吻合指神经背侧支的指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复末节手指指腹缺损

目的探讨总结吻合指神经背侧支的指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣在修复末节手指指腹缺损中的治疗效果。方法对14例15指末节手指指腹缺损的病例使用指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣进行修复,修复过程中仔细解剖同侧指固有神经近节背侧分支中较粗大的分支,将背侧分支的近端与缺损创面对侧指固有神经的远端吻合,修复指腹创面的同时修复缺损的感觉。结果所有指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣成活,经8～12个月的随访,修复的指腹外形饱满,外观好,皮肤耐磨,两点辨别觉在5mm左右,指腹感觉在达S3以上。结论吻合神经的指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复末节手指指腹缺损的方法优于其他修复方法。     

以示指桡掌侧筋膜皮支为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为以示指桡掌侧固有动脉近侧指间关节附近的皮支为蒂的第2掌指背侧逆行岛状皮瓣修复示指指端缺损提供解剖学基础。方法：在32个手部血管铸型标本、血管灌注标本上，解剖观察示指桡掌侧固有动脉分支与示指桡背侧指背动脉的吻合，皮瓣供区血管、神经分布。结果：示指桡掌侧固有动脉在近侧指间关节附近发出皮支与示指桡背侧动脉在桡背侧有吻合，皮瓣供区有示指背．掌背静脉和示指桡背侧神经，并形成筋膜、静脉和皮神经血管网。结论：以示指桡掌侧固有动脉在近侧指间关节附近的筋膜皮支为蒂可形成第2掌指背逆行岛状皮瓣，是示指指端软组织缺损修复的较佳皮瓣。     

带感觉支指背筋膜逆行岛状皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损

目的探讨以指背筋膜为蒂、带指固有神经背侧支的指背筋膜逆行岛状皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损的疗效。方法回顾性分析2005年至2008年应用带指固有神经背侧支的指背筋膜逆行岛状皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损20例25指。术中根据损伤部位和特点,在伤指近节背桡侧或背尺侧设计皮瓣,皮瓣侧缘不超过手指侧中线,旋转点位于远侧指间关节背桡侧或背尺侧,轴心线与手指纵轴平行。深筋膜下锐性分离,逆行转移修复指端缺损。如修复指腹,将皮瓣内含指固有神经背侧支,在皮瓣转位后将其与创面指固有神经吻合。并对皮瓣的设计、切取、成活特点及治疗效果进行观察。结果皮瓣全部成活。随访8～24个月,平均20个月。修复后的手指外观与功能良好,质地柔软,两点辨别觉达0．4～0．6cm。结论带指固有神经背侧支的指背筋膜逆行岛状皮瓣切取简单,对供区损伤小,转移随意性强,外观好,转移后能恢复较好的感觉,是修复手指皮肤缺损的理想皮瓣。     

指侧方岛状皮瓣前移修复指腹缺损

示、中、环指末节背侧皮肤血运是由掌侧血管分支供应,如果其指腹缺损用含两侧指固有血管神经的皮瓣推移修复,可能导致远节背侧皮肤软组织缺血坏死,而用含一侧指掌侧固有血管神经为蒂的侧方岛状皮瓣在屈指状态下向掌前侧移位修复,就可以避免这种并发症.在伸指锻炼中,指固有神经被延长,存留良好的感觉功能.自1996年至今,我们应用这种方法治疗示、中、环指指腹缺损9例12指,结果满意,报告如下.     

