Effect of Target Lesion Revascularization on Restenosis Lesions of the Superficial Femoral Artery without Recurred Symptoms after Endovascular Therapy

Aim: This study aims to elucidate the effects of early application of target lesion revascularization (TLR) to restenosis lesions of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) without recurrence of symptoms. Despite recent improvements in endovascular therapy (EVT) for the SFA, restenosis remains to be a problem. However, restenosis is not always associated with the recurrence of limb symptoms. Although early application of TLR is not generally approved for restenosis lesions of the SFA without recurred symptoms, it is expected to contribute to long-term patency and other favorable outcomes. Nonetheless, its effectiveness remains to be determined. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 616 patients who developed restenosis after undergoing femoro-popliteal EVT for claudication (Rutherford category 1 to 3) due to de novo femoro-popliteal lesions between January 2010 and December 2016 at 11 centers in Japan. Recurred symptoms were defined as symptoms of the same or higher Rutherford categories than those immediately before the initial EVT. Results: Of the patients, 291 (47 %) lacked recurred symptoms; 69 (24 %) underwent TLR for restenosis. After propensity matching, the risk of occlusion was determined to be not significantly different between the TLR and observation groups; the 3-year occlusion-free rate was 68 % and 62 %, respectively (P=0.84). The risk of recurring symptoms, critical limb ischemia, and all-cause death was also found to be comparable between groups. The incidence of target vessel revascularization was significantly higher in the TLR than in the observation group (1.55 [95 % confidence interval: 1.25–1.93] vs. 0.59 [0.41–0.85] per 3 person-years). Conclusions: In patients with SFA restenosis without recurred symptoms, early application of TLR showed no advantages.     

Feasibility of the novel proximal superficial femoral artery puncture technique to recanalize chronic total occlusions

Chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) with flush occlusion is sometimes difficult to be treated by endovascular treatment (EVT). The guidewire could not pass the proximal cap because the entry of the CTO could not be detected by angiography. Thus, a retrograde approach is considered; however, there was a risk of jeopardizing the adjacent deep femoral artery by subintimal angioplasty. Moreover, the retrograde approach is not feasible when the distal artery could not be punctured because of stenosis, occlusion, or uncomfortable positioning for patients during EVT. Therefore, we considered a novel technique to overcome this problem, called the Proximal superficial femoral Artery Puncture to RecanalIze the Chronic totAl occlusion (PAPRICA) technique. In this technique, to establish wire externalization, a retrograde puncture was performed from the proximal site of the SFA-CTO under ultrasound guidance, and the guidewire was advanced retrogradely from the puncture needle via the CTO site. After wire externalization, the guide catheter could be advanced into the SFA ostium. By pulling up the externalization wire, a strong backup and improved coaxial alignment of the guide catheter were achieved. This report presents two successful cases of flush SFA-CTO using this novel technique.     

Transradial intervention of iliac and superficial femoral artery disease is feasible

Background: Percutaneous intervention of iliac artery (IA) and superficial femoral artery (SFA) disease is often performed via ipsilateral or contralateral femoral access. However, this approach may be difficult in patients with severe iliac or common femoral artery atherosclerosis, morbid obesity, or conditions prohibiting prolonged bed rest. Percutaneous transradial coronary intervention has gained popularity due to the low frequency of access site complications, early ambulation, and perhaps cost savings with early discharge. Transradial intervention (TRI) of IA and SFA disease has been previously described only in anecdotal case reports. Methods: Out of 159 patients who underwent IA and SFA intervention, 15 had their intervention attempted via the radial artery. TRI was attempted at the operator's discretion for one of the following reasons: absent femoral pulses, severe bilateral IA disease, obesity, or conditions prohibiting prolonged supine rest. Clinical and procedural characteristics were collected retrospectively. Results: Fourteen patients (93%) had successful intervention completed through the transradial approach. One patient needing an intervention of the distal SFA was converted to contralateral femoral approach because of the inadequate stent shaft length. Eighteen IA lesions and six SFA lesions were treated successfully with a good final angiographic result via a 6 FR radial access system. The ankle brachial index improved from a mean of 0.66 to 0.93. None of the patients had any procedural or access site–related complications. Conclusions: TRI is a feasible and safe alternative for percutaneous treatment of IA and SFA disease in carefully selected patients.     

