24h尿钠、24h尿钾以及钠钾比与肥胖、中心性肥胖的关联分析

目的 了解我国成年人群24 h尿钠、24 h尿钾以及钠钾比与肥胖、中心性肥胖的关联性,为肥胖预防策略的制订提供科学依据。方法 研究数据来源于2018年10—12月开展的中英减盐行动“以社区为基础的中国居民减盐综合干预整群随机对照研究”基线调查数据。采用多阶段随机抽样的方法选取河北、黑龙江、江西、湖南、四川和青海6省18～75岁居民2 639名为研究对象,进行体格检查,采集24 h尿液检测24 h尿钠、24 h尿钾和尿钠钾比水平。采用SAS 9.4软件进行t检验、χ²检验、多重线性回归分析和多因素logistic回归分析。结果 纳入分析2 639名研究对象的平均年龄为(47.4±12.8)岁,肥胖率为17.39%,中心性肥胖率为63.55%。24 h尿钠水平为(192.93±79.19)mmol/d,24 h尿钾水平为(40.15±15.56)mmol/d,尿钠钾比水平为(5.18±2.18)。校正相关混杂因素后,多因素logistic回归模型结果显示,与24 h尿钠最低水平组相比,最高水平组与肥胖、中心性肥胖患病高风险相关(OR=2.427,95%CI:1.739...     

中国6省18～75岁社区人群低钠盐使用及其与24h尿钠、24h尿钾、钠钾比关系研究

目的 探讨中国6省18～75岁社区人群的低钠盐使用情况,及其与24 h尿钠、24 h尿钾、钠钾比间的关系。方法 采用整群随机抽样方法随机抽取2693名社区人群进行低钠盐使用情况调查,并采集其体格测量数据和24 h尿液。采用线性混合效应模型分析社区人群低钠盐使用情况与其24 h尿钠、24 h尿钾、钠钾比间的关系。结果 中国6省2635名18～75岁社区人群中,听说过低钠盐的社区人群占26.6%,目前使用低钠盐的社区人群占8.8%。社区人群24 h尿钠为(192.97±79.27)mmol/d, 24 h尿钾为(40.16±16.57)mmol/d,钠钾比为(5.18±2.19)。检验结果显示,听说过低钠盐的社区人群的24 h尿钠和钠钾比均低于未听过低钠盐的社区人群,分别为(176.77±70.89)mmol/d和(4.34±2.16),24 h尿钾高于未听说人群,为(40.78±17.07)mmol/d;目前使用低钠盐的社区人群的24 h尿钠和钠钾比均低于未使用低钠盐的社区人群,分别为(166.06±62.92)mmol/d和(4.71±2.11)。线性混合效应模型结果显示,听说过低钠盐...     

18~69岁普通人群24 h尿钠与肥胖的相关性研究

  目的  分析18~69岁普通人群24 h尿钠与肥胖的相关性。  方法  2013-2014年在山东省和江苏省4个项目县,采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,选取2 400名18~69岁调查对象进行问卷调查、体格测量和24 h尿液收集。采用多因素线性回归和Logistic回归模型分析尿钠和肥胖的关系。  结果  最终纳入分析的2 275名研究对象肥胖率19.1%(95%CI:17.4%~20.6%),24 h尿钠为(166.4±71.5)mmol/d。肥胖、按腰围身高比(waist-to-height ratio,WHtR)计算的向心性肥胖人群24 h尿钠水平高于非肥胖人群,差异均有统计学意义(均有P < 0.05)。多元线性回归分析调整相关因素后,24 h尿钠与体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、腰围(waist circumference,WC)和WHtR呈正相关关系。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,调整年龄、性别、教育程度、吸烟、饮酒、身体活动、高血压和糖尿病后,与尿钠水平最低组相比,尿钠水平最高组患肥胖、向心性肥胖(按WC计算)、向心性肥胖(按WHtR计算)风险的OR(95%CI)值分别为1.61(1.18~2.20)、2.01(1.39~2.89)和1.47(1.15~1.89)。  结论  24 h尿钠与肥胖呈正相关,高钠摄入是肥胖的重要危险因素。     