指侧方岛状皮瓣前移修复指腹缺损

示、中、环指末节背侧皮肤血运是由掌侧血管分支供应,如果其指腹缺损用含两侧指固有血管神经的皮瓣推移修复,可能导致远节背侧皮肤软组织缺血坏死,而用含一侧指掌侧固有血管神经为蒂的侧方岛状皮瓣在屈指状态下向掌前侧移位修复,就可以避免这种并发症.在伸指锻炼中,指固有神经被延长,存留良好的感觉功能.自1996年至今,我们应用这种方法治疗示、中、环指指腹缺损9例12指,结果满意,报告如下. 　　……     

指侧方岛状皮瓣前移修复指腹缺损

示、中、环指末节背侧皮肤血运是由掌侧血管分支供应,如果其指腹缺损用含两侧指固有血管神经的皮瓣推移修复,可能导致远节背侧皮肤软组织缺血坏死,而用含一侧指掌侧固有血管神经为蒂的侧方岛状皮瓣在屈指状态下向掌前侧移位修复,就可以避免这种并发症。在伸指锻炼中,指固有神经被延长,存留良好的感觉功能。自1996年至今,我们应用这种方法治疗示、中、环指指腹缺损9例12指,结果满意,报告如下。 1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料:本组9例,12指,其中男6例,女3     

中指动脉解剖及在皮瓣设计中的意义

在放大５～１０倍的手术显微镜下解剖观察了３２侧带色乳胶灌注的新鲜成人中指动脉及其分支。中指掌侧固有动脉有４条较为恒定的桡、尺侧吻合支，分别位于近节指骨头部、中节指骨头部、末节指骨中部和甲根部。这些吻合支口径０．３～０．４ｍｍ，是设计中指逆行岛状皮瓣的血供基础，切取时需加以保留。中指掌侧固有动脉向掌侧发出７条皮支，向背侧发出４条皮支，这些细小皮支可作为局部皮瓣的供血动脉。其中向背侧发出的第一、第二两分支因位置恒定，走行距离长，皮肤质地良好等优点，是修复中指掌面和侧面皮肤缺损皮瓣设计的解剖学基础。     

指背动脉蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：报道指背动脉蒂逆行岛状皮瓣设计的解剖学基础。方法：对12只新鲜尸体手标本分别经动脉灌注红色乳胶及动脉铸型标本对照观察，对掌背动脉及指背动脉进行显微解剖，根据其血管分布设计成指背动脉蒂逆行岛状皮瓣。结果：掌背动脉与指掌侧固有动脉在近节指骨底有交通支相连，掌背动脉的终末支-指背动脉，位于指背腱膜的两侧，一般不超过近节指骨中部，有小分支与指掌侧固有动脉的背侧分支在指背形成丰富的血管吻合网。结论：指背动脉与指掌侧固有动脉的吻合支丰富，可以其为蒂，设计成逆行岛状皮瓣，该皮瓣设计合理、血供可靠、操作简便，是手指末端软组织缺损修复较理想皮瓣。     

指动脉背侧终末支皮瓣修复手指末端缺损的疗效

目的探讨指动脉背侧终末支皮瓣修复指末节组织缺损的效果。方法选取2014年2月至2018年9月山东省立第三医院收治的采用指动脉背侧终末支皮瓣修复指末端组织缺损的患者35例(48指),依照缺损的面积、形状,于患指的近节或中节指背设计并切取皮瓣,皮瓣切取面积为10 mm×12 mm^23 mm×41 mm。记录皮瓣成活情况、外观、质地、弹性、患指活动度、患者的满意程度、皮瓣区两点分辨觉,依照中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准进行评价。结果本研究48指移植皮瓣全部成活,经1~12个月随访,移植皮瓣供血较好,外观、质地及弹性和受区附近皮肤比较无明显区别,皮瓣两点分辨觉为4~8 mm,各指间关节活动及供区无异常,患者均较满意。结论以指动脉背侧终末支为供血的筋膜蒂岛状逆行皮瓣设计合理,切取方便,不伤及指固有动脉和神经,成活率高,是修复指末端软组织缺损的一种有效方法。     

