Primary balloon angioplasty for chronic occlusion of intracranial internal carotid artery: A case report

Chronic occlusion of large intracranial arteries is the main cause of ischemic stroke in China. Patients with symptomatic intracranial artery occlusion and hemodynamic impairment are at high risk of recurrent stroke. Chronic occlusion of the intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery is a common type of intracranial artery occlusion. Medical management is regarded as the standard treatment for this disease. With the development of endovascular treatment, some patients with chronic cerebral artery occlusion have achieved satisfactory results with endovascular therapy. We reported a patient with symptomatic chronic occlusion of the ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery. Simple balloon angioplasty was performed, and the occluded ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery was successfully recanalized without perioperative complications. At 4 months follow-up, the internal carotid artery remained patent and perfusion of the right cerebral hemisphere improved dramatically. In addition, we briefly reviewed the relevant literature.     

Bilateral cerebral infarction in diabetic ketoacidosis and bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUNDDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Very rarely does DKA lead to cerebral edema, and it is even rarer for it to result in cerebral infarction. Bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion (BICAO) is also rare and can cause fatal stroke. Moreover, case reports about acute cerebral infarction throughout both internal carotid arteries with simultaneous BICAO are very scarce. In this study, we present a patient with BICAO, T1DM, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, who had a catastrophic bilateral cerebral infarction after a DKA episode. We briefly introduce BICAO and the mechanisms by which DKA results in cerebral infarction. CASE SUMMARYA 41-year-old woman presented with ischemic stroke that took place 3 mo prior over the left corona radiata, bilateral frontal lobe, and parietal lobe with right hemiplegia and Broca’s aphasia. She had a history of hypertension for 5 years, hyperlipidemia for 4 years, hyperthyroidism for 3 years, and T1DM for 31 years. The first brain magnetic resonance imaging not only revealed the aforementioned ischemic lesions but also bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion. She was admitted to our ward for rehabilitation due to prior stroke sequalae. DKA took place on hospital day 2. On hospital day 6, she had a new massive infarction over the bilateral anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery territory. After weeks of aggressive treatment, she remained in a coma and on mechanical ventilation due to respiratory failure. After discussion with her family, compassionate extubation was performed on hospital day 29 and she died.CONCLUSIONDKA can lead to cerebral infarction due to several mechanisms. In people with existing BICAO and several stroke risk factors such as hypertension, T1DM, hyperlipidemia, DKA has the potential to cause more serious ischemic strokes.     

Tissue plasminogen activator via cross-collateralization for tandem internal carotid and middle cerebral artery occlusion

Tandem internal carotid and middle cerebral artery occlusion after carotid dissection predicts poor outcome after systemic thrombolysis. Current treatments include the use of endovascular carotid stenting, which carries with it a high risk of propagating further embolic events and worsening the dissection. New strategies for avoiding the aforementioned side-effects include recanalization using cross-collaterals for delivery of intra-lesional tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). We present two cases that provide further support for this novel approach. Both patients presented with a National Institute of Health Stroke Scale of 20, received intra-arterial tPA via cross-collateralization, and made full recoveries without the need for stenting.     

颈动脉支架成形术治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄的效果观察

目的:观察颈动脉支架成形术治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄的疗效。方法 :收集2013年1月~2014年3月我院治疗的症状性颈动脉狭窄患者119例,其中观察组60例,给予颈动脉支架成形术治疗,对照组59例,采用内科保守治疗,比较两组患者的治疗效果,记录手术并发症,术后一年随访比较复发情况。结果:观察组共置入63枚支架,手术成功率达100%。治疗后观察组病变狭窄率明显低于对照组(P0.05);分别于治疗后3、6、12个月对两组患者行NIHSS评分随访,观察组评分明显均低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后12个月随访,观察组复发率5.00%,病死率5.00%;对照组复发率达22.03%,病死率为18.64%,两组比较均有显著差异(P0.05)。结论:应用颈动脉狭窄支架成形术治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄安全有效,复发少,并发症少,值得临床推广。     

1例先天性颈内动脉缺如影像学特点

目的：分析性先天性颈内动脉缺如的影像学特点。方法：回顾分析1例先天性颈内动脉缺如的临床症状和影像学特点。结果：超声表现为左侧甲状腺上动脉起源于左侧颈总动脉,左侧颈总动脉远端分支未见入颅内的颈内动脉样管腔及血流频谱,且远端分支血流阻力指（RI）较高似颈外动脉样频谱,左侧颈部血管管腔较对侧细。头颈CTA显示左侧颈内动脉不显影,左侧大脑前动脉由对侧大脑前动脉供血,大脑A1段缺如,左侧大脑中动脉由椎基底动脉供血,左侧颈动脉管缺如,确诊为先天性颈内动脉缺如。结论：超声检查便捷、价廉、安全、可实时动态观察,可以作为初步筛查的重要手段,早发现、早预防以减少脑卒中发生的风险。     

