人肺腺癌细胞系中肿瘤干细胞的分离培养及鉴定*

目的：从人肺腺癌细胞系A 549 及H 1299中分离富集含肿瘤干细胞的细胞球并鉴定其生物学特性。方法：用无血清悬浮培养的方法从人肺腺癌A 549 及H 1299细胞株中富集得到肿瘤细胞球。将肿瘤细胞球传代扩增,体外利用CCK-8 法、平皿克隆以及Transwell 小室实验,研究细胞球的增殖情况、自我更新和侵袭转移能力;通过RT-PCR 检测干细胞特异性转录因子Oct4、Nanog基因表达情况;体内利用裸鼠移植瘤形成实验研究肺癌细胞球的成瘤能力。鉴定细胞球的肿瘤干细胞特性。结果：在无血清悬浮培养下,A 549 及H 1299细胞株3~ 6 天后能形成稳定传代的肿瘤悬浮球,悬浮球的体外自我更新、克隆形成和侵袭转移等能力均高于其亲本细胞（P < 0.05）;干细胞核心基因Oct4 和Nanog的mRNA 表达水平明显升高（P < 0.05）;A 549 悬浮球可以明显提高裸鼠体内成瘤能力。结论：通过无血清悬浮培养法可有效富集A 549 及H 1299细胞系中的干细胞成分,该法可成为快速易行构建肺腺癌干细胞模型的方法。     

IL-6 signaling contributes to cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer via the up-regulation of anti-apoptotic and dna repair associated molecules

Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is currently the most effective treatment regimen for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but eventually tumor resistance develops which limits its success. The potential implication of IL-6 signaling in the cisplatin resistance of NSCLC was explored by testing whether NSCLC cells with different levels of intracellular IL-6 show different responses to the cytotoxic treatment of cisplatin. When the cisplatin cytotoxicity of the IL-6 knocked down human NSCLC cells (A549IL-6si and H157IL-6si) were compared with their corresponding scramble control cells (A549sc