尼莫地平对兔感染性脑水肿的影响

目的：研究尼莫地平对感染性水肿的影响，方法：采用百日咳菌液右侧颈内动脉注射造成兔感染性脑水肿模型，１８只家兔随机分为３组（ｎ＝６），ＢＥ组：注射百日咳菌液（０．５ｍｌ．ｋｇ＾－１）；ＮＳ组；注射生理盐水作对对照，Ｎｉｍ组：注射菌液后１０ｍｉｎ，静注尼莫地平１０μｇ．ｋｇ＾－１，再以０．７５μｇ．ｋｇ＾－１．ｍｉｎ＾－１持续静滴，４ｈ后观察右脑伊文斯蓝蓝染，测定右脑水，钙，钙调素及钠含量，结果，Ｎｉ     

Efectsofmoxonidineinjectedintorostralventrolateralmedulaonbloodpressure,heartrate,andrenalsympatheticnerveactivityinrats

目的：观察延髓腹外侧头端（ＲＶＬＭ）注射莫索尼定（Ｍｏｘ）对麻醉大鼠血压（ＢＰ）、心率（ＨＲ）及肾交感神经放电（ＲＳＮＡ）的影响．方法：麻醉大鼠ＲＶＬＭ注射１μＬＭｏｘ１，１０，１００μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，同步记录ＢＰ，ＨＲ及ＲＳＮＡ．结果：Ｍｏｘ１，１０，１００μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１分别使ＢＰ从１３９±１０ｋＰａ降至１３０±１７ｋＰａ（Ｐ＜００５），１３８±１８ｋＰａ至１１４±１５ｋＰａ（Ｐ＜００１），ａｎｄ１３９±１９ｋＰａ至９４±１７ｋＰａ（Ｐ＜００１）．Ｍｏｘ不影响ＨＲ．Ｍｏｘ１μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１增加ＲＳＮＡ５０％（Ｐ＜００５），１０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１对ＲＳＮＡ无影响（Ｐ＞００５），１００μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１则降低ＲＳＮＡ２３％（Ｐ＜００５）．在缓冲神经切断大鼠，Ｍｏｘ１０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１抑制ＲＳＮＡ５０％（Ｐ＜００５），明显不同于缓冲神经完整的动物（Ｐ＜００１）．结论：麻醉大鼠ＲＶＬＭ注射Ｍｏｘ可降低ＢＰ，但不影响ＨＲ，且ＲＳＮＡ变化与其降压作用并不平行     

Pharmacokinetics of flutamide and its metabolite 2-hydroxyflutamidein normal and hepatic injury rats

目的：建立一新的高压液相色谱法用来研究氟他胺（Ｆｌｕ）及其活性代谢产物２羟基氟他胺（ＨＦ）的药物动力学．方法：正常及肝损伤大鼠灌胃Ｆｌｕ５０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１．采用反相高压液相色谱法，以甲基睾丸素为内标，流动相为甲醇∶乙腈∶水∶乙醚＝４０∶２０∶３５∶１（体积比），检测波长为２３４ｎｍ．结果：Ｆｌｕ的Ｋ与Ｃｌ分别由０６２±０１６ｈ－１及６０±１０Ｌ·ｋｇ－１·ｈ－１减小到０１６±００３ｈ－１及０６３±０２９Ｌ·ｋｇ－１·ｈ－１（Ｐ＜００１），ＡＵＣ与Ｃｍａｘ分别由８６±１３ｍｇ·Ｌ－１·ｈ及２４±０７ｍｇ·Ｌ－１增加到１００±４４ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｈ及６７±２８ｍｇ·Ｌ－１（Ｐ＜００１）．ＨＦ的Ｋ（ｍ）由００７±００１ｈ－１减小到００５±００１ｈ－１（Ｐ＜００１）．结论：在肝损伤大鼠，Ｆｌｕ与ＨＦ消除受到显著抑制．     

尼莫地平对大鼠急性脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用

目的：研究尼莫地平（Ｎｉｍ）对脑缺血损伤的作用，方法：大鼠脑缺血模型采用四血管结扎法（４－ＶＯ），单胺递质测定采用荧光光分光度法，结果：腹腔注射尼莫地平０．７５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１和１．５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１能显改善缺血再灌注损伤的脑电活动，脑电恢复时间可恢复到１９±３ｍｉｎ和１７±４ｍｉｎ（Ｐ〈０．０１），尼莫地平还能明显减轻缺血３０ｍｉｎ后再灌注１ｈ的单胺递质的降低；结论：Ｎｉｍ对缺血引起损伤的神经     

Effects of recombinant humanen dothelial-derived interleukin-8 on hemorhagic shock in rats

目的：研究重组人内皮细胞衍生的白细胞介素－８（ＩＬ８）对失血性休克的作用．方法：大鼠股动脉放血至ＭＡＢＰ５３２ｋＰａ，维持９０ｍｉｎ，复制晚期失血性休克模型．输血后，静脉注射ＩＬ８２５０μｇ·ｋｇ－１．放免法测定血浆ＥＴ１和６ＫＰＧＦ１α含量．结果：给予ＩＬ８后，ＭＡＢＰ显著提高，休克状态改善，２ｈ存活率相应提高；休克晚期血浆ＥＴ１水平比正常明显升高（２１±４ｖｓ８２±１８ｎｇ·Ｌ－１，Ｐ＜００１），血浆６ＫＰＧＦ１α含量明显降低（１０７±１２ｖｓ１５７±１１ｎｇ·Ｌ－１，Ｐ＜００１）．ＩＬ８显著降低血浆ＥＴ１水平（１０±４ｎｇ·Ｌ－１，Ｐ＜００１），提高血浆６ＫＰＧＦ１α含量（３６８±１６ｎｇ·Ｌ－１，Ｐ＜００１）．结论：ＩＬ８具有较好的抗休克作用．     