老年女性患者经桡动脉和股动脉途径行冠状动脉介入治疗的对比分析

目的评价老年女性患者经桡动脉和股动脉途径行PCI的安全性和临床效果。方法选择行PCI、年龄≥75岁的老年女性患者332例,按手术入径方式分为桡动脉组184例和股动脉组148例,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。冠状动脉造影检查显示,冠状动脉狭窄≥75%者行冠状动脉支架置入术。比较桡动脉和股动脉途径介入治疗临床疗效。结果 332例患者中有96例接受PCI,桡动脉组和股动脉组患者3支病变比率分别为39.7%和47.4%,分叉病变比率分别为60.3%和52.6%。与桡动脉组比较,股动脉组患者手术时间长,外周血管损伤明显增多(P0.05),术后观察时间及卧床时间明显延长,假性动脉瘤、下肢静脉血栓例数明显增多,穿刺动脉闭塞明显减少(P0.05)。结论老年女性患者自身病情复杂,选择桡动脉途径行PCI可以减少局部血管并发症,近期治疗风险小,病死率低,可取得较理想疗效。     

Transradial renal artery angioplasty and stenting in a patient with Leriche syndrome

Percutaneous interventional procedures in the renal arteries are usually performed employing a femoral or brachial vascular access. In contrast, the transradial approach has been established for coronary angiography and angioplasty. We encountered a patient with Leriche syndrome who had renovascular hypertension ascribed to a severe left renal artery stenosis. To stabilize his blood pressure, we made an attempt to relieve the renal artery stenosis with Leriche syndrome by transradial renal artery angioplasty and stenting, using devices for coronary intervention. The procedure was successful without complications or residual stenosis. His hypertension improved with less antihypertensive medications. This case suggests that the radial approach might become an alternative entry site for renal artery interventions.     

血管闭合器应用的现况与展望

股动脉径路是冠状动脉及外周血管介入诊疗的主要途径。然而,股动脉径路穿刺的围术期血管并发症仍是每个介入医生时常面对的问题。研究显示,与压迫止血比较,血管闭合器可减少围术期血管并发症,缩短患者制动时间,增加患者舒适度。现就相关内容及最新进展进行简要综述。     

经桡动脉穿刺冠状动脉造影后即刻经桡动脉介入治疗

目的探讨冠心病心绞痛患者经桡动脉穿刺冠状动脉造影术后即刻选择经桡动脉行冠状动脉介入治疗的可行性、并发症以及近期疗效。方法选择临床诊断为冠心病心绞痛经桡动脉造影显示明确的冠状动脉病变后即刻采取经桡动脉介入治疗(PCI)的患者117例(桡动脉组),与同期经股动脉途径造影后即刻PCI者(股动脉组,共409例)进行比较,分析两组靶血管病变特征、疗效和并发症,并随访术后1月内心绞痛复发、心肌梗死、死亡等主要心血管事件的发生率。结果桡动脉组PCI成功率为94.0%,与股动脉组(97.6%)相比无明显差异(P>0.05)。桡动脉组造影显示明显病变(管腔狭窄程度≥70%)的血管数量累计为210支,其中182支作为靶血管进行了成功的PCI,病变血管的血运重建率为86.7%,低于股动脉组(93.4%),差异具有显著性(P<0.01)。而且成功PCI者中慢性闭塞病变的所占的比例也明显低于股动脉组,差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。桡动脉组术后与穿刺有关的总的并发症的发生率明显低于股动脉组(P<0.01)。术后平均卧床时间和平均住院天数均明显短于股动脉组。随访PCI术后1个月期间主要心血管事件两组之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论经桡动脉穿刺冠状动脉造影术后即刻行冠状动脉介入治疗的成功率较高,并发症少,具有可行性。但对于复杂病变选择经股动脉途径PCI     