中国6省18~75岁人群高钙尿症检出情况及影响因素

  目的  了解中国6省18~75岁人群高钙尿症检出情况及影响因素。为预防高钙尿症及其引发的其他疾病提供依据。  方法  采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,抽取中国6省18~75岁2 693名调查对象,开展问卷调查、体格检查并收集24 h尿标本,检测24小时尿钙水平(24-hours urinary calcium, 24HUC)。  结果  最终纳入分析2 637名研究对象,共检出高钙尿症者258名,高钙尿症检出率为9.78%,其中男性和女性高钙尿症检出率分别是8.47%和11.09%(χ2 =5.124, P=0.024)。多因素Logistic回归分析模型分析显示,女性(OR=1.366, 95% CI: 1.051~1.778, P=0.020)、45~＜60岁(OR=2.069, 95% CI: 1.404~3.049, P < 0.001)、超重(OR=1.661, 95% CI: 1.216~2.268, P=0.001)、肥胖(OR=2.623, 95% CI: 1.855~3.709, P < 0.001)及患糖尿病(OR=1.988, 95% CI: 1.292~3.060, P=0.002)与高钙尿症的发生相关。  结论  中国人群高钙尿症检出率较高,建议重点人群应开展24HUC的筛查工作,及早预防高钙尿症及其引发的其他疾病。     

24h尿钠法评估汕头市社区居民钠盐摄入情况

目的了解汕头市社区居民钠盐摄入情况及钠钾比,为高血压防控措施的制定提供依据。方法采用整群随机抽样方法抽取汕头市澄海区、龙湖区和金平区164名18~90岁居民,进行现场问卷调查和体格检查,并收集24 h尿液,记录尿量后检测尿液中尿钠、尿钾以及尿肌酐的含量。用SPSS 19.0进行t检验、χ~2检验和Pearson相关分析。结果平均每人每天尿量为(1 692.0±607.1)ml,平均24 h尿钠含量为(130.95±54.99)mmol,尿钾含量为(46.98±24.00)mmol,尿肌酐为(7.47±2.41)mmol,钠钾比为3.32±2.02(男性为3.58±1.96,女性为3.25±2.04),转换为钠盐摄入量为(7.65±3.21)g/d[男性为(7.49±3.12)g/d,女性为(7.70±3.25)g/d]。24 h钠肌酐比值及钾肌酐比值女性均明显高于男性,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而不同性别间24 h尿钠、尿钾含量及钠钾比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。24 h尿钠含量随着体质指数(BMI)的增高而上升(r=0.296,P<0.01)。钠盐摄入量与收缩压和舒张压间均呈明显的正相关(r值分别为0.224、0.275,P<0.01)。结论汕头市社区居民钠盐摄入量高于中国居民膳食指南推荐摄入量,且钠盐摄入水平与血压水平间呈正相关,仍需进一步控制钠盐摄入达标及适当增加钾盐的摄入量。     

中国6省18~75岁人群微量白蛋白尿检出情况及影响因素

  目的  了解中国6省18~75岁人群微量白蛋白尿(microalbuminuria,MAU)检出状况及其影响因素。  方法  本研究于2018年采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,从6个省12个县、区中抽取2 693名18~75岁调查对象进行问卷调查、体格测量和24 h尿液收集。采用单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析模型分析相关影响因素。  结果  最终纳入分析的2 607名研究对象中,共检出234名MAU患者,MAU的检出率为8.98%(95% CI: 7.91%~10.14%)。男性、50岁及以上、吸烟、肥胖、高血压和糖尿病人群的MAU检出率分别为10.48%、11.91%、10.94%、14.82%、16.85%和23.21%,高于相对应人群,组间差异有统计学意义(均有P＜0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析模型分析结果显示,与无高血压、无糖尿病和体重正常人群相比,高血压患者(OR=2.843, 95% CI: 2.093~3.862)、糖尿病患者(OR=2.453, 95% CI: 1.626~3.702)和肥胖人群(OR=1.941, 95% CI: 1.338~2.815)发生MAU的风险较高(均有P＜0.001)。  结论  高血压、糖尿病和肥胖与MAU的发生有关,应重视这些人群的MAU早期筛查,以预防和延缓肾脏损伤的发生发展。     