利用ESSEN评分分层探讨颈内动脉闭塞患者的临床特点

目的观察颈内动脉闭塞(ICAO)患者临床特点,通过ESSEN评分分组后评价ICAO患者的临床生化指标、以及合并其他脑血管病变情况,为早期预防、协助诊断和治疗提供帮助。方法回顾性分析2005~2012年经头颈部CTA诊断的100例ICAO住院患者,收集入组者信息,完善常规化验,明确CTA显示的ICAO部位、对侧颈内动脉有无病变、有无合并椎基底动脉病变、以及有无合并颅内其他大动脉病变等。按ESSEN评分将入组患者分为Essen评分3分和Essen≥3分两组,统计两组间临床生化指标、合并椎基底和/或颅内其他大动脉病变情况有无差异。结果 ESSEN评分≥3分ICAO患者其血浆同型半胱氨酸水平显著高于ESSEN评分3分组(P0.05)。ESSEN评分≥3分的ICAO患者更容易合并椎基底动脉病变(61.67%vs.40.00%,P0.05);ESSEN评分≥3分的ICAO患者合并颅内大动脉病变的数量多于ESSEN评分3分组(P0.05);ESSEN评分≥3分的ICAO患者容易合并多支(2支或2支以上)颅内大动脉病变(67.80%vs.39.47%,P0.01)。结论 ESSEN评分≥3分的患者更易合并高同型半胱氨酸血症,且其更多合并椎基底动脉病变和多支(2支或2支以上)颅内大动脉病变。     

颈内动脉先天缺如1例

患者男,47岁。阵发性头痛、左下肢麻木2周,伴阵发性右下肢无力、右眼疼痛1周。症状于平卧时可明显减轻。体格检查:右半身少汗。既往高血压史20年,糖尿病史4年。颈部3DCE-MRA显示左颈总动脉直接延续为颈外动脉,颈内动脉残迹未见确切显示(图1A)。头部3D TOF MRA显示左侧大脑前动脉和大脑中动脉分别由右侧大脑前动脉、左侧大脑后动脉通过前交通动脉和后交通动脉供血(图1B、C)。颅底CT薄扫:左侧颈动脉管未见显示(图1D)。讨论本例先天性颈内动脉缺如通过MRA和颅底CT检查做出诊断。MRA能显示颈内动脉缺如、颅内侧支循环及可能存在的其…     

Bilateral spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection with both early and very late recanalization: A case report

Spontaneous bilateral internal carotid artery dissection has frequently been described in the literature as a cause of stroke. In more than half of the patients with internal carotid artery dissection, recanalization occurs early after the event and is unusual later than 6 months after onset of the dissection. We describe a patient with ischemic stroke due to left internal carotid artery occlusion in the extracranial segment. The patient was treated with anticoagulants and early vessel recanalization did not occur. Ten months later, he developed contralateral internal carotid occlusion in the intracranial tract, which was followed by early complete recanalization. Anticoagulation therapy was continued and, 16 months after the initial event, the left internal carotid artery unexpectedly also reopened.     

Color duplex sonography of occlusion of the common carotid artery with reversed flow in the extracranial internal carotid artery

In a small percentage of cases with an occluded common carotid artery (CCA), the patency of the arteries beyond the carotid bulb is preserved. Color duplex sonography is useful for assessing blood flow in these vessels. We present a case of retrograde flow in an internal carotid artery (ICA) with an occluded ipsilateral CCA identified using color duplex sonography in a 70-year-old man with diabetes and known atherosclerotic disease. Color duplex sonography revealed that the right CCA was totally occluded near its origin and that flow was re-established at the bulb. Flow in the right ICA was directed cephalad, with a low-frequency, damped waveform; flow in the right external carotid artery (ECA) was bidirectional, with increased reversed diastolic flow. Extensive atherosclerotic lesions were also found in the left side. Endarterectomy of the left carotid bifurcation was performed. Follow-up color duplex sonography 3 months later revealed a small increase of stenosis in the left CCA and mild stenosis in the left ICA. The right CCA remained occluded, but reversed flow with a high-resistance flow pattern was seen in the ipsilateral ICA that supplied the ECA, which had cephalad-directed flow.     

Hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery: collateral circulation and ultrasonographic findings. A case report

Introduction

Hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery (HICA) is a rare congenital anomaly caused by an incomplete development of the organ, and only a few cases are reported in the literature. The prevalence of HICA (including agenesia and aplasia) is estimated to about 0.01%.

Case report

We describe a case of a 66-year-old man with hearing loss on the left side and no other symptoms or signs related to vascular impairment. HICA was discovered incidentally by color duplex sonography of the extracranial cerebral vessel and confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging angiography (angio MRI) and computed tomography (CT) of the head.