冠状动脉介入术后外周血管并发症发生的原因与处理

目的 :探讨经皮冠状动脉 (冠脉 )介入术后外周血管并发症的发生率、原因和处理方法。方法 :分析经皮冠脉介入术后有外周血管并发症的患者的临床资料。结果 :2 348例患者中 5 7例 (2 .4 % )发生外周血管并发症 ,其中穿刺部位单纯血肿 4 4例 (1.9% ) ,严重出血 5例 (0 .2 % ) ,假性动脉瘤 5例 (0 .2 % ) ,股动脉夹层 1例(0 .0 4 % ) ,下肢静脉血栓形成 2例 (0 .0 8% )。 2例患者需要外科处理 ,无一例死亡。冠脉介入治疗术后外周血管并发症的发生率显著高于冠脉造影术 (6 .2 %∶1.0 % ,P <0 .0 1)。经验不足的术者外周血管并发症的发生率显著增高。结论 :冠脉介入术后外周血管并发症并不少见 ,主要与穿刺方法不当和抗凝治疗有关。但只要及时处理 ,绝大多数预后良好     

Fracture of a covered stent–graft due to heterotopic ossification of residual hematoma after endovascular treatment of superficial femoral artery pseudoaneurysm: A case report

Rationale:Endovascular treatment (EVT) is considered a preferred procedure of superficial femoral artery (SFA) pseudoaneurysm in recent years. However, heterotopic ossification (HO) after SFA pseudoaneurysm is a rare occurrence, that may cause late stent–graft fracture.Patient concerns:A 58-year-old male who underwent EVT for SFA pseudoaneurysm 8 years ago presented with a progressive mass at the right thigh and claudication. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed fracture and occlusion of stent–graft, which was compressed by the deep femoral artery (DFA) pseudoaneurysm and a bone-like body.Diagnosis:According to the CTA images, the stent–graft was fractured and occluded, accompanied by DFA pseudoaneurysm.Interventions and outcomes:Debridement and arterial reconstruction were performed. Pathological analysis showed that the bone-like body was derived from HO. CTA at one-year follow-up showed that the prosthetic vessel was patent and previous hematoma disappeared.Conclusions:This report demonstrates that residual hematoma can induce HO, which may result in late stent fracture, and it should thus be removed timely. Patients with SFA pseudoaneurysm who have undergone EVT should be followed up regularly.     

股动脉压迫气囊的设计与应用研究

目的探讨股动脉压迫气囊在经股动脉介入术后的安全性、有效性及应用价值。方法将174例经股动脉介入诊断及治疗术后患者随机分为常规压迫组（93例）与气囊压迫组（81例）,常规压迫组采用常规的压迫止血法,气囊压迫组采用股动脉压迫气囊压迫止血法,观察两组患者血管并发症、下肢制动时间及腹胀、腰痛等不良反应的发生率。结果气囊压迫组血管并发症、下肢制动时间及腹胀、腰痛发生率显著低于常规压迫组。结论 经股动脉介入治疗术后通过股动脉压迫气囊法进行压迫止血,可明显减少血管穿刺后的并发症,缩短下肢制动时间,值得临床推广应用。     

Optimal therapeutic approaches to femoropopliteal artery intervention

Superficial femoral artery disease presents a complex challenge for therapy. The extent of vascular involvement may vary from focal disease with symptoms of intermittent claudication to long total occlusions manifest as critical limb ischemia. Optimal therapy requires understanding the available options including exercise programs, pharmacologic medical therapy, surgery and interventional endovascular therapy. Rapidly advancing endovascular technology for enabling safe intervention in complex, long occlusive segments of the superficial femoral artery continues to emerge. New devices like the SafeCross wire, Excimer laser, Silverhawk Atherectomy catheter, Cryoplasty catheter and new generations of bare metal and drug‐eluting nitinol stents are shifting the paradigm for therapy from surgical to more endovascular treatment even for the most complex disease presentation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;63:21–30. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

症状性椎基底动脉狭窄的血管内治疗现状

后循环又称椎基底动脉系统，动脉粥样硬化性狭窄是引起后循环缺血（posterior circulation is-chemia，PCI）的主要病因，血管内介入治疗已愈发受到人们关注，成为极具前景的治疗方法。该文就症状性椎基底动脉狭窄的血管内治疗现状作一综述。     