微量白蛋白尿与代谢综合征及其组分的关联性研究

目的 分析微量白蛋白尿(microalbuminuria, MAU)与代谢综合征及其组分的关系。方法 2017年,在江苏省和山东省的4个调查点开展减盐防控高血压项目终末调查,调查对象通过多阶段整群随机抽样的方式抽取,年龄为18～75岁的常住人口。通过24 h尿白蛋白测定法测算MAU,并使用logistic回归分析模型分析MAU与代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome, MS)及其组分的关联。结果 共纳入研究对象1 193名,年龄(49.4±12.6)岁,其中男性558人,占46.8%,MAU检出人数为112人,占9.4%,MS者375人,占31.4%。logistic回归分析模型校正相关混杂因素后,与非MS组相比,MS组MAU患病风险更高(OR=3.188, 95%CI:2.123～4.790),且MS各组分中心性肥胖、血压升高和GLU升高均与MAU患病风险呈正相关。在对相关因素校正后,与不具有MS组分者相比,具有3、4和5个MS组分者MAU患病风险更高(OR=4.839, 95%CI:2.134～10.976;OR=5.185, 95%CI:2.153～12.487;OR=...     

山东省居民24小时尿钠钾比与代谢综合征的关系

目的 分析山东省居民24 h尿钠钾比与MS的关系。方法 2011年在山东省采用四阶段分层随机抽样方法抽取18~69岁居民作为研究对象, 测量其血糖、血脂四项、尿钠、尿钾和尿肌酐等指标。依据24 h尿钠钾比值将研究对象按照四分位数法分组, 采用二分类logistic分析钠钾比与MS的关系。结果 1 906名研究对象纳入分析, 其中男性1 003人, 女性903人。MS患病率为24.7%。经多因素logistic模型分析, 与24 h尿钠钾比值<4.3组相比, 4.3~5.6、5.7~8.1和≥8.1组MS患病风险OR值(95%CI)分别为1.27(0.93~1.71)、1.06(0.78~1.46)和1.45(1.06~1.97), 趋势检验显示, P<0.05。在MS各组分中, 中心性肥胖和血压升高风险与24 h尿钠钾比之间存在线性趋势(线性趋势检验P<0.05)。结论 随着24 h尿钠钾比增加, MS患病风险呈上升趋势。     

18～69岁人群微量白蛋白尿与体重指数的相关性研究

目的 分析18～69岁人群微量白蛋白尿（microalbuminuria,MAU）与体重指数（body mass index, BMI）的相关性。方法 在山东省和江苏省4个项目县,采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,抽取18～69岁调查对象进行问卷调查、体格测量和24 h尿液收集。采用多因素logistic回归分析MAU和BMI的关系。结果 最终纳入分析的2 265名研究对象24 h尿微量白蛋白为12.5（9.6～17.4）mg/d,MAU的检出率为9.0%。随着BMI水平升高,尿微量白蛋白水平和MAU检出率均呈上升趋势（P＜0.001）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,调整年龄、性别、教育程度、吸烟、饮酒、身体活动、高血压和糖尿病后,BMI与MAU发生相关,其中肥胖组发生MAU的风险高于正常组,OR值（95% CI）为1.76(1.19～2.60),而超重组发生MAU风险与正常组差异无统计学意义（P = 0.235）。结论 BMI与MAU发生相关,肥胖人群是MAU发生的高危人群。     

昆明某高校学生尿液钠钾水平与膳食摄入相关性分析

探讨昆明某高校在校生膳食钠钾摄入比值与随机尿钠钾排泄比值和24h尿钠钾排泄比值之间的相关性,为学生的膳食营养指导提供参考.方法 选取符合纳入标准的12名昆明某高校在校大学生(男、女各半)作为受试者,将其随机平均分入4 g/d、8 g/d、12 g/d等3个不同摄盐组(每组2男2女);为其统一提供4d膳食,称重计算其每日膳食钠、钾摄入总量,收集并测定研究对象3d内随机尿钠、尿钾含量和24 h尿钠、尿钾排泄总量.结果 对3个不同摄盐组的膳食钠钾比值作秩和检验,3组间差异有统计学意义(F=7.731,P=0.021).对3个不同摄盐组的24h尿钠钾比值做方差分析,3个组间差异有统计学意义(F=7.982,P=0.01),符合分组要求.膳食钠钾比值与3d上午随机尿钠钾比值之间有正相关关系(r值分别为0.625,0.635,0.608,P值均<0.05);膳食钠钾比值与24 h尿钠钾比值之间呈正相关(r=0.642,P=0.024).结论 通过测定在校大学生上午的随机尿钠钾排泄比值或者24 h尿钠钾排泄比值对判定膳食钠钾摄入比值有一定参考价值.     

