婴幼儿胸部DR摄影距离对体表入射剂量与图像质量的影响

目的 探讨胸部数字化X线摄影源像距(SID)对婴幼儿体表入射剂量(ESD)与图像质量的影响.方法 先进行仿真胸部体模实验性曝光,采用同一管电压(60 kVp)和不同SID(150 ～80 cm,10 cm为一组,共8组)进行曝光组合,记录每次曝光的毫安秒、ESD.选取试验中ESD相对剂量适中和较低的两组(110和90 ...     

CR与DR系统胸部摄影参数对比的实验研究

目的：比较CR、DR在胸部摄影中的最优化摄影参数。方法：CR、DR系统分别对胸部等效衰减模体行不同参数曝光成像,记录每次曝光的模体表面剂量,并计算模体影像图像质量因子反数值IQFinv。应用统计学软件分析获取CR组、DR组最佳图像的IQFinv值,并换算成摄影参数。结果：CR组、DR组摄影剂量和图像质量IQFinv值之间的线性回归方程为DR：IQFinv=0.005D＋3.359,CR：IQFinv=0.005D＋1.651,D为辐射剂量。ROC曲线分析（曲线下面积AUC=0.893,P〈0.001）,最佳IQFinv值为3.55,获得DR、CR最佳图像摄影参数分别为125 kV、1.6 mAs,125 kV、16 mAs。结论：要得到满足诊断要求且一致的图像质量,CR的摄影剂量大致是DR的4倍。     

婴幼儿胸部数字化X射线摄影曝光参数的优化

目的 通过优化婴幼儿胸部数字化X射线摄影（DR）曝光参数,在保证图像质量的前提下,降低辐射剂量。方法 选取100例进行胸部X射线检查的婴幼儿为对照组,测量胸部厚度,通过测量铝梯与不同胸厚婴幼儿拍片的灰度值,确定婴幼儿胸厚对应的铝当量。再以铝梯为体模进行曝光,采用自动曝光控制（AEC）,测量不同管电压（kV）曝光所显示的铝梯灰阶数及相应的辐射剂量,确定最佳曝光参数。以优化的曝光参数再进行100例拍摄为试验组,比较两组图像质量及辐射剂量。结果 对照组最大胸厚13.5 cm、最小胸厚8.0 cm和平均胸厚（10.6±1.3） cm对应铝当量分别为2.3、1.4和2.0 cm。试验组平均胸厚为（10.1±2.2） cm。在管电压55~65 kV时,设备显示入射体表剂量为0.068~0.056 mGy,曝光指数（EI）为0.60~0.74,在正常范围内,目测铝梯灰阶数8~11级,辐射剂量降至较低水平时,仍能获得满意的图像质量。总结优化婴幼儿胸部DR曝光参数的计算方案,即X射线管焦点到探测器距离（SID）为100 cm时,不使用滤线栅,以胸部厚度（cm）×2+38（常数）设定管电压（kV）,毫安秒（mAs）选择0.8至1.0。两组图像质量评分结果差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。优化后设备显示体表入射剂量平均值为（0.048±0.007） mGy,低于AEC组的（0.066±0.008） mGy,差异有统计学意义（t=16.781,P<0.001）。结论 本研究公式：管电压（kV）=胸部厚度（cm）×2+38（常数）,优化了婴幼儿胸部DR曝光参数,图像质量满足临床诊断要求,患儿受到的辐射剂量降低。     

婴幼儿胸部数字化X线摄影手动与自动曝光控制的对比研究

目的探讨手动与自动曝光控制对婴幼儿胸部数字化X线摄影图像质量的影响。方法将154例接受DR胸片摄影的婴幼儿按照曝光控制分为手动曝光组和自动曝光组,比较两种曝光控制模式对图片质量的影响。结果数字化X线摄影手动曝光的DR图像废片为0例,与自动曝光相比较明显减少,且差异具有统计学意义(X~2=4.34,P0.05)。这表明与自动曝光相比,婴幼儿DR胸片手动曝光可以明显减少废片率,图像质量更佳。结论手动曝光控制可以获得更佳的婴幼儿胸部数字化X线摄影图像质量,更适用于婴幼儿胸部DR摄影,重照率,这样从而可以降低婴幼儿所接受的辐射剂量。     