3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲酸-8-(二乙胺基)-辛酯对大鼠脑血流及其自动调节功能的影响

用激光多谱勒血流仪连续测量脑血流量（ＣＢＦ），观察３，４，５－三甲氧基苯甲酸－８－（二乙胺基）－辛酯（ＴＭＢ－８）对麻醉大鼠ＣＢＦ及脑血流自动调节功能的影响．结果表明，ＴＭＢ－８０．５，１．０和２．０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１呈剂量依赖性地增加ＣＢＦ５％，２０％和３４％．其中仅２．０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１组使平均动脉压（ＭＡＢＰ）降低６％．而尼莫地平（Ｎｉｍ）０．０１ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１在使ＣＢＦ增加２１％的同时，使ＭＡＢＰ降低了２７％．麻醉大鼠脑血流自动调节的ＭＡＢＰ低限是５．３ｋＰａ．在ＭＡＢＰ４．０ｋＰａ时ＴＭＢ－８２．０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１能增加脑血流自动调节能力，而Ｎｉｍ０．０１ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１则无明显作用．提示ＴＭＢ－８增加ＣＢＦ和增强脑血流自动调节能力是其抗脑缺血作用的机理之一．     

Dual effects of tetrandrine on calcium-activated potassium channels in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells

目的：研究粉防己碱（Ｔｅｔ）对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞钙激活钾（ＫＣａ）通道的影响．方法：内面朝外膜片箝单通道记录法．结果：Ｔｅｔ７５和１５μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１使ＫＣａ的开放概率由０２５１±００１２增加到０３４０±００１３和０４１５±００１１（Ｐ＜００１）．关闭时间由（６１±１５）ｍｓ缩短到（３３±１０）和（２８±１１）ｍｓ（Ｐ＜００１）．Ｔｅｔ３０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１使开放概率和开放时间分别降低到（０１１４±０００８）和（１４７±００９）ｍｓ（Ｐ＜０．０１）．结论：Ｔｅｔ对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞ＫＣａ通道有双重作用．     

Inhibitory effects of nimodipine on platelet aggregation and thrombosis

目的：研究尼莫地平（Ｎｉｍ）对大鼠体内血小板聚集和动脉血栓形成的影响．方法：比浊法测定血小板的聚集率和抑制率；电刺激法测定Ｎｉｍ对体内动脉血栓形成的影响，放免法测定Ｎｉｍ对血浆６酮前列腺素Ｆ１α和血栓素Ｂ２（６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１α／ＴＸＢ２）含量的影响．结果：Ｎｉｍ４５，９，１８和３６ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１ｉｇ４ｄ可显著抑制血小板的聚集．ＩＣ５０（９５％可信限）为２６（９－４４）ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１．Ｎｉｍ４５，９，１８ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１ｉｇ４ｄ可显著延长电刺激诱导的颈动脉血栓形成时间．Ｎｉｍ９和１８ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１可明显改善血浆中６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１α／ＴＸＢ２的比值．结论：Ｎｉｍ抗血栓作用部分与改善６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１α／ＴＸＢ２比值有关．     

Effects of dl-3-n-butylphthalide on region al cerebral blood flow in right middle cerebral artery occlusion rats

目的：观察ｄｌ３ｎ丁基苯酞（ＮＢＰ）对右大脑右中动脉阻断（ＲＭＣＡＯ）大鼠缺血区局部脑血流（ｒＣＢＦ）的影响．方法：氢清除法动态监测ＲＭＣＡＯ大鼠ｒＣＢＦ变化．结果：ＲＭＣＡＯ后１０ｍｉｎｉｐＮＢＰ（５，１０，２０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）可明显增加ｒＣＢＦ（与溶剂对照组相比Ｐ＜００１），４０ｍｉｎ给药有类似作用但作用较弱（与给药前相比Ｐ＜００５），６０ｍｉｎ给药不能增加ｒＣＢＦ（与给药前相比Ｐ＞００５）．此外，ＲＭＣＡＯ前４０ｍｉｎｉｐＮＢＰ也可使ＲＭＣＡＯ后不同时间点ｒＣＢＦ明显增加．尼莫地平（０５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，ｉｐ）与ＮＢＰ（１０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，ｉｐ）具有相似的作用．结论：ＮＢＰ预防给药或治疗给药能使ＲＭＣＡＯ后减少的ｒＣＢＦ明显增加．     

3,4‘,5—三羟基芪—3—β—单—D—葡萄糖苷减轻动脉内皮损伤性血栓形…

３，４＇，５－三羟基芪－３－β－单－Ｄ－葡萄糖苷对兔颈动脉内皮损伤性血栓形成的影响，方法：采用胰蛋白酶损伤兔颈动脉内皮诱导血栓形成模型。结果：Ｐｏｌｉｖ５或１０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１均可显著减少血栓湿重（＜０．０５，＜０．０１）并抑制血小板聚集（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）并抑制血小板聚集（Ｐ，０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）．Ｐｏｌ０．３０－１．１５ｍｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１抑制血小板ＴＸＡ２生成（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.