AO不扩髓胫骨髓内钉术中并发症及防治

目的探讨AO不扩髓胫骨髓内钉的术中并发症及防治.方法总结87例手术,平均年龄37.5岁.结果肢体缩短2例,术中再骨折5例,近端交锁不进2例,远端交锁不进4例,内外翻成角7例(均小于5度),皮肤及血管损伤3例,封闭螺钉安放失误2例.结论熟练掌握操作可以减少并发症,提高疗效.     

Current intramedullary nail insertion and removal practice in the UK

Locked intramedullary (IM) nailing is accepted as the standard method of stabilising closed diaphyseal long-bone fractures in the lower limb. The treatment of open long-bone fractures and the role of medullary canal reaming during intramedullary (IM) nail insertion for closed long-bone fractures are contentious issues. Concerns remain regarding the length of operations, pulmonary effects and rates of re-operation, non-union and infection. The decision to remove IM nails following uncomplicated fracture healing remains a matter of personal choice based upon a variety of reasons and potential risks supporting either routine removal or retention. Postal questionnaires were sent to fellows of the British Orthopaedic Association (BOA) to establish current IM nail insertion and removal practice. Fellows were asked about their current involvement in the use of IM nails, nail of choice for closed long-bone fractures, whether they routinely reamed and fixation method of choice for open long-bone diaphyseal fractures. Additional questions established indications and contraindications for IM nail removal and listing practice as day case or overnight stay. This study revealed a variation in the treatment of both closed and open long-bone fractures and IM nail removal. This probably reflects the paucity of convincing large, randomised trials comparing different techniques of stabilisation and the lack of any large long-term follow-up studies or nationally approved guidelines for nail removal.This work was sponsored by a grant from Stryker Howmedica.     

Arthroscopic advancement of a tibial nail

Rapid restoration of maximal extremity function has stimulated the aggressive treatment of tibia fractures with intramedullary nails. Rod migration is a well-described complication of flexible or unlocked intramedullary rods. Interarticular extrusion of an unlocked tibial rod occurred in a patient after a second accident. Arthroscopy was used to evaluate the chondral injury, as well as to advance the rod.     

股骨转子周围骨折的髓内钉固定

目的探讨带锁髓内钉固定在股骨转子周围骨折中的应用价值以及相关并发症的防治。方法回顾分析了自1993年12月至2001年9月间作者收治的180例(181髋)经髓内钉治疗的转子周围骨折,其中应用亚太型Gamma钉96例(97髋)、股骨重建钉54例、股骨近端钉(PFN)30例。结果平均手术时间65分钟,术中术后输血患者仅占15.6%;平均随访时间为16个月,96%的骨折获得愈合,平均愈合时间为3.5个月;按黄公怡评价标准,髋关节功能优良率为90.2%;发生9种类型的并发症。结论髓内钉固定在治疗股骨转子间骨折中具有较大的临床价值,但仍存在一定的并发症,应引起足够重视。     

Tibia fracture following removal of the ETN<Superscript>®</Superscript> (Expert Tibia Nail): a case report

We report on a patient who sustained a fracture of the tibial shaft during the removal of the newest type of an intramedullary nail (Expert Tibia Nail, Synthes^®). In this case report, we discuss the causes of this complication and possible ways to prevent this.     

自锁髓内钉与交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折疗效比较

2006年1月~2009年1月,我科共收治80例胫骨骨折患者,分别采用自锁和交锁髓内钉固定,笔者对两种固定方法进行比较,报道如下。     

带锁髓内钉治疗股骨、股骨干骨折的临床应用

目的 带锁髓内钉治疗股骨、胫骨干骨折临床应用研究。方法 应用带锁髓内钉治疗股骨、胫骨干骨折104例。结果 闭合复位穿钉内固定术后6－10周愈合,切开复位内固定8－12周愈合,48周后拔出内固定物。无断钉、骨折延迟愈合或不愈合、感染、脂肪栓塞、关节僵硬等并发症发生。104例均获随访,平均随访20个月,无1例再次骨折。结论 带锁髓内钉内固定治疗股骨、胫骨干骨折与传统钢板螺丝钉内固定相比,具有固定牢固,防止骨折端扭转、分离,术后不需要外固定支持,能早期负重行走,骨折愈合率高,治疗效果可靠的优点。     

交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折并发症分析

[目的]探讨交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折并发症的原因。[方法]回顾性分析交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折785例患者的完整资料。[结果]随访时间平均为27个月（8～40个月），发生并发症如下：感染率2．7％（21例）；骨折不愈合1．5％（12例）；骨折延迟愈合6．8％（53例）；骨折畸形愈合0．9％（7例）；膝关节痛6．8％（53例）；主钉断裂1．4％（11例）；锁钉断钉、退出2．2％（17例）。[结论]熟练掌握髓内钉的操作技术、正确选择手术适应证及恰当的术后处理是减少并发症的关键。     

