并感染 4例 ,伴黄疸者 8例 ;择期手术 37例。胆道切开取石 (虫 )后 ,用弯取石钳夹持一次性导尿管 ,将导尿管送入十二指肠 ,并通过注水、扪触确认 ,41例顺利插入 ,2 2例初受阻 ,后可插入肠道。胆道下端探查时间 2～ 2 0ｍｉｎ ,无胆肠结合部损伤 ,术后Ｔ管造影无胆道残留结石。2　讨　　论通常外科医生用橡皮导管探查胆道下端 ,笔者在临床应用中发现 ,橡皮导尿管表面较粗涩 ,质地较软 ,…     

经胆囊管胆道造影、胆总管探查在胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨经胆囊管造影、胆管探查在单纯胆囊切除术中的应用价值. 方法术前临床诊断为胆囊结石、胆囊息肉样病变的患者383例,在胆囊切除术中经胆囊管行胆道造影、胆总管探查,分析胆道病变及其相应处理手段、疗效. 结果通过经胆囊管造影和探查,术中发现胆总管结石30例,经胆囊管取石24例,胆总管切开取石6例;胆囊管冗长4例,均予切除冗长部分;胰胆管合流异常3例,未处理;胆总管末端双开口1例,未处理.所有患者均无结石残留、胆囊管残余. 结论术中经胆囊管胆道造影、胆总管探查可发现术前漏诊的胆总管结石和其他病变,且大部分结石可经胆囊管取出.     

Fogarty取栓导管在腹腔镜胆总管取石术中的应用

腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石术，闳患者痛苦小，并发症少，残石率及死亡率低等优点，已广泛应用于临床。但术中因胆管过细，胆道镜置人困难而中转开腹取石的情况难免发生。我院2005年10月～2008年8月对术中由于胆总管过细胆道镜置管失败的6例患者行Fogarty取栓导管（美国Edwards公司）取石，取得满意效果。     

Training Higher Surgical Trainees in Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration

Background  

Laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) exploration is regarded as a safe, definitive procedure for ductal calculi, avoiding the complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. We aimed to evaluate the outcomes of laparoscopic CBD exploration carried out by trainees compared to those of an experienced consultant (R.W.M.).     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术联合胆总管探查在老年胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)联合胆总管探查(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)在老年患者中的安全性及有效性.方法 对2009年1月～2012年1月140例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石行LC联合LCBDE的临床资料进行回顾性分析,按年龄分为老年组(年龄≥65岁,n=42)和对照组(年龄＜65岁,n=98),比较2组手术时间、中转开腹率、术后并发症、术后住院时间、住院费用、术后死亡率有无差异.结果 老年组住院费用(17 149.7 ±8275.8)元,显著高于对照组(13 710.8 ±5228.4)元(t=2.964,P=0.004);老年组手术时间(100.2±25.8) min与对照组(106.3±48.3) min无统计学差异(t=-0.772,P=0.442);老年组中转开腹率7.1％ (3/42)与对照组7.1％ (7/98)无统计学差异(x2=0.000,P=1.000);老年组术后住院时间(13.0±4.5)d与对照组(11.9±4.1)d无统计学差异(t=1.412,P =0.160);老年组术后并发症发生率16.7％ (7/42)与对照组15.3％ (15/98)无统计学差异(x2=0.041,P=0.839).2组均无死亡病例.140例随访8 ～42个月,平均25.9月:老年组2例结石残留,其中1例术后3个月行体外冲击波碎石后胆道镜经T管窦道取出结石,1例术后2个月行ERCP+ EST取石;对照组无结石残留,1例术后20个月胆道结石复发,行ERCP+ EST取石.结论 LC联合胆总管探查不仅对年轻患者,对老年患者也是安全有效的.     

