新生儿早期细菌感染与围产期高危因素的相关性研究

目的 探讨新生儿早期细菌感染与围产期高危因素的相关性。方法 随机选择本院新生儿监护室中符合纳入标准的，日龄≤72h的具有围产期高危因素的新生儿120例。按患儿临床表现及实验室辅助检查分为确定感染组、临床感染组及非感染组，以统计学方法分析7项围产因素与新生儿早期细菌感染之间的关系。结果 （1）与新生儿早期细菌感染显著相关的围产期高危因素依次为：母亲妊娠期感染；不明原因窒息；不明原因早产；羊水粪污染（P〈0．05），且两感染组间比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（2）母亲分娩时发热（体温≥38℃）；胎膜早破≥18h；糖尿病母亲婴儿这3项围产期高危因素未发现与新生儿早期细菌感染显著相关（P〉0．05）。结论 新生儿早期细菌感染的发生与几项围产期高危因素密切相关，其中母亲妊娠期感染是最高危的因素，其在两感染组的OR值分别为83．333和66．666。     

新生儿细菌感染早期临床表现与围产期高危因素的关系

目的 探讨新生儿细菌感染早期临床表现、血象变化及与围产期高危因素的关系.方法 本院新生儿病房2004年1月至2009年8月诊断为新生儿感染的患儿为感染组,同期入院的非感染性患儿为对照组,每组不同发病日龄随机选出至少25例进行病例对照研究.分析新生儿细菌感染早期的临床表现、血象变化及与围产期高危因素间的关系.结果 感染组患儿母亲胎盘绒毛膜炎、胎心率＞160次/min或＜120次/min、晚期减速、母亲产程中CRP＞8 mg/L的发生率明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),其中母亲胎盘绒毛膜炎对感染的影响最大;感染组患儿体温＞37.9℃的发生率高于对照组(P＜0.05),其他症状、体征和对照组相比差异无统计学意义;出生后前3天发病的感染组患儿外周血WBC均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),感染组患儿L/T比值平均为5.4%,明显高于对照组的2.4%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 母亲胎盘绒毛膜炎、胎心率＞160次/min或＜120次/min、晚期减速、母亲产程中CRP＞8 mg/L是新生儿感染的高危因素;新生儿细菌感染早期无特异症状和体征;出生后前3天新生儿细菌感染早期的外周血白细胞总数有参考意义.     

胃液培养在早产儿早期感染诊断中的价值

目的 探讨胃液培养在早产儿早期感染诊断中的价值.方法 选择2006年9月至2007年9月本院新生儿重症监护病房中有围产期感染高危因素的早产儿58例,在出生1 h内行胃液培养,收集早产儿的临床及实验室资料,以是否发生早期感染为依据,将其分为感染组和非感染组,进行统计学分析.结果 胃液细菌培养阳性21例(36.2%),细菌菌种以表皮葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌为主,分别占42.9%和28.6%.感染组与非感染组相比胃液培养阳性率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).母亲感染与早产儿生后第1天发生胃液细菌定植显著相关(x2=7.911,P＜0.05).结论 胃液培养只反映定植状态,与早期感染的发生无明显相关性,应结合临床表现及白细胞计数、C反应蛋白等检查结果合理使用抗生素.     

不同胎龄新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征高危因素及临床分析

目的比较不同胎龄新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)的高危因素、并发症、治疗及预后情况。方法选择2012年8月至2013年7月收治入院的156例RDS新生儿,依据胎龄分为早期早产儿组(出生胎龄34周)42例,晚期早产儿组(出生胎龄34~36周)52例,足月儿组(出生胎龄≥37周)62例。回顾性分析RDS新生儿的基本情况、围生期高危因素、临床特点、治疗及预后。结果 156例RDS新生儿中,男女比例2.25:1;3组新生儿均以男性比例为高,但组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.923);发病时间和入院年龄随胎龄增加均有递增趋势,组间差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。3组新生儿高危因素分析,出生窒息、胎盘异常、多胎妊娠、胎膜早破,均以早期早产儿最多,晚期早产儿次之;足月儿剖宫产率最高;早期早产儿不明原因早产概率高于晚期早产儿,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。3组新生儿中,足月儿的肺表面活性物质(PS)应用率最低;早期早产儿X线分级Ⅱ级以上的比例最高,吸氧和住院时间最长,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。早期早产儿合并肺部感染、颅内出血、支气管肺发育不良的概率均为最高,足月儿合并气胸的比例最高,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。3组新生儿中,早期早产儿治愈率最低,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论不同胎龄RDS新生儿的发病特点、高危因素、并发症及治疗反应均存在差异,因此在诊断和治疗的时候需考虑胎龄因素。对于足月儿要严格掌握择期剖宫产的指证,减少RDS发生。     