指动脉背侧支皮瓣的解剖学基础及临床应用

目的　探讨指动脉背侧支皮瓣血管解剖学基础及临床应用经验。 方法　5侧成人新鲜上肢标本经动脉红色乳胶灌注并解剖,观察指动脉背侧支的起始处外径,走行距离及吻合支情况。1侧成人新鲜上肢标本经氧化铅灌注,分别于灌注后2、4h行X线片摄影,观察指动脉背侧支走行、分布情况。临床上设计切取以指动脉背侧支为蒂的游离皮瓣修复指腹皮肤软组织缺损共6例6指。 结果　指动脉背侧支发出部位比较恒定,分别在近节指中段、近节中远1/3、中节中段及远指间关节平面,其中以近节中远1/3处的皮支发出最为恒定,起始处外径约为0.2mm。临床设计游离皮瓣6例6块修复指腹软组织缺损,皮瓣全部成活。术后随访6~18月（平均12月）,皮瓣血运、质地、弹性良好,外形美观,感觉恢复S3,对供区损伤小。 结论　指动脉背侧支解剖恒定,供血可靠,以指动脉背侧支为蒂的游离皮瓣修复指腹创面是一种理想的方法,临床上可依具体情况选择来修复。     

足背内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复足远端创面应用解剖

目的：为远端蒂足背内侧皮伸经浅静脉营养血管皮瓣修复足远端皮肤缺损提供解剖学基础。方法：在31侧成人下肢标本f：解削观察足背内侧皮神经分支分布特点，6侧新鲜足标本观测皮神经血供分规律。结果：足背内侧皮神经及其分支恒定的血供来源，近端主要来自胫前动脉末端或足背动脉发m的皮支，外径0．8～1．0mm，内、外侧支远端来自南足底内侧动脉的皮支和第2跖背动脉末端的皮支，皮动脉外径在0.5—0．8mm。皮动脉分支营养神经及神经及浅静脉，在神经和静脉旁分支间形成链式吻合，与筋膜皮肤的血管互相吻合。结论：足背内侧皮神经浅静脉营养血管足背皮瓣可设计两种远端蒂修复足远端创面，(1)以第1跖趾关节内侧近端1．3～1．5cm为旋转轴点。(2)以距第2趾蹼游离缘1．5cm为旋转轴点。     

Neural pattern in the human pollical distal phalanx

A morphological study of the neural pattern in the human ungual region of the pollical distal phalanx was carried out on eight male cadavers. The dissections showed a palmar neural arrangement consisting of four designated ungual nerves, two proximal and two distal, for each of the ulnar and radial palmar digital nerves at the lateral sides of the thumb. This neural configuration was associated with the compartmentalization of its ungual pulp, the difference between the type of sensory receptors within the ungual pulp, the overlapping of the tactile composition at the thumb tip, seen clinically after laceration of one of the palmar digital nerves, and the sensory supply to the nail bed in the dorsal portion of the thumb. The proximal ungual pulp compartment had a single proximal medial ungual nerve, which did not appear, as far as visually possible, to overlap at the midline of the proximal ungual pulp. In contrast, the distal ungual pulp compartment was supplied by a medial and a lateral ungual nerve, both of which did appear to overlap to their contralateral sides in the thumb tip. A single proximal dorsal sensory nerve branched dorsally from each of ulnar and radial palmar digital nerves at the level of the proximal ungual pulp to supply the nail bed on the dorsum of the thumb.     

Anatomic basis of ulnar index metacarpal reverse flow vascularized bone graft for index distal bone loss