腹腔镜胆总管一期缝合术后胆漏的多因素分析——血浆白蛋白水平是胆漏发生的独立危险因素

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合术后胆漏的原因及防治策略.方法 2005年1月～2009年10月施行腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石一期缝合115例,全麻下四孔法建立气腹,腹腔镜下常规切除胆囊,腹腔镜下胆总管切开胆道镜取石,检查无残余结石、保证胆管通畅后行胆管一期缝合术.结果 一期缝合术后10例发生胆漏：6例经保守观察、通畅引流痊愈;2例行B超穿刺抽液;1例再手术探查为胆囊管残余结石;1例并发严重腹膜炎、多器官功能衰竭死亡.单因素分析显示,患者术前血浆白蛋白水平和术前总胆红素水平对一期缝合术后胆漏有显著影响,患者年龄、术前谷草转氨酶、胆总管缝合方式、术者及术后有无应用生长抑素、解痉药物无显著影响.logistic回归分析显示,患者术前低血浆白蛋白水平是胆漏发生的独立危险因素,β=-0.178,P=0.021,OR=0.837,95％ CI：0.719 ～0.974.结论 适应证把握不严格以及腔镜下缝合技术欠妥是术后胆漏的主要原因,保持通畅、有效的引流是处理胆漏的关键.术前低血浆白蛋白水平是胆漏发生的独立危险因素.     

经胆囊管行胆总管探查取石的治疗体会

开腹手术中 ,胆总管结石行胆总管切开探查Ｔ形管引流是目前临床上应用最广泛、最成熟的手术方式 ,但有时也会导致一系列并发症 ,且病人住院时间较长。我院于 1 998年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 1 0月有选择性地对 83例术前诊断胆总管结石病人采用经胆囊管行胆总管探查取石术 ,获得满意的疗效。现报告如下。临床资料　　 1 .一般资料　　本组 83例 ,男 2 5例 ,女 58例 ,年龄 2 5～ 72岁 ,平均45 .6岁。术前均行Ｂ超或ＣＴ检查诊断胆总管结石。病人均有上腹疼痛病史 ,肝总管或肝内胆管结石 1 5例 ,胆总管扩张 76例 ,慢性胆囊炎、胆囊多发结石 58例 ,既…     

腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合669例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合术的临床经验。方法1992年3月～2006年12月，我院实施腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合术669例（胆道镜取石术，液电碎石术，胆道狭窄扩张术，经胆囊管引流术，胆道内支架术）。结果手术成功643例（96．1％），胆漏17例（2．5％）经内镜鼻导管引流和腹腔引流治愈，胆道轻度狭窄2例（0．3％）无临床表现未处理，残余结石4例（0．5％）经术后内镜取石治愈，细导管滑脱2例（0．3％）经再次手术治愈，晚期胰头癌死亡1例（0．1％）。581例随访6～48个月，平均25．6月，无胆漏、胆管狭窄、胆道出血发生。结论严格掌握手术适应证，选择合适的病例，腹腔镜下胆总管探查一期缝合安全、有效、可行。     

The Value of Choledochoscopy in Exploration of the Common Bile Duct

Direct visualization of the biliary tree using choledochoscopy has been recommended as a technique to improve the accuracy of common duct exploration. In several series the incidence of retained biliary calculi has been dramatically reduced using choledochoscopy, and some authors have reported the findings of other unsuspected benign and malignant lesions as well. During an eight-year period 288 patients underwent exploration of the common bile duct specifically for calculous disease. Operative rigid choledochoscopy was performed in 140 patients in this group, with 79 found to have choledocholithiasis; seven retained stones occurred in this group for an incidence of 8.9%. Routine common duct exploration in the other 148 patients revealed 67 to have choledocholithiasis; six retained stones occurred in this group for an incidence of 9.0%. Though there was no difference in the incidence of retained stones with or without choledochoscopy, 20 patients were found to have stones missed during routine exploration once the rigid choledochoscope was inserted. In addition to the obvious value of the choledochoscope in identifying and removing common duct stones, it was also found to be an aid in removing stones in the intra-hepatic ducts and in clarifying atypical anatomy. Other causes of biliary obstruction such as a liver fluke, benign polyp, benign strictures, and ductal carcinomas were identified by use of biopsy forceps inserted through the choledochoscope. It is recommended that routine choledochoscopy be performed during common duct explorations and that surgical training programs insure that residents learn the technique of operative choledochoscopy.