数字X射线摄影中入射表面剂量显示值与测量值相对偏差及影响因素的实验研究

目的 比较DR设备在不同管电压、源像距和模体厚度条件下入射表面剂量（entrance surface dose,ESD）显示值与测量值之间的相对偏差,为利用ESD显示值实时评估患者受辐射剂量大小和曝光参数适宜性提供依据。方法 在2种管电压、2种源像距条件下,用3个厚度分别为5、10和20 cm的聚乙烯模体（表面积30 cm×30 cm）进行曝光实验。每次曝光后记录DR设备上的ESD显示值以及辐射剂量检测仪测量值,采用Wilcoxon秩和检验对二者差异进行比较,并用公式计算ESD显示值相对偏差。结果 在相同管电压和源像距曝光条件下,ESD显示值不受模体厚度影响,但测量值随模体厚度变化;模体厚度10和20 cm时,ESD显示值均小于测量值,差异有统计学意义（Z=-2.201、-2.203,P<0.05）。模体厚度越厚,显示值与测量值的相对偏差越大,但只有模体厚度20 cm、源像距100 cm时的相对偏差>±20%。结论 DR设备中ESD显示值可以用于评估受检者皮肤入射剂量,但要考虑受检者的体厚影响。     

腰椎体模X线摄影距离对图像质量及辐射剂量的影响

【摘要】目的：探讨摄影距离（SID）对受检者辐射剂量及图像质量的影响。方法：应用GE DX656数字X线摄影设备,配备聚焦型滤线栅（焦距130cm）,以腰椎体模作为实验对象,改变SID（100～180cm）和管电压（50～125kV）,采用自动曝光控制模式,获取不同管电压、不同SID条件下的图像。记录每次曝光的入射剂量（Dose）和吸收剂量（DAP）值,评价患者的辐射剂量。采用Matlab提取腰椎图像骨骼边缘,计算边缘长度参数（EL）,评价图像质量。结果：比较不同管电压情况下的图像质量,确定最佳管电压为70～95kV。SID 180cm与SID 100cm比较,Dose下降44.7%～47.2%,DAP下降21.3%～24.6%,图像质量没有显著变化（P>0.05）。结论：管电压70～95kV时,增加SID,在保证图像质量的情况下,可以有效降低受检者的辐射剂量。     

数字X线成像系统图像质量影响因素的实验研究

目的 比较非晶体硒平板探测器DR系统和CR系统的图像噪声、空间分辨率和入射体表剂量（ESD），研究数字X线图像质量影响因素的相关性。方法 采用相同管电压（125kVp）和不同mAs对仿真胸部体模用分辨率测试卡进行DR和CR曝光成像，测量ESD、空间分辨率，计算均方根（RMS）值，分析mA8、ESD、RMS及空间分辨率之间的变化关系。结果 两种系统的RMS随mAs的增加而降低，ESD随mAs的增加而增加。两种系统成像相同ESD时，DR的RMS略高于CR。ESD增加至一定量时，空间分辨率达到极限值（CR为3．1lp／mm，DR为3．4lp／mm）。结论 数字系统放射线剂量的改变会导致噪声、分辨率变化。适度的噪声水平对空间分辨率影响不明显。     

数字乳腺X线摄影中调节密度曝光档位对图像质量和辐射剂量影响的体模研究

目的探讨数字乳腺X线摄影中调节密度曝光档位对图像质量与辐射剂量的影响。方法使用数字乳腺X线摄影机的自动曝光控制(AEC)模式, 在RMI-156模体下附加0、1、2、3、4块PMMA有机玻璃板模拟4.3、5.3、6.3、7.3、8.3 cm共5种不同的腺体厚度, 每种厚度下分别调节密度曝光档位为-3、-2、-1、0、1、2、3、4档, 记录每个档位及厚度下的靶/滤过组合、管电压、管电流量、入射体表剂量(ESD)、入射表面空气比释动能(ESAK)、半值层(HVL)和设备显示的平均腺体剂量(显示AGD), 计算图像信噪比(SNR)、对比噪声比(CNR)、品质因子(FOM)和经计算所得的平均腺体剂量(计算AGD), 对模体内模拟纤维、模拟钙化和模拟肿块的显示效果进行主观评分, 分析不同档位下图像质量和辐射剂量的变化, 比较ESD与ESAK、显示AGD与计算AGD、显示AGD/ESD与计算AGD/ESAK的关系。对档位与SNR、CNR、FOM采用线性拟合, 档位与mAs、ESAK、计算AGD采用指数型函数曲线拟合, 对于ESD与ESAK、显示AGD与计算AGD、显示AGD/ESD与计算AGD/...     