Retroperitoneal hematoma: An unexpected complication during intervention on an occluded superficial femoral artery via a retrograde popliteal artery approach

Peripheral arterial disease involvement of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) is common. Different endovascular techniques are used successfully for revascularization of this artery. A retrograde approach to chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the SFA through the ipsilateral popliteal artery has been used occasionally if an antegrade approach is not feasible or has failed. Some of the known complications encountered during this approach are arteriovenous fistula formation at the access site, occlusion of the popliteal artery if closure devices are used, and bleeding. There are no reports of perforation or bleeding of the SFA or the external iliac artery (EIA) during a popliteal approach, probably due to lack of flow in the occluded segment of the SFA. We report a case in which a retroperitoneal hematoma occurred due to retrograde blood flow through the established true channel in the proximal SFA and subsequently to the dissection plane with a wire tip perforation in the EIA, which was treated by stopping retrograde filling with prolonged balloon inflation in the distal SFA before the CTO.     

Initial experience with a new femoral artery closure device following percutaneous coronary intervention with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition.

The aim of the study was to determine the safety and efficacy of a novel femoral artery closure device (StarClose, Abbott Vascular Devices, Redwood City, CA) following percutaneous coronary intervention employing aspirin, heparin, and glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibition. A prospective nonrandomized single-center pilot study of the StarClose device included a subset of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention utilizing GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Those that fulfilled the inclusion criteria (age < 80, no periprocedural haematoma, puncture above the superficial femoral and profunda femoralis artery bifurcation, no significant femoral artery disease) underwent closure of the femoral artery puncture site with a StarClose device immediately on completion of the procedure. Time to hemostasis (TTH), bleeding, mobilization, and short-term clinical follow-up data were collected, and an ultrasound scan of the femoral artery was performed 2 weeks later. Twenty-five patients were recruited, of whom 23 underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Their mean age was 58 +/- 12 years, 84% were male, and 63% had unstable angina. All were on aspirin 100-150 mg daily and all PCI patients received i.v. heparin 4-10,000 units at commencement of the procedure and clopidogrel 600 mg on completion. Two patients were on a tirofiban infusion and 23 received a double bolus of eptifibatide, each 0.18 mg/kg, separated by 10 min. The procedural success was 100% and device success 23/25 (92%), with 1 failure due to technical error. The median device delivery time was 36 sec (range, 11-178) and median TTH 37 sec (range, 10-509 sec). There were no major adverse events. In 10 patients, a moderate amount of tract ooze required a short period of adjunctive manual compression. Follow-up ultrasound femoral artery scans revealed no compromise of the vessel lumen. Femoral artery closure with the device following coronary angiography and intervention using glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors is safe and effective. A randomized trial of a larger number of patients is warranted.     

经尺动脉途径行冠状动脉介入术的临床应用

目的:分析经尺动脉途径行冠状动脉介入术的临床应用价值和安全性。方法:回顾总结2006年6月至2007年5月51例疑似冠心病患者经桡动脉途径穿刺失败后改经尺动脉途径行冠状动脉介入术的资料。结果:47例患者经尺动脉穿刺行冠状动脉介入术获得成功,成功率92.2%,手术无冠脉开口损伤、穿刺口血肿和肌间血肿等严重并发症发生。结论:经尺动脉途径行冠状动脉介入术成功率高,无严重并发症,是一种安全、有效的冠状动脉介入检查和治疗方法。     