Relationship of urinary sodium/potassium excretion and calcium intake to blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension among older Chinese vegetarians

OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations of dietary sodium and potassium, as reflected by the urinary sodium/potassium excretion, and calcium intake with blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension among older Chinese vegetarians in Hong Kong. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Research clinic in a teaching hospital in Hong Kong. SUBJECTS: A total of 111 ambulatory vegetarians over the age of 55 were recruited from members of religious organizations or old age hostels. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hypertension was defined as supine blood pressure >140/90 mmHg or a history of hypertension. Dietary sodium, potassium and calcium intakes were assessed by 24 h recall method or fasting urinary sodium or potassium/creatinine ratios. RESULTS: Seventy-one subjects (64%) were found to have hypertension. Compared with normotensive subjects, hypertensive subjects had lower calcium intake (411+/-s.d. 324 vs 589+/-428 mg, P=0.04), but higher urinary sodium/creatinine ratio (32.6+/-19.3 vs 21.0+/-12.4, P=0.00) and sodium/potassium ratio (4.7+/-2.8 vs 3.4+/-2.3, P=0.02). Among 88 subjects not taking diuretics or antihypertensive drugs, systolic blood pressure was related to calcium intake (r=-0.40), urinary sodium/creatinine ratio (r=0.39), urinary sodium/potassium ratio (r=0.30) and age (r=0.23). Diastolic blood pressure was related to urinary sodium/creatinine (r=0.29). Twenty-three subjects with high urinary sodium/potassium and low calcium intake and 16 subjects with low urinary sodium/potassium ratio and high calcium intake differed markedly with respect to systolic blood pressure (159+/-26 vs 130+/-15 mmHg) and prevalence of hypertension (78% vs 25%). CONCLUSIONS: Older Chinese vegetarians are predisposed to hypertension because of their sodium-rich but calcium-deficient diets.     

Sodium in the Finnish diet: 20-year trends in urinary sodium excretion among the adult population

OBJECTIVE: High sodium intake increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and may also be associated with higher rates of stomach cancer, asthma disorders and infections. In Finland, cross-sectional population surveys to monitor cardiovascular risk factors have been carried out since the 1970s. The main aim of this paper is to present trends in urinary sodium and potassium excretion from 1979 to 2002. DESIGN: Cross-sectional population surveys on cardiovascular risk factors. SETTING: Surveys were carried out in Finland in 1979, 1982, 1987 and 2002 in four geographical areas: North Karelia, the Kuopio area, Southwestern Finland and the Helsinki area. SUBJECTS: For each survey a random sample stratified by age and sex was drawn from the population register. In this analysis, participants of urine collection subsamples aged 25-64 years (n = 4648) were included. INTERVENTIONS: A 24-h urinary collection was carried out in subsamples (n = 2218-2487) in connection with population risk factor surveys. Urinary sodium and potassium concentrations were analyzed in the same laboratory throughout, using a flame photometer in 1979, 1982 and 1987 and an ion-selective electrode in 2002. RESULTS: Between 1979 and 2002 urinary sodium excretion in Finland decreased from over 220 to less than 170 mmol/day among men and from nearly 180 to less than 130 mmol/day among women. Although potassium excretion decreased somewhat as well, the decrease in sodium-potassium molar ratio was also significant. CONCLUSIONS: The 24-h urinary sodium excretion in Finland has decreased significantly during the last 20 years. However, excretion levels are still considerably higher than recommendations. A further decrease in sodium intake remains a goal for the Finnish food industry and consumers. SPONSORSHIP: All surveys were funded by the National Public Health Institute in Finland.     

Changes in 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium and potassium in a community-based heath education program on salt reduction

PURPOSE: To examine changes in urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and sodium/potassium ratio in a community-based health education program on salt reduction. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The surveyed community was Kyowa town (census population in 1985 = 16,792) where we have conducted a community-based blood pressure control program since 1981 and health education on reduction of salt intake since 1983 for primary prevention of hypertension. A 24-hour urine collection was conducted for systematically selected samples of the participants aged 40-69 in cardiovascular risk surveys in 1982-86 (early period) and in 1990-94 (later period) to estimate changes in urine excretion of sodium, potassium, and sodium/potassium ratio. RESULTS: A 24-hour urine collection was available for 565 persons (410 men and 155 women) in 1982-86 and 1,461 persons (571 men and 890 women) in 1990-94. A decline in mean sodium excretion was larger in ages 40-49 than in other age groups, and for ages 40-69 combined, the decline was 0.9-1.1 g per day for men and women. Mean sodium excretion declined to 10 g or less per day for men and women aged 60-69. Mean potassium excretion did not change except for men aged 60-69 with an increase in potassium. Sodium/potassium ratio tended to decline for women aged 40-49, and declined significantly for other sex-age groups. A larger reduction in sodium excretion was seen among persons with a history of hypertension compared to those without it. CONCLUSIONS: A significant reduction in urinary excretion of sodium and sodium/potassium ratio was observed in a community-based health education program. Men and women aged 60-69 reached a recommended level of 10 g or less in sodium intake.     