非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨开放性骨折

目的：评估非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折的疗效。方法：应用非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折53例。男38例，女15例。年龄20～68岁，平均34．7岁。Gustilo分型：Ⅰ型27例，Ⅱ型19例，ⅢA型5例，ⅢB型2例。结果：53例患者中49例得到随访，随访时间最长49月，最短7月。平均18．6月。结果：采用Johner-Wruh评分：优35例，良13例，差1例。骨折愈合时间最长37周，最短12周，平均23．6周。所有患者无断钉、骨不连发生。结论：非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折，是一种具有创伤小、感染率低、骨折愈合率高和能早期活动等优点的新方法。     

Radiographic predictors of symptomatic locking screw removal after treatment of tibial fractures with intramedullary nails

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to determine the radiographic parameters associated with symptomatic locking screw removal after intramedullary tibial nail insertion. Our hypothesis was that locking screws located closer to joints and those extending longer than the width of the bone result in more symptomatic implant removal.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study at our Level I trauma center. Seventy-five patients underwent surgical removal of symptomatic locking screws from 2007 to 2014 and were compared with a control group of 122 patients from the same time period who did not undergo symptomatic locking screw removal. Our main outcome measures were radiographic and demographic factors associated with implant removal.ResultsMultivariable regression indicated that a proximal locking screw that started anterolateral and was directed posteromedial was the strongest radiographic predictor of symptomatic removal (odds ratio [OR], 2.83; p = 0.03). An Injury Severity Score <11 (OR, 3.10; p < 0.001) and a body mass index <25 kg/m² (OR, 2.15; p = 0.02) were also associated with locking screw removal. The final prediction model discriminated patients requiring symptomatic locking screw removal with moderate accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.73).ConclusionsThe strongest radiographic predictor for symptomatic locking screw removal after tibial nail insertion was the direction of the most proximal locking screw. In contrast to previous research on retrograde femoral nails, tibial locking screws that were closer to the joints were not associated with an increased likelihood of symptomatic screw removal. Clinicians can use these data to help counsel patients regarding the likelihood of symptomatic screws and perhaps to help guide screw placement in cases with multiple options.     

Elastic stable intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures in children

Purpose  

Tibial fractures in the skeletally immature patient are usually treated without surgery. Elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) is commonly used for other diaphyseal fracture locations. Its advantages are minimally invasive surgery with a short hospitalisation duration, primary bone union and early weight bearing. The purpose of this study was to assess the use of ESIN in displaced tibial fractures in children over 6 years old and in cases of polytrauma.     

Elastic intramedullary nailing in unstable fractures of the paediatric tibial diaphysis: a systematic review

Purpose  

The majority of paediatric tibial fractures can be managed conservatively. However, there is a small but significant group of patients that require surgical intervention for several indications, most notably, unstable fractures. There are various surgical options, each with its own advantages and risks. This review establishes the current available evidence for the use of elastic intramedullary nails in this group.     

应用扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨不稳定性骨折

目的 探讨扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨不稳定性骨折的治疗效果。方法 对42例胫骨不稳定性骨折患行扩髓交锁髓内钉固定，闭合性骨折22例，开放性骨折20例，均应用静力性固定。结果 平均随访时间12个月，采用Johner—Wruh评分标准，治疗结果：优32例，良8例，一般2例。骨折平均愈合时间：闭合性骨折15周，开放性骨折19周，3例延迟愈合，无深部感染、骨髓炎、畸形愈合及骨不连发生。结论 扩髓交锁髓内钉是治疗胫骨不稳定性骨折较理想的方法，可促进骨折愈合，并发症少。     

非扩髓的交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折

目的 :评估非扩髓的交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折的疗效。方法 :应用非扩髓的交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折 2 8例 ,开放性骨折 11例 ,闭合性骨折 17例。结果 :按Johner Wruh评分标准 ,优 2 3例 ,良 4例 ,可 1例。平均随访 13个月 ,平均愈合时间 14周 ,无主钉弯曲、断裂和锁钉断裂现象 ,无感染。骨折全部愈合。结论 :非扩髓的交锁髓内钉在治疗胫腓骨骨折中具有创伤小、固定确实、感染率低、骨折愈合率高等优点 ,是治疗胫腓骨骨折的首选方法。     

Bone transport over an intramedullary nail for reconstruction of long bone defects in tibia

BACKGROUND: Although long bone defects may be treated by callus distraction, frequent complications arise from the long duration of external fixation. To reduce such complications, bone transport over an intramedullary nail (BTON) has been done for tibial bone defect. METHODS: In 12 patients (mean age, 46.1 years) of chronic osteomyelitis or bone defect, segmental transport was done using external fixator over an intramedullary nail. Prior to the index procedure, all patients had had serial debridements and five required myocutaneous or free flaps for covering of soft tissue defects. Using Mekhail's criteria, functional results were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean transported amount was 5.9 (range, 3.5-12) cm. The mean external fixation index was 26 days/cm, and healing index was 62.6 days/cm. The primary union of distraction and docking site was achieved in all, except for one failure in union at the docking site, which required another bone graft. Except for one patient with associated ankle injury, all had excellent or good functions. There was one recurrence of osteomyelitis and one procurvatum of the proximal tibia of 10 degrees . CONCLUSION: BTON may be a successful method in tibial reconstruction and allows patients to return to daily life earlier with relatively few complications.     