Discussion

Compensatory flow allows HICA patients to remain asymptomatic, but complications may occur. The pathways of the collateral circulation in association with aplasia or HICA are described. A differential diagnosis was made on the basis of ultrasonographic (US) detection of diffuse luminal narrowing of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Recognition of this disease has important clinical implications.     

急性颈内动脉闭塞颅内循环的变化及临床意义

目的 分析急性颈内动脉闭塞后颅内血流动力学的变化及临床意义.方法 对68例经影像学检查证实急性单侧颈内动脉颅外段闭塞患者,采用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检测颅内主要动脉的血流动力学变化.结果 患侧大脑中动脉峰值流速和搏动指数均显著低于健侧(P<0.001).在侧支循环开放中,前交通动脉开放占48.53%(33/68),后交通动脉开放为42.65%(29/68),眼动脉参与的侧支循环占32.35%(22/68),无交通支开放14.71%(10/68).患者颅内侧支循环开放,侧支途径两支以上者、患侧大脑中动脉峰值流速>60 cm/s者,临床预后相对较好.结论 TCD检测颅内主要动脉的血流状况,可以快速方便地评价颅内侧支循环状态,对急性颈内动脉闭塞患者治疗方法选择和预后判断具有重要的临床价值.     

血管超声评估颈内动脉闭塞血运重建复合手术的成功性

目的应用颈动脉彩色多普勒血流成像（CDFI）和经颅彩色多普勒超声（TCCS）评估颈内动脉闭塞患者行颈动脉内膜切除术（CEA）并取栓和（或）支架植入复合术的血运重建再通的成功性。 方法回顾性连续纳入2007年1月至2018年1月在首都医科大学宣武医院经（DSA）确诊为颈内动脉闭塞,并接受复合手术治疗的患者78例。术前1周和术后1周内行CDFI和TCCS检查。分析比较术前颈内动脉近段及远段内径、闭塞管腔内病变回声、责任斑块长度、交通支开放（眼动脉血流方向逆转）与否等因素对复合手术血运重建再通成功性的影响。 结果78例患者复合手术再通成功率为78.2%（61/78）。围手术期并发症的发生率为6.4%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,闭塞管腔内均质回声、眼动脉血流方向逆转均是颈内动脉闭塞再通成功性的独立影响因素（OR=0.069,95%CI：0.045~0.604,P=0.007;OR=0.164,95%CI：0.009~0.501,P=0.008）。 结论闭塞管腔内的回声性质、眼动脉方向的逆转与颈内动脉闭塞后血运重建的再通率密切相关。CDFI与TCCS联合评估颈内动脉闭塞复合手术的成功性具有重要的价值。     

Endovascular management of a collateral network aneurysm in a patient with spontaneous internal carotid artery occlusion

Spontaneous “non-moyamoya” arterial occlusion of the intracranial arteries is very unusual. Progressive occlusion of a major intracranial artery, independently from the etiology, can lead to the development of collateral arterial networks that supply blood flow to distal territories beyond the occlusion. These collateral arteries are typically small and conduct low flows, but the hemodynamic stress within them can lead to aneurysm formation within the collateral network. In this report we present a case of spontaneous internal carotid artery occlusion and collateral network aneurysm for the first time in the literature and discuss the main features of the etiology and endovascular treatment of this rare, challenging aneurysm.     

Left internal carotid artery agenesis with trans-sellar collateral and a right aortic arch: Case report

We present a case of unilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) agenesis with trans-sellar anastomosis associated with a right aortic arch, and discuss the embryonic development and clinical implications of this condition. A 26-year-old woman without significant medical history was referred to our hospital complaining of tinnitus. She denied any other symptoms, and examination did not reveal any other neurological deficits. Radiological examinations showed agenesis of the right ICA with trans-sellar anastomosis, and a right aortic arch. This vascular configuration reflects the anatomical homology with avian vascular structure. Recognition of this anomaly has important implications for clinical situations, such as the planning of carotid or transsphenoidal surgery, the management of thromboembolic disease, and the surveillance and detection of associated cerebral aneurysms.     

Initial clinical experience with Xpert-Pro peripheral self-expanding stent system for internal carotid artery dissection: Two case reports

Background: The standard treatment for internal carotid artery(ICA) dissection is obscure. Current therapeutic strategies include the use of antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulant drugs, intravenous thrombolysis, and endovascular treatment. Endovascular treatment is important in acute internal carotid artery dissection. This study reports two acute internal carotid artery dissection cases that were treated successfully using the Xpert-Pro peripheral selfexpanding stent system.Case summary: The first ...     

颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤栓塞的围手术期护理

目的探讨颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤栓塞的围手术期护理。方法应用电解可脱性弹簧圈介入治疗15例该病患者,对其术前准备、术中配合、术后病情观察及并发症进行护理。结果无一例出现并发症,其中9例眼部症状消失,6例均有不同程度改善。结论良好的护理措施能提高手术成功性。