胃液检查在新生儿早期细菌感染诊断中的应用

目的探讨胃液检查在新生儿早期细菌感染诊断中的临床价值。方法随机选择2005年9～12月昆明医学院第一附属医院母婴医学中心NICU中日龄≤72h且有围生期感染高危因素的新生儿120例。均在出生1h内开奶前行胃液涂片镜检、胃液细菌培养检查。按患儿临床表现及实验室检查分为确定感染组、临床感染组及非感染组。以统计学方法分析胃液检查在新生儿早期细菌感染诊断中的价值。结果胃液涂片镜检、胃液细菌培养2个感染组与非感染组相比，有显著统计学差异（Pa〈0．01），2个感染组间比较无显著差异（P〉0．05）。胃液培养结果显示大肠埃希菌为新生儿早期感染的最常见致病菌，占46．875％。其中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的耐药菌株所占比例高达40．0％。结论胃液涂片镜检及胃液细菌培养检查阳性率高，在新生儿早期细菌感染的诊断中有较高的应用价值。     

新生儿感染性肺炎时IL-18、IFN-γ与免疫球蛋白关系探讨

目的探讨新生儿感染性肺炎白细胞介素_18(IL_18)和γ_干扰素 (IFN_γ)与免疫球蛋白 (IgG、IgA和IgM )的关系。方法采用免疫酶法 (ELISA)和速率散射比浊法检测111例感染性肺炎患儿血清IL_18、IFN_γ、IgG、IgA和IgM含量。以CRP≥20mg/L作为诊断细菌感染的界限值 ,结合其他临床资料 ,将肺炎患儿分为4组进行分析。结果①肺炎组111份血清中 ,8型常见病毒及支原体特异性IgM阳性40份 (36.0 % ) ,对照组30份血清均阴性 ;病毒及支原体感染23例 (20.7% ) ,细菌感染45例 (40.6 % ) ,病毒及支原体与细菌混合感染17例 (15.3% ) ,其他不明病原感染26例 (23.4% )。②肺炎组IgA、IgM含量>对照组 (P<0.05)。其中 ,病毒及支原体感染组IgA含量>其他不明病原感染组和对照组 (P<0.05) ;细菌感染组IgM含量>对照组 (P<0.05)。肺炎各组IgG、IL_18和IFN_γ含量与对照组比较 ,差异无统计学意义 (P>0.05)。③对照组IgM与IFN_γ呈正相关 (P<0.01)。病毒及支原体感染组IgA和IgM分别与IFN_γ呈正相关 (P<0.01) ;IgA和IgM分别与IL_18呈正相关 (P<0.05) ;IFN_γ与IL_18呈正相关 (P<0.05)。细菌感染组IgA与IL_18呈正相关 (P<0.01)。结论新生儿发生病毒或细菌感染时 ,体内抗感染免疫和免疫调节的机制不同 ,不同种类免疫球蛋白含量也不相同     

新生儿细菌感染时IL-8 IL-10 IL-13水平的研究及其临床意义(英文)

目的：新生儿因处于暂时性的免疫功能低下的状态而容易发生感染性疾病,也是新生儿发病和死亡的重要原因。寻找指标以早期诊断新生儿感染性疾病是临床和研究的重点之一。本研究探讨血清IL-8、IL-10、IL-13水平在新生儿细菌感染的早期诊断和疗效判断中的意义。方法：用ELISA测定3组血清各细胞因子的水平。感染组：21例细菌感染的足月新生儿。非感染组：20例非感染性疾病的足月新生儿。脐血组：30例正常足月新生儿。结果：感染组IL-8、IL-10和IL-13水平(87.0±82.6,35.1±34.8,23.2±46.2 pg/ml)较非感染组升高(56.6±13.2,21.6±12.9,12.0±32.3 pg/ml)(P<0.05);感染组治疗后IL-8和IL-10水平(51.2±3.1,18.5±3.3 pg/ml)较治疗前下降(P<0.05);非感染组IL-13较脐血组(1.2±0.3 pg/ml)显著升高(P<0.05),IL-8、IL-10在两组间无区别。结论：新生儿细菌感染时血清IL-8、IL-10和IL-13显著升高,可做为新生儿细菌感染的参考标志物,而IL-8和IL-10的变化有助于评估新生儿感染的治疗效果。［中国当代儿科杂志,2004, 6(5): 365-368］     