Well-known advantages of vascularized bone grafts led us to determine the anatomical basis of a metacarpal vascularized bone graft to find a solution for distal index bone loss. Seventeen adult human hands from fresh cadavers were dissected and analyzed. For each hand, we studied the second dorsal metacarpal artery, the ulnar dorsal proper digital artery of index, and the ulnar palmar proper digital artery of the index. Location, diameters, origins, and anastomoses were observed, and at the end, the vascularised bone graft was raised. The second dorsal metacarpal artery was present in all hands, always arising from the dorsal carpal arch with a 1-mm mean diameter. The ulnar dorsal proper digital artery of index was isolated on all dissections, with a subcutaneous location on the ulno-dorsal side of the proximal phalanx. The mean diameter of ulnar dorsal proper digital artery at the level of index proximal phalanx was 0.4 mm. We found anastomotic branches between the ulnar dorsal and palmar proper digital artery of index at the level of the proximal phalanx which permitted us to elevate a vascularised bone graft. We succeeded in removing the graft in all specimens. Its pivot point was always more distal than the middle of the proximal phalanx. The arc of rotation allowed the graft to reach the distal phalanx in 80% of the cases. This anatomical study has demonstrated the theoretical possibility of a reversed pedicled bone graft taken from the ulnar neck of the second metacarpal. This graft brings the following benefits: (a) the use of a minor vascular axis, (b) a surgical technique with a dorsal approach allowing the elevation and the use of the graft at the same time. It can be used on the index for failures of DIP joint arthrodesis, huge chondroma, or traumatology.     

Arterial anatomical basis of the dorsal digito-metacarpal flap for long fingers

Several flaps have been described to treat severe soft tissue defects of the finger dorsal side. Many authors studied vascular organization of the hand on its dorsal side; most of them insisted on deep vascularization into the intermetacarpal spaces, which is formed by the dorsal metacarpal arteries. Those dorsal metacarpal arteries are the anatomical support of many flaps, which do not preserve the dorsal interosseous muscles fascias. Only few authors described dorsal vascular organization at the level of the proximal phalanx; however, using a rotation point of a flap distally to the metacarpal head with a donor site on the dorsal aspect of the hand could cover all distal soft tissue defect of long finger. In order to determine the technical limitations of dorsal digito-metacarpal flap procedures, we studied number and location of arterial anastomoses between the reticular subcutaneous dorsal network and the rest of the vascularization at this level, which was formed by the deeper dorsal metacarpal arteries, common palmar digital arteries and proper palmar digital arteries, and between the dorsal digital arteries. Twenty-four long fingers from embalmed cadavers were studied after a reverse flow injection of colored latex and dissected layer-by-layer preserving the digital-metacarpal arterial network. At the level of the hand, the dorsal metacarpal arteries of the third and fourth intermetacarpal spaces were inconstant. When present, two or three arteries anastomosed in star shape with the reticular network. No such arterial anastomosis was observed proximally to the level of the intertendinous connections (junctura tendinorum) that bridge the extensor digitorum communis tendons. When no dorsal metacarpal artery was present, some communicant arteries arose from the common palmar digital arteries. Moreover, all the nutrient branches were more numerous distally to the intertendinous connections (junctura tendinorum). At the level of the metacarpophalangeal joints, the hand cutaneous network was always anastomosed with the dorsal cutaneous network. At the level of fingers, the dorsal cutaneous network was always supplied by four branches arising from the proper digital artery. Our study supported the reliability of dorsal digitometacarpal flaps, supplied by numerous palmodorsal digital anastomoses and by a rich plexiforme network joining the hand skin supply and that of the dorsal finger skin. During the procedure, we recommend limiting the surgical dissection of the flap at the level of the middle phalanx.     

带腓浅神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：提供带腓浅神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的形态学依据。方法：在３２侧成人下肢标本上,观测了腓浅神经及其营养血管、周围皮肤的血供情况。结果：腓浅神经（皮下段）近侧的血供为腓浅动脉深支的皮动脉、第１支肌间隔动脉,起始处外径分别为０．８ｍｍ、１．１ｍｍ;第１支肌间隔动脉穿出深筋膜前长为１．８ｃｍ。远侧则为腓动脉穿支之升支、降支的皮支和足背动脉皮支,起始处外径分别为０．９ｍｍ、０．７ｍｍ和０．８ｍｍ,穿出深筋膜前长分别为１．２ｃｍ、０．７ｃｍ和０．８ｃｍ。其神经支在神经干内或旁彼此吻合,构成纵向链式血管网,并借分支与皮肤、皮下及筋膜血管网沟通。结论：可设计带皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位软组织缺损