合并慢性左心衰竭的老年冠心病患者经桡动脉介入治疗的临床评估

目的 探讨经桡动脉介入治疗老年冠心病合并慢性左心衰竭患者的临床疗效和安全性. 方法 120例老年冠心病合并慢性左心衰患者,根据介入治疗术式的不同分为经桡动脉治疗组64例,经股动脉治疗组56例;回顾性分析X线曝光时间,术后卧床时间及并发症发生率等. 结果 桡动脉组穿刺并介入治疗成功者60例,共成功扩张病变75处,其中前降支38处,回旋支19处,右冠状动脉18处,行支架置入73枚.股动脉组手术穿刺并介入治疗成功者54例,共成功扩张病变63处,其中前降支36处,回旋支12处,右冠状动脉15处,共行支架置人61枚.两组介入治疗情况及病变程度差异无统计学意义.桡动脉组较股动脉组穿刺至置管时间延长,平均卧床时间缩短,卧床期间急性左心衰发生率减少(均P＜0.01);桡动脉组穿刺并发症、下肢深静脉血栓发生率、体循环和肺栓塞发生率均较股动脉组减少(均P＜0.05).股动脉组腰背疼痛、排尿困难、腹胀发生率明显高于桡动脉组(P＜0.05). 结论 经桡动脉介入治疗老年冠心病合并慢性左心衰竭安全性高,相比经股动脉径路占有诸多优势.     

Acute Hand Ischemia and Digital Amputation After Transradial Coronary Intervention in a Patient With CREST Syndrome

The radial artery approach for coronary angiography and intervention is rapidly replacing the femoral artery approach, largely because it reduces bleeding and vascular access site complications. However, complications associated with transradial access warrant attention, notably radial artery occlusion. This report focuses on a case of radial artery occlusion after percutaneous coronary intervention in a 46-year-old woman with CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome, which ultimately led to acute hand ischemia necessitating amputation of her middle and index fingers.     

Location of femoral artery access and correlation with vascular complications

Objectives : The aim of the study was to document the frequency of optimal femoral artery access location and its correlation with vascular complications in contemporary practice. Background : Vascular access bleeding during coronary interventions is associated with adverse outcomes. A potential strategy for reducing access‐site bleeding is to achieve optimal location for the femoral access. However, there is a paucity of data on how well this goal is achieved in clinical practice using anatomical landmarks. Methods : We retrospectively evaluated femoral angiograms of 300 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention to identify the location of the access that had been performed using anatomical landmarks. Patients were divided into two groups based on the location of the arterial access: above the femoral bifurcation but below the inferior border of the inferior epigastric artery (optimal location) and those that were either above or below these landmarks (suboptimal location). Frequency of access site complications was recorded. Results : The femoral artery access site was located outside the optimal location in 38 (13.0%) patients. There was no significant difference regards to baseline characteristics. Overall, access‐related complications occurred in 17 (5.7%) patients. Vascular complications were significantly more frequent in patients who had a femoral artery access outside the optimal location (18% vs. 4%, P < 0.001). Conclusions : The femoral artery access site is not at the optimal location in a significant proportion of patients, and this is associated with an increased risk of vascular complications. Improving the rates of optimal arterial access by routine use of fluoroscopy or ultrasound guidance has the potential of reducing vascular complications and improving outcomes. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

经肱动脉行经皮冠状动脉介入术的临床研究

目的比较经不同穿刺途径行经皮冠状动脉介入术的优缺点。方法选自本院门诊及住院的接受经皮冠状动脉介入术的冠心病患者48例,肱动脉组、桡动脉组和股动脉组各16例,比较手术时间、平均住院时间、插入冠状动脉成功率、穿刺部位出血及血管损伤发生率、迷走反射发生率等指标。结果肱动脉组和桡动脉组在平均术后住院时间、穿刺部位出血及血管损伤发生率、迷走反射发生率方面较股动脉组明显减少;但插入冠状动脉成功率较股动脉组低,而差异无统计学意义;手术时间肱动脉组和桡动脉组较股动脉组长(P<0．05)。结论经肱动脉、经桡动脉与传统的经股动脉途径一样安全可行,且并发症更低,经济实用,更易为患者所接受。     

Brachial approach directional coronary atherectomy of right coronary artery saphenous vein bypass grafts

We describe here a technique for performing directional coronary atherectomy to right coronary artery saphenous vein bypass grafts from the brachial approach using a long introducer sheath system. This technique has the advantages of (1) avoiding femoral artery trauma and (2) ease of access into the bypass graft, avoiding occasional problems with guide catheter kinking or non-coaxial alignment.