成人胸部适当高电压数字X线摄影试验研究

目的 探讨成人胸部不同厚度高千伏DR的适当电压千伏值.方法 用不同厚度的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)模拟不同成人胸部厚度,用不同电压、自动曝光控制(AEC)摄影,记录入射体表剂量(ESD)、获取模体影像并计算影像质量因子(IQF),绘制ESD和IQF之间的曲线.将一块厚度为1.8 cm(5 cm×5 cm)的PMMA作为对比物放在上述不同厚度PMMA上,用上述摄影方式和条件对其曝光,记录ESD,获取PMMA组合影像并计算信噪比(SNR)及影像质量因子倒数(IQFinv).结果 不同胸厚的ESD均随着摄影电压的上升而下降,不同胸厚影像的IQFinv和SNR也都随着摄影电压的上升而下降.当摄影电压分别是70、100、140 kV时,胸厚为17.5 cm的ESD分别为0.22、0.09、0.06 mGy,IQF分别为43.3、58.8、72.0,SNR分别为7.5、6.2、5.0;胸厚为22.5 cm的ESD分别为0.37、0.12、0.06 mGy,IQF分别为56.0、61.4、65.3,SNR分别为6.4、5.2、3.8;胸厚为27.0 cm的ESD分别为0.52、0.20、0.09 mGy,IQF分别为54.2、64.3、91.0,SNR分别为6.0、4.8、3.5;胸厚为31.5 cm的ESD分别为0.53、0.24、0.10 mGy,IQF分别为53.2、66.8、95.3,SNR分别为5.7、4.5、3.0.结论 胸部数字高千伏X线摄影对于不同体质、胸厚的受检者不应使用一个固定千伏值进行摄影,应根据具体情况选择不同的千伏值.     

计算机乳腺X线摄影单面阅读和双面阅读系统影像质量与辐射剂量的比较研究

目的对比研究计算机乳腺X线摄影单面阅读系统和双面阅读系统影像质量和辐射剂量。资料与方法在相同的辐射剂量下用计算机乳腺X线摄影单面阅读系统和双面阅读系统对ALVIM统计学乳腺摄影模体TRM进行曝光,记录摄影条件为26 kV、55 mAs,模体表面入射剂量(ESD)和腺体平均剂量(AGD)分别为2.18 mGy和0.65mGy,然后固定此摄影条件kV值,选用不同mAs值(60 mAs、50 mAs、45 mAs、40 mAs、35 mAs)用计算机乳腺X线摄影双面阅读系统对模体进行曝光,记录ESD和AGD,并将所获取的影像在图像诊断工作站显示器上由三名放射学专家进行视读打分,按照5值判断法评判,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算出每种信号的判断概率值Pdet,对所得数据进行统计学分析。结果在ESD和AGD分别为2.18 mGy和0.65 mGy时,双面阅读系统所摄取模体影像内容物中不同直径钙化点和肿块灶的Pdet值分别是0.731～0.924和0.671～0.945,单面阅读系统所摄取模体影像内容物中不同直径钙化点和肿块灶的Pdet值分别是0.530～0.561和0.476～0.581。在相同的判断概率值Pdet下,计算机乳腺X线摄影单面阅读系统所用ESD和AGD分别为2.18 mGy和0.65 mGy,计算机乳腺X线摄影双面阅读系统所用的ESD和AGD分别为1.75 mGy和0.53 mGy,双面阅读系统较单面阅读系统ESD减少了19.6%,AGD减少18.4%。结论在相同曝光条件下,计算机乳腺X线摄影双面阅读系统对模体内容物的检出率高于计算机乳腺X线摄影单面阅读系统;在获得相似图像质量时,计算机乳腺X线摄影双面阅读系统的辐射剂量明显低于计算机乳腺X线摄影单面阅读系统。     

数字X线摄影系统中低剂量应用的探讨

目的 通过数字X线摄影系统（DR）在胸部摄影检查中的应用评价DR的低剂量的优越性。方法 利用CDRAD 2.0低对比细节体模评价计算机X线摄影（CR）和DR的影像质量和表面空气吸收剂量（ESD）关系,分别利用两个系统（DR使用ESD约为CR的1/3）得到成人胸部30幅影像。由6位影像科医生来评价以上两者的影像系统对于肩胛骨内侧边缘等胸部结构的清晰程度。结果 CR影像和减少ESD的DR影像在影像诊断质量上差异没有统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 DR的较好的分辨率和低噪声特性,以及高DQE有助于减少患者接受的辐射剂量,而不影响诊断质量。     