Sodium, potassium, body mass, alcohol and blood pressure in three United Kingdom centres (the INTERSALT study)

Standardised data on blood pressure, 24 h urinary electrolyte excretion, body mass index (BMI) and alcohol intake were collected as part of the INTERSALT study in 598 men and women aged 20-59 years, selected randomly from three population groups in the United Kingdom. For the three centres combined, mean systolic blood pressure was 121.4 mm Hg and diastolic pressure 72.1 mm Hg, urinary sodium excretion 152.1 mmol/24 h, urinary potassium excretion 61.0 mmol/24 h, urinary sodium/potassium ratio 2.64 and BMI 25.2 kg/m2. Prevalence of heavy alcohol drinking in men (greater than or equal to 300 ml/week) was 27.5 per cent. Applying overall INTERSALT regression coefficients to the United Kingdom data suggested that modest changes in average sodium and potassium intakes, together with reductions in the prevalence of obesity and (in men) of heavy alcohol drinking could lead to important reductions in average population blood pressures and the prevalence of hypertension. The potential of this multifactorial approach to blood pressure control was illustrated by stratifying individuals within each of the United Kingdom centres by sodium and potassium excretion, BMI and alcohol intake. The 20 (out of 299) men considered at 'lower risk' for high blood pressure with respect to the above variables had systolic pressure lower by 11 mm Hg (P less than 0.01); for the 27 (out of 299) 'lower risk' women, systolic pressure was lower by 5 mm Hg (P = 0.06). These non-pharmacological approaches towards more favourable blood pressure levels could be accompanied by reductions in mortality from stroke and coronary heart disease.     

中国六地区家庭主厨和家庭成员尿钠、尿钾和钠钾比及影响因素探究

目的:了解中国6地区家庭主厨及家庭成员24 h尿钠、尿钾及钠钾比水平现状。并探究其影响因素。方法:2018年采用多阶段随机抽样的方法随机抽取我国6地区共1 576名家庭主厨和家庭成员,进行调查问卷、体格测量及24 h尿液收集,检测24 h尿钠、尿钾水平。结果:排除不合格尿液样本后,共1 530人纳入本研究。本研究调查对...     

Blood pressure and urinary cations in urban Bantu of Zaire

The 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium and their relationship to arterial blood pressure were investigated from December 1983 to May 1984 in a 10% random sample (n = 666) of urban Bantu of Kinshasa, Za?re. In youths aged 10-19 years, blood pressure averaged 109/60 mmHg, and the 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium averaged 84 mmol, 30 mmol, 483 mumol, and 2 mmol, respectively. After adjustment for age and body weight, a weak positive association became apparent between diastolic pressure and the urinary sodium to potassium ratio in girls and all youths. In adults aged greater than or equal to 20 years, blood pressure averaged 124/72 mmHg, and the 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium averaged 87 mmol, 33 mmol, 828 mumol, and 1.88 mmol, respectively. After adjustment for sex, age, body weight, and pulse rate in all adults, systolic pressure was significantly and positively correlated with urinary sodium excretion and negatively correlated with urinary potassium excretion, while diastolic pressure was weakly associated with urinary calcium excretion. In women, an independent and significant association was also observed between systolic pressure and 24-hour urinary sodium. When instead of the 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium and potassium, the sodium to potassium ratio was considered as an independent variable in multiple regression analysis, both systolic and diastolic pressure were independently and positively related to the sodium to potassium ratio in all adults. These results indicate that in this urban Bantu population, age and body weight are the major predictors of systolic pressure in youths and the major predictors of both systolic and diastolic pressure in adults. The sodium to potassium ratio did contribute to the prediction of blood pressure in girls and when, in youths as well as in adults, both sexes were considered together. Urinary calcium was associated with diastolic pressure only in all adults.