Influence of intramedullary nail diameter and locking mode on the stability of tibial shaft fracture fixation

Background  Fracture healing is affected by the type and the magnitude of movements at the fracture site. Mechanical conditions will be a function of the type of fracture management, the distance between the fracture fragments, and the loading of the fracture site. The hypothesis to be tested was that the use of a larger-diameter intramedullary nail, together with compressed interlocking, would enhance the primary stiffness and reduce fracture site movements, especially those engendered by shearing forces. Materials and methods  Six pairs of human tibiae were used to study the influence on fracture site stability of two different diameters (9 and 11 mm) of intramedullary nails, in tension/compression, torsional, four-point bending, and shear tests. The nails were used with two interlocking modes (static interlocking vs. dynamic compression). Results  With static interlocking, the 11-mm-diameter nail provided significantly (30–59%) greater reduction of fracture site movement, as compared with the 9-mm-diameter nail. Using an 11-mm-diameter nail, the stiffness of the bone-implant construct was enhanced by between 20 and 50%. Dynamic compression allowed the interfragmentary movements at the fracture site to be further reduced by up to 79% and the system stiffness to be increased by up to 80%. Conclusion  On biomechanical grounds, the largest possible nail diameter should be used, with minimal reaming, so as to minimize fracture site movement. Compression after meticulous reduction should be considered in axially stable fractures. Disclosures: Funding for this work was received from AIOD (Association Internationale pour l’Ostéosynthèse Dynamique). Geert von Oldenburg is an employee of Stryker Trauma.     

扩髓灌洗联合抗生素骨水泥涂层髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨骨折髓内钉内固定术后感染

目的 探讨扩髓灌洗并更换成含抗生素骨水泥涂层髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨骨折髓内钉内固定术后感染的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析自2012-06-2018-12诊治的10例胫骨骨折髓内钉内固定术后感染,术中扩大髓腔进行髓腔灌洗、彻底清创,然后更换成含抗生素骨水泥涂层髓内钉一期内固定胫骨骨折.3例经窦道清创切除感染骨后用抗生素骨水泥...     

Pitfalls and complications in the use of the proximal femoral nail

Background and aims Osteosynthesis with the proximal femoral nail (PFN) features the advantages of high rotational stability of the head–neck fragment, an unreamed implantation technique and the possibility of static or dynamic distal locking. However, the use of the nail is technically ambitious and is accompanied by some risks of error, which can lead to failure of the osteosynthesis. In this paper we present the results of a critical analysis of mistakes that were made in our hospital during the introduction period of this implant.Patients and methods We carried out a prospective analysis of the data of 121 consecutive patients who were suffering from trochanteric or subtrochanteric fracture between December 1997 and December 2000 and who had been treated with a PFN.Results We identified intraoperative technical difficulties in 23 patients (19.1%). Seven cases showed postoperative local complications that required operative revision on six patients (4.9%). The main reasons for the failure of the operations involved were poor reduction and wrong choice of screws. Following our critical analysis, we were able to avoid those problems.Conclusions When 31A fractures are to be stabilised with a PFN, the precise technical performance of the implantation represents the basic surgical requirement. Already present minor deviations will subsequently cause loosening of the implants and failure of the operation.     

自锁髓内钉在治疗肱骨干骨折中的应用

目的探讨肱骨自锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的疗效。方法对我院于2002年1月-2007年10月收治52例肱骨干骨折采用肱骨自锁髓内钉治疗进行回顾性分析。本组病例中新鲜骨折46例,骨不连6例。结果本组病例平均随访14个月,50例骨折愈合,骨折愈合率96％,骨折愈合时间为3～7个月,平均4个月。2例骨不愈合经第二次手术植骨愈合。肩肘关节功能：优39例,良12例,差1例（肩部疼痛、肩关节僵硬）,肩肘关节功能优良率98。结论肱骨自锁髓内钉手术操作简便,创伤小,固定可靠,允许早期功能锻炼,并发症少,疗效的满意率高,可有效治疗肱骨干骨折,尤其适合多段骨折．粉碎性骨折和骨折不愈合。     

Finite element study of the proximal femur with retained trochanteric gamma nail and after removal of nail

This study aims to evaluate the stress and strain distributions in the healed proximal femur after fixation with a trochanteric gamma nail (TGN) and after TGN removal, using the finite element method. The stress distributions in the proximal femur with retained TGN and after TGN removal were very similar. The strain and the strain energy density in the femoral neck region with retained TGN were much higher than in the lag screw hole at the subtrochanter and the distal locking screw hole at the proximal femur, and even higher after TGN removal. Stair climbing resulted in higher strain and higher strain energy density at the femoral neck than normal walking. The conclusion can be drawn that removal of the TGN may result in high risk of femoral neck fracture.