胸部DR摄影中管电压对影像质量和辐射剂量影响的模体研究

目的 研究胸部数字X射线摄影(DR)中,不同管电压对影像质量以及受检者辐射剂量的影响。方法 管电压在80~130 kV范围内间隔10 kV变化,每种管电压设置下自动曝光控制(AEC)范围在-4~4对成人胸部模体进行曝光。测量模体表面的皮肤入射剂量,计算相对噪声值和对比度噪声比(CNR),并估算每次曝光时受检者的有效剂量。结果 皮肤入射剂量为(0.062 9±0.027 4)mGy,有效剂量为(0.012 7±0.004 5)mSv,有效剂量随着皮肤入射剂量的增加而呈线性增加,两者呈正相关关系(r=0.912,P<0.01)。随着有效剂量的增加,相同管电压下,相对噪声与有效剂量呈负相关关系(r=-0.967、-0.969、-0.968、-0.969、-0.968、-0.970, P<0.01);CNR与有效剂量呈正相关关系(r=0.987、0.987、0.986、0.987、0.988、0.989,P<0.01)。AEC不变时,随着kV值增加,皮肤入射剂量和有效剂量均降低,最大可降低50%和20%;相对噪声值降低,最大可降低23%;CNR增加,最大可增加8%。结论 胸部DR摄影中,在满足影像质量要求的前提下,高kV值可有效降低受检者辐射剂量。     

Optimising image quality and radiation dose for neonatal incubator imaging

IntroductionNeonates often require imaging within incubators however limited evidence exists as to the optimal method and acquisition parameters to achieve these examinations. This study aims to standardise and optimise neonatal chest radiography within incubators.MethodsA neonatal anthropomorphic phantom was imaged on two different incubators under controlled conditions using a DR system. Exposure factors, SID and placement of image receptor (direct v tray) were explored whilst keeping all other parameters consistent. Image quality was evaluated using absolute visual grading analysis (VGA) with contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) also calculated for comparison. Effective dose was established using Monte Carlo simulation using entrance surface dose within its calculations.ResultsVGA and CNR reduced significantly (p < 0.05) whilst effective dose increased significantly (p < 0.05) for images acquired using the incubator tray. The optimal combinations of parameters for incubator imaging were: image receptor directly behind neonate, 0.5 mAs, 60 kV at 100 cm SID, however, if tray needs to be used then these need to be adapted to: 1 mAs at maximum achievable SID. Effective dose was highest for images acquired using both incubator tray and 100 cm SID owing to a decrease in focus to skin distance. There is significant increase (p < 0.01) in VGA between using 0.5 mAs and 1 mAs but an apparent lack of increase between 1 and 1.5 mAs.ConclusionUsing the incubator tray has an adverse effect on both image quality and radiation dose for incubator imaging. Direct exposure is optimal for this type of examination but if tray needs to be used, both mAs and SID need to be increased slightly to compensate.Implications for practiceThis study can help inform practice in order to both standardise and optimise chest imaging for neonates in incubators.     

上气道DR管电压与辐射剂量和图像质量的关系

目的 探讨成人上气道DR管电压选择与辐射剂量和图像质量的关系.方法 用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯( PM MA)模拟成人上气道厚度和对比度细节体模(CDRAD2.O)组合,以不同管电压自动曝光控制系统(AEC)摄影,记录入射体表剂量(ESD)、剂量面积乘积(DAP)和曝光量(mAs),计算体模图像质量因子(IQF值),选定适宜管电压.结果 ESD、DAP、mAs随着管电压升高而下降,IQF值却增大,其间差异有统计学意义(F =45.15、26.41、29.26、56.53,P＜0.05).75 kV以下ESD、DAP、mAs明显增大,75 kV以上逐渐降低,75～80 kV趋于平衡.50～75 kV之间IQF值差异无统计学意义,75～90 kV之间IQF值差异有统计学意义(F=11.35,P＜0.05).不同管电压的正常人体上气道的图像质量无明显差异.结论 成人上气道DR的适宜管电压范围为75～80 kV,用IQF值对照图像质量评分可为临床评价图像质量提供依据.     

