Medico-economic study of the management of hepatocellular carcinoma by chemo-embolization

PurposeThis study has two aims. The first is to compare conventional lipiodol chemo-embolization (Trans Arterial Chemo-Embolization – TACE) to one using pre-loaded particles (Trans Arterial Chemo-Embolisation-Drug Eluted Bead – TACE-DEB) using a cost minimization study. The second is to define the fundable nature of TACE-DEB and the conditions under which it is cost-effective.Materials and methodsRetrospective study of patients treated by chemo-embolization (n = 31: TACE; n = 32: TACE-DEB) during the year 2010. The cost minimization study was conducted from the hospital perspective. Direct medical costs were calculated and compared using the readjusted ENCC (National Studies of Costs by Common Methodology) method. The affordability of the two techniques and definition of a cost-effective hypothesis (break-even point) were also established.ResultsAll DRGs combined, lengths of stay (TACE: 4.90 ± 3.36; TACE-DEB: 5.03 ± 3.36) does not change significantly. An average upper mean cost for TACE-DEB is described (TACE: 2869.05 €; TACE-DEB: 3960.10 €). The affordability calculations in the study show that, overall, TACE-DEB can be funded regardless of DRG. A ratio of 1.3 procedures using the conventional (TACE) method would enable TACE-DEB procedures to be funded.ConclusionThis medico-economic analysis demonstrates that the TACE-DEB procedure is fundable.     

Hepatic resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: Model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score predicts perioperative mortality

Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis is generally recommended for patients with Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) Class A liver disease and early tumor stage. The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) has been shown to accurately predict survival in patients with cirrhosis, but whether MELD is useful for selection of patients with cirrhosis for hepatic resection is unknown. We examined whether MELD was predictive of perioperative mortality and correlated MELD with other potential clinicopathologic factors to overall survival in patients with cirrhosis undergoing hepatic resection for HCC. A retrospective chart review was undertaken of patients with HCC and cirrhosis undergoing hepatic resection between 1993 and 2003. Eighty-two patients (62 men, 20 women; mean age, 62 years) were identified. Forty-five patients had MELD score ≥9 (range, 9–15) and CTP score ranged from 5 to 9 points. Fifty-nine patients underwent minor (<3 segments) hepatic resections (MELD ≤8, n = 29; MELD ≥9, n = 30) and 23 underwent major (≥3 segments) hepatic resections (MELD ≤8, n = 8; MELD ≥9, n = 15). Perioperative mortality rate was 16%. MELD score ≤8 was associated with no perioperative mortality versus 29% for patients with an MELD score ≥9 (P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that MELD score ≥9 (P < 0.01), clinical tumor symptoms (P < 0.01), and ASA score (P = 0.046) are independent predictors of perioperative mortality. Multivariate analysis showed MELD ≥9 (P < 0.01), tumor size >5 cm(P < 0.01), high tumor grade (P = 0.03), and absence of tumor capsule (P < 0.01) as independent predictors of decreased long-term survival. MELD score was a strong predictor of both perioperative mortality and long-term survival in patients with cirrhosis undergoing hepatic resection for HCC. In patients with cirrhosis, hepatic resection (minor or major) for HCC is recommended if the MELD score is ≤8. In patients with MELD score ≥9, other treatment modalities should be considered. Presented at the Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Chicago, Illinois, May 14–18, 2005 (oral presentation).     

Multidisciplinary management of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma

Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a dramatic presentation of the disease. Most published studies are from Asian centers, and North American experience is limited. This study was under-taken to review the experience of ruptured HCC at a North American multidisciplinary unit. Thirty pa-tients presenting with ruptured HCC at a tertiary care center from 1985 to 2004 were studied retrospectively and analyzed according to the demographics, clinical presentation, tumor characteristics, treatment, and outcome in four treatment groups: emergency resection, delayed resection (resection after angiographic embolization), transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE), and conservative management. Ten, 10, 7, and 3 patients underwent emergency resection, delayed resection, TAE, and conservative treat-ment, respectively. The mean age of all patients was 57 years, and the mean Child-Turcotte-Pugh score was 7 ± 2. Cirrhosis was present in 57% of the patients. Seventy percent of tumors were greater than 5 cm in diameter, and 68% of patients had multiple tumors. There was a trend toward higher 30-day mortality in the emergency resection group than in the delayed resection group. One-year survival was significantly bet-ter in the delayed resection group. In selected patients, the multidisciplinary approach of angiographic em-bolization and delayed resection affords better short-term survival than emergency resection. Presented at the 2005 American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association Congress, Hollywood, Florida, April 14–17, 2005.     