不同时段血清降钙素原浓度对新生儿早发细菌感染的诊治价值

目的：评估出生早期不同时段血清降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)对新生儿早发细菌感染的诊断和治疗价值。方法将195例有宫内感染高危因素的新生儿根据感染结局分为细菌感染组24例及非感染组171例,测定出生2h内,6~12h,12~36h及大于48h新生儿血清PCT、C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)及外周血白细胞含量,分析不同时段PCT诊断早发感染的敏感度、特异度,及其对疗效的判断。结果出生2h内细菌感染组PCT、CRP及白细胞阳性率比较差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);出生6~12h当PCT以2ng/ml为阈值时,其诊断细菌感染的敏感度为91.7%,特异度为86.5%,较CRP及白细胞具有更高的敏感度;出生12~36h是PCT的生理性高峰期,不同阈值的PCT均不能同时有较高的敏感度及特异度,当PCT以0.5ng/ml、2ng/ml以及10ng/ml为阈值时,其敏感度分别为100%、91.7%及75.0%,特异度分别为5.8%、53.8%及95.9%。结论出生6~12h测定PCT,并且以2ng/ml为阈值时,对诊断早发细菌感染有较高的敏感度及特异度,尽量避开PCT的生理性高峰期(出生12~36h)测定PCT浓度,该时期诊断细菌感染的PCT阈值尚需进一步探讨。     

北京地区巨大儿高危因素及并发症分析

目的 探讨北京地区巨大儿的高危因素及并发症,分析各高危因素的权重,即影响程度.方法 随机选择607例病例,分为巨大儿组(297例,体质量≥ 4 000 g)和对照组(310例,2 500 g ＜体质量＜ 4 000 g).使用SAS 9.1统计软件,应用Logistic多元逐步回归方法进行数据分析.结果 巨大儿组母亲孕期增重(21.6 ± 5.9)kg,正常对照组增重(14.7 ± 5.7) kg,两组比较有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.01).Logistic回归分析显示,B超下胎儿双顶径(OR ＝ 341.327)、母亲妊娠期增重(OR ＝ 70.352)是巨大儿的主要高危因素.巨大儿组56.2%的剖宫产率较对照组的13.9%有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.01).巨大儿组母亲产后平均出血量为(235.47 ± 82.23) ml,对照组为(92.81 ± 45.59) ml,差异有统计学意义(t ＝ 7.68,P ＜ 0.01).结论 母亲孕期增重、妊产次、分娩方式、新生儿性别、B超下胎儿双顶径与巨大儿的发生有相关性,B超下胎儿双顶径的影响程度最大,其次为母亲妊娠期增重.巨大儿组较对照组剖宫产和新生儿并发症的发生率高.     

血清前降钙素在新生儿重症感染中的诊断价值

目的 探讨血清前降钙素(PCT)在新生儿重症感染中的诊断价值.方法 应用免疫荧光法对115例重症感染新生儿(细菌感染组75例,病毒感染组40例)和30例无感染征象患儿(对照组)入院时进行血清PCT测定,采用免疫散射比浊法检测CRP和WBC计数,检测结果 分为PCT<0.5 μg/L.0.5～2.0μg/L,2.0～10.0μg/L,≥10.0μg/L 4个等级,PCT0.5μg/L为阳性,2.0 μg/L,为强阳性.对明确细菌感染的新生儿复查PCT及CRP水平.结果 细菌感染组PCT阳性率为96%(72/75例).病毒感染组PCT.阳性率为35%(14/40)例),对照组PCT阳性率为6.67%(2/30例).3组间PCT阳性率两两比较,差异有显著意义(P<0.01).细菌感染组PCT强阳性率为44%(33/75例),与病毒感染组(10%)和对照组(0)比较,差异均有显著意义(Pa<0.01);病毒感染组PCT强阳性率与对照组比较,差异无显著意义(P>0.05).细菌感染组CRP阳性率明显高于病毒感染组和对照组(Pa<0.05);病毒感染组与对照组CRP比较,差异无显著意义(P>0.05).细菌感染组治疗后5例PCT≥10.0μg/L,2例死亡,3例病情恶化自动出院.结论 血清PCT是鉴别细菌感染和病毒感染、细菌感染预后判断及治疗监测的主要指标之一.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.