Increasing source to image distance for AP pelvis imaging – Impact on radiation dose and image quality

AimA quantative primary study to determine whether increasing source to image distance (SID), with and without the use of automatic exposure control (AEC) for antero-posterior (AP) pelvis imaging, reduces dose whilst still producing an image of diagnostic quality.MethodsUsing a computed radiography (CR) system, an anthropomorphic pelvic phantom was positioned for an AP examination using the table bucky. SID was initially set at 110 cm, with tube potential set at a constant 75 kVp, with two outer chambers selected and a fine focal spot of 0.6 mm. SID was then varied from 90 cm to 140 cm with two exposures made at each 5 cm interval, one using the AEC and another with a constant 16 mAs derived from the initial exposure. Effective dose (E) and entrance surface dose (ESD) were calculated for each acquisition. Seven experienced observers blindly graded image quality using a 5-point Likert scale and 2 Alternative Forced Choice software. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) was calculated for comparison. For each acquisition, femoral head diameter was also measured for magnification indication.ResultsResults demonstrated that when increasing SID from 110 cm to 140 cm, both E and ESD reduced by 3.7% and 17.3% respectively when using AEC and 50.13% and 41.79% respectively, when the constant mAs was used. No significant statistical (T-test) difference (p = 0.967) between image quality was detected when increasing SID, with an intra-observer correlation of 0.77 (95% confidence level). SNR reduced slightly for both AEC (38%) and no AEC (36%) with increasing SID.ConclusionFor CR, increasing SID significantly reduces both E and ESD for AP pelvis imaging without adversely affecting image quality.     

Radiation exposure to premature infants in a neonatal intensive care unit in Turkey

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to determine the radiation dose received by infants from radiographic exposure and the contribution from scatter radiation due to radiographic exposure of other infants in the same room. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the entrance skin doses (ESDs) and effective doses of 23 infants with a gestational age as low as 28 weeks. ESDs were determined from tube output measurements (ESD(TO)) (n = 23) and from the use of thermoluminescent dosimetry (ESD(TLD)) (n = 16). Scattered radiation was evaluated using a 5 cm Perspex phantom. Effective doses were estimated from ESD(TO) by Monte Carlo computed software and radiation risks were estimated from the effective dose. ESD(TO) and ESD(TLD) were correlated using linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean ESD(TO) for the chest and abdomen were 67 microGy and 65 microGy per procedure, respectively. The mean ESD(TLD) per radiograph was 70 microGy. The measured scattered radiation range at a 2 m distance from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) was (11-17 microGy) per radiograph. Mean effective doses were 16 and 27 microSv per procedure for the chest and abdomen, respectively. ESD(TLD) was well correlated with ESD(TO) obtained from the total chest and abdomen radiographs for each infant (R(2) = 0.86). The radiation risks for childhood cancer estimated from the effective dose were 0.4 x 10(-6) to 2 x 10(-6) and 0.6 x 10(-6) to 2.9 x 10(-6) for chest and abdomen radiographs, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of our study show that neonates received acceptable doses from common radiological examinations. Although the contribution of scatter radiation to the neonatal dose is low, considering the sensitivity of the neonates to radiation, further protective action was performed by increasing the distance of the infants from each other.     

A study of optimum radiographic conditions on chest examinations with computed radiology (CR) in conjunction with the offset balance of patient dose and image quality]

In a report of a nationwide survey on radiographic conditions of chest radiography in Japan, it was pointed out that the average entrance surface dose (ESD) of the computed radiography (CR) system was higher than that of the film-screen system. It seemed important that an objective index and criteria be established for dose reduction without a loss of image quality that would interfere with diagnostic observation. For this purpose, we investigated the properties of root of mean square (RMS) granularity, since it is a dominant factor in CR image quality and strongly depends on dose. The results indicated that RMS granularity showed little dependence on tube voltage when relative exposure was kept constant and that it decreased with the increment of exposure and approached a finite minimum value in a very high exposure region. For the most frequently used radiographic conditions in Japan (120 kV, 2.5 mmAl, 200 cm SID, 10: 1 grid), the decrement in RMS granularity from 6 to 16 mAs was 0.0276 to 0.0253 (9.1%). This finding suggested that exposure exceeding 6 mAs did not improve image quality, i.e., exposure reduction down to 6 mAs would not cause a significant loss of image quality. It was therefore concluded that RMS granularity was a useful objective index by which to determine the upper limit of exposure. Use of the most frequent conditions with 6 mAs seemed to be recommendable as an initial condition for the technical optimization of CR chest radiography, since ESD under this condition was 0.265 mGy, which was approximately equal to the value of the ESD distribution of a total chest radiogram in Japan.