肝段性栓塞化疗在肝癌介入治疗中的应用

目的 评价肝段性栓塞化疗在肝癌介入治疗中的的疗效、不良反应和应用价值。方法超选择肝段性栓塞化疗和非超选择常规插管栓塞化疗各20例，前者以超选择技术进入肿瘤血管进行栓塞化疗，后者以插管进入肝固有动脉或肝左右动脉进行栓塞化疗。以碘油填充效果、介入术后第7天肝功能恢复情况、生活质量评分及平均住院花费为观察终点指标。结果两组碘油填充效果、生存质量评分具有统计学显著性差异；两组介入术后第7天肝功能恢复情况无统计学差异；治疗组花费较对照组高，但患者能耐受。结论肝段性栓塞化疗在肝癌介入治疗中有明显的应用价值。     

Propensity score matching study of 325 patients with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma

BackgroundThis study aims to find out the possible optimal therapy and assess the prognosis properly for patient with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsPropensity score matching (PSM) analysis was used to study the data from 325 patients with ruptured HCC (RHCC) and 2,291 patients with non-RHCC.ResultsThe incidence and hospital mortality of RHCC were 5.1% and 0.8% respectively, with a median overall survival (OS) time of 17 months. There was no difference between ruptured and non-RHCC patients undergoing conservation treatment in terms of OS. Trans-arterial embolization (TAE) was carried out in 69 (21.2%) cases with RHCC, with a median OS of 7 months, which was no difference from that of non-RHCC (pre- and post-PSM). One hundred and sixty-nine (52.0%) RHCC cases underwent one-stage hepatectomy, with a median OS and disease-free survival (DFS) of 30 and 6 months respectively, which were shorter than that of non-RHCC (post-PSM). TAE plus two-stage hepatectomy was performed in 30 RHCC cases, with a median OS and DFS of 28 and 10 months respectively; these outcomes were better than that from RHCC patients undergoing TAE alone or one-stage hepatectomy (post-PSM), which were no difference from that of non-RHCC patients undergoing hepatectomy. The risk of death for RHCC patient undergoing one-stage hepatectomy is 1.545 times higher than that of one undergoing TAE + two-stage hepatectomy.ConclusionsTAE plus two-stage hepatectomy might be the optimal treatment for RHCC patient. Under the premise of the same pathological properties, there is no difference in prognosis between ruptured and non-RHCC patients if the therapy is appropriate.     

术前控制营养状态评分与肝细胞癌肝切除术后预后的研究进展

肝细胞癌(HCC)是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。尽管在早期诊断和个体化治疗方面取得了进展,但经根治性切除等治疗后,HCC患者的临床预后仍不佳,复发率高。因此,在HCC患者中识别准确可靠的预后标志物是必要的。作为一种新的免疫营养生物标志物,控制营养状态(CONUT)评分已被报道用于预测癌症患者的预后。本文将对术前CONUT评分...     

肝细胞性肝癌自发破裂出血的治疗策略

【摘要】 目的 探讨肝细胞性肝癌自发性破裂出血患者的治疗策略。方法〓对江门市人民医院两个不同历史阶段收治的肝癌破裂患者的临床资料进行回顾性对比研究,第一阶段(1992~2002年)肝癌破裂患者47例,采取手术或保守治疗;第二阶段(2003~2013年)肝癌破裂患者58例,采用手术、经肝动脉栓塞或保守治疗,对比两阶段患者的30天、1年生存率和累计生存率。结果〓第一阶段保守治疗22例,急诊肝切除25例,30天死亡22例;第二阶段12例保守治疗,急诊肝切除29例,经肝动脉栓塞17例,其中10例栓塞之后行肝切除手术,30天死亡例16例。两阶段中手术治疗患者较非手术治疗患者累积生存率高(P﹤0.05);第二阶段患者累积生存率较第一阶段高(P=0.036),两阶段中手术治疗患者的累积生存率比较无统计学差异(P=0.234)。结论 对于自发性肝癌破裂出血患者,保守治疗预后差,经肝动脉栓塞为有效的急诊止血措施,对合适的患者实施急诊或分期肝切除可延长患者生存时间。     

原发性小肝癌射频消融与无水乙醇注射治疗对比研究

目的探讨射频消融(RFA)和经皮穿刺无水乙醇注射治疗(PEIT)治疗原发性小细胞肝癌(SHCC)患者的最佳适应证。方法对127例SHCC进行了RFA和PEIT,其中RFA组81例共97个病灶,PEIT组46例共59个病灶。比较患者RFA及PEIT 1、2、3、4、5年生存率和并发症,统计两组患者的医疗费用。结果两组患者术后均无严重并发症;RFA组术后1、2、3、4、5年生存率分别为91.3%、76.4%、62.8%、51.7%和44.4%;PEIT组病患者术后1、2、3、4、5年生存率分别为78.0%、60.0%、47.8%、37.5%和33.3%;RFA组患者平均治疗费用明显高于PEIT组。结论对于SHCC,RFA疗效优于PEIT;对于位于肝包膜下、大血管分支旁、血供丰富的SHCC,以PEIT为宜;PEIT费用低廉,患者依从性较好。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗肝癌破裂出血

目的探讨肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)在治疗肝癌破裂出血中的临床应用价值. 方法采用Seldinger技术,使用明胶海绵、碘化油加化疗药物混悬剂作为栓塞剂,对14例肝癌破裂出血患者行肝动脉化疗栓塞术. 结果有活动性出血的12例中10例控制出血,有效率为83.3%(10/12),2例48 h内死于失血性休克,院内死亡率为14.3%(2/14).1例术后2个月死于肝功能衰竭,1例术后2个月获二期外科手术切除.随访10例,8例先后接受TACE治疗1～4次,平均生存7.8月,1年以上者5例,占35.7%(5/14). 结论肝动脉化疗栓塞术是治疗肝癌破裂出血的有效方法.     

肝细胞癌TACE术后严重并发症分析

目的 评价经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)治疗肝细胞癌(HCC)的严重并发症。方法回顾分析556例原发性肝癌患者1000次TACE术后出现的近期严重并发症。结果本组TACE包括上消化道大出血3次(0．3％)，肝功能衰竭26例(2.6％)，碘油肺栓塞5例(0．5％)，碘油脑栓塞2例(0．2％)及肝脓肿2例(0．2％)。结论肝癌TACE术后严重并发症直接影响到病人的预后，应重视并预防其发生，给予适当处理。     

Hepatitis status, child-pugh classification, and serum AFP levels predict survival in patients treated with transarterial embolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Most patients are not surgical candidates, and transarterial embolization (TAE) has been used to treat patients with unresectable HCC. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that predict survival in patients treated with TAE at a Western medical center. Review of a prospective database identi.ed 345 patients treated for HCC at University Hospital (Newark, NJ) between July 1998 and July 2004. Of these patients, 109 patients underwent TAE. Eleven of these patients were subsequently treated surgically and excluded from this study. Of the remaining 98 patients, demographic data and laboratory values were analyzed to predict survival by univariate and multivariate analysis. Several factors, including hepatitis status, Child-Pugh classification, serum alpha fetoprotein levels <500 ng/ml, bilirubin <2.0 mg/dl, prothrombin time <16 seconds, platelet count <200 × 10 9/l, albumin >3.5 gm/dl, and multiple treatments, predicted survival by univariate analysis. Serum alpha fetoprotein levels, Child-Pugh classification, and hepatitis status were found by multivariate analysis to independently predict survival. These factors may help to select patients with unresectable HCC who might benefit from TAE.     

复发性肝癌再次手术方式的选择:一项基于倾向评分匹配的研究

目的本研究基于倾向评分匹配(PSM)比较挽救性肝移植(sLT)及再次肝切除(RR)的疗效,同时探讨影响复发性肝癌患者预后的危险因素。方法回顾分析2012年1月至2018年8月宁波大学附属李惠利医院124例肝癌切除术后肝内复发再手术的患者,按照再次所行手术方式的不同,分成sLT组(46例)和RR组(78例),通过1∶1倾向评分匹配(PSM),筛选出34例患者用于数据分析,比较匹配前后两组的临床基本资料、总生存期(OS)及无瘤生存期(DFS)来探讨两种手术方式的优劣以及影响患者预后的因素。结果匹配前sLT组的术前血清总胆红素、多发肿瘤的比例、术前行经导管动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)的比例及符合米兰标准的比例均要高于RR组(P<0.05),最大肿瘤直径sLT组要小于RR组(P<0.05);手术时间、术中出血量、微血管侵犯(MVI)阳性率及术后ClavienⅢ级以上的并发症的比例均要高于RR组(P<0.05)。匹配后sLT组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症ClavienⅢ以上的比例均高于RR组(P<0.05);sLT组的1、3、5年OS与RR组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),sLT组的1、3、5年DFS与RR组相比较优(P<0.05);甲胎蛋白(AFP)≥100μg/L是OS的独立危险因素,手术方式、AFP≥100μg/L是DFS的独立危险因素。结论sLT组术前病情更重,手术时间、术中出血量及术后严重并发症率高于RR组;sLT组较RR组可取得更长的DFS,但对OS来说,两组之间差异无统计学意义。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞联合射频消融术治疗原发性肝细胞癌疗效分析

目的分析肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)联合射频消融术(RFA)治疗原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)的临床疗效及安全性。方法 HCC患者76例,随机分为两组,对照组31例,采用肝切除术;观察组45例,采用TACE联合RFA治疗。比较两组患者治疗3个月后的甲胎蛋白(AFP)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖-3(GPC3)血清水平及2年的生存率,并记录并发症的发生情况。结果两组患者经治疗后血清中AFP、CEA、GPC3水平明显下降,治疗前、后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但两组问AFP、CEA、GPC3水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组2年生存率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者术后3个月生活质量均比术前有所提高(P0.05),并且观察组比对照组提高更明显[(8.82±0.98)比(7.04±1.24),P0.05]。结论 TACE联合RFA能有效治疗HCC,疗效与肝切除术相当,但可以提高生活质量并减少手术创伤。     

Comparison of hepatic resection and hepatic transplantation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma among cirrhotic patients

Background The benefits of hepatic transplantation (HT) compared with hepatic resection (HR) in treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis are controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the results of these therapeutic options. Methods The charts of all patients with cirrhosis who underwent HR or HT for HCC between 1997 and 2000 were analyzed. Results The cohort included 44 patients who underwent HR compared with 65 with HT. All patients in the HR group had Child's A disease, in contrast to the HT group, which included 23% Child's A and 77% Child's B and C patients. Whereas all HT patients spent at least three nights in the intensive care unit, 41% of the HR group never required critical care. Perioperative mortality was 7% in both groups. Pathologic analysis revealed T1/T2 disease in 43% of the HR group compared with 75% of the HT group. After 36 months of follow-up, there was no significant difference in overall survival (57% vs. 66%) or disease-free survival (36% vs. 66%) between the two groups. Conclusions With overall survival and disease-free survival as the main outcomes, the results of HR versus HT are comparable in Child's A patients with HCC. In this patient subset, HR not only is an effective form of therapy, but is also associated with quicker recovery.     

Pulmonary embolism: a fatal complication of arterial chemoembolization for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

The case of a child with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma that did not respond to systemic chemotherapy is presented. Three courses of chemoembolization (hepatic arterial chemoembolization) were given, with partial tumor response. The hepatic artery was cannulated via the femoral artery using the Seldinger technique. Arteriography was performed, and chemoembolization suspension (cisplatin + doxorubicin + mitomycin mixed with Lipiodol) was injected. After the third hepatic arterial chemoembolization, the patient developed fatal pulmonary oil embolism. Hepatic arterial chemoembolization seems to be a useful method for treatment of high-risk hepatocellular carcinoma cases, which can induce responses, even in metastatic patients refractory to standard systemic chemotherapy. However, it may result in pulmonary embolism, which is a potentially fatal complication. In children, Lipiodol should be used as an embolizing material and cytostatic carrier with extreme care. Consideration should be given to replacing it with other materials, including albumin or collagen.     

肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发转移的防治

肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发转移是影响肝移植治疗肝癌疗效的主要因素.深入研究肝癌的生物学特性和肝移植术后患者免疫状态与肿瘤复发转移的关系,筛选准确预测肝癌肝移植的预后指标,对高危复发风险的患者进行有效的干预治疗,对复发转移者进行个体化综合治疗有助于进一步提高肝移植治疗肝癌的疗效.

Abstract：

Post-transplant tumor recurrence and metastasis remain the main obstacles for long-term survival after liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Measures to explore the HCC biological characteristics and the relationship between post-transplant immuno-suppression and tumor recurrence, to determine precisely the prognostic factors associated with post-transplant recurrence, to intervene effectively for those with high risk of recurrence, and to use individualized multimodality treatment for recurrence and metastasis may improve the therapeutic results of LT for HCC.     

Gas-forming liver abscess after transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: Report of a case

A case of a gas-forming liver abscess developing after transcatheter arterial embolization for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a 65-year-old man is presented herein. He was admitted to hospital with fever and jaundice, following which ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography revealed a gas-containing abscess in the posterior segment of the hepatic lobe with multiple HCC. Percutaneous transhepatic drainage was performed using US. Antibiotics which were sensitive to theEscherichia coli bacteria detected in the abscess were administered both intravenously and through the drainage tube into the abscess. Four months later, the abscess had diminished and the patient was discharged after receiving percutaneous ultrasonographically guided ethanol injection therapy for the recurrent HCC.     

Neoadjuvant treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma

The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains high globally. Surgical treatment is the best treatment for improving the prognosis of patients with HCC. Neoadjuvant therapy plays a key role in preventing tumor progression and even downstaging HCC. The liver transplantation rate and resectability rate have increased for neoadjuvant therapy. Neoadjuvant therapy is effective in different stages of HCC. In this review, we summarized the definition, methods, effects, indications and contraindications of neoadjuvant therapy in HCC, which have significance for guiding treatment.     

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目的探讨肝细胞癌(HCC)合并胆管癌栓外科治疗的效果。方法对1984年7月至2002年12月收治的53例HCC合并胆管癌栓的治疗情况进行回顾性总结和分析。结果53例中，1例未治，6例行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(PTCD)，46例开腹手术。开腹手术术后30d病死率为13．0％，并发症发生率为32．6％。肝切除术、胆管取癌栓及胆道引流术病人术后生存时间为5～46个月，中位生存期为23．5个月。结论黄疸不一定是肝癌的晚期表现，也不一定是手术禁忌证，对HCC合并胆管癌栓的早期诊断和手术治疗，是改善病人预后的关键。     

Periprocedural complications by Child-Pugh class in patients undergoing transcatheter arterial embolization or chemoembolization to treat unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma at a VA medical center

Background

For patients with compensated cirrhosis, transcatheter arterial embolization with and without additive chemotherapy has been shown to improve survival. The aim of this study was to compare periprocedural complications in a population with hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma to evaluate for differences in complications by severity of liver disease.

Methods

Patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated by transcatheter arterial embolization with or without additive chemotherapy procedures from 2003 to 2006 were retrospectively reviewed and compared by Child-Pugh (CP) class. A total of 141 embolizations were done in 76 patients.

Results

Complication rates were seen in 27% of CP class A and 17% of CP class B patients. There was no significant difference in the grade of complications between the 2 groups or between procedure types. Survival rate was dependent on the degree of liver dysfunction (3-year CP class A, 49%; CP class B, 13%; P = .0048).

Conclusion

Embolization procedures to treat hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma can be performed safely with low morbidity and mortality rates, even in patients with a compromised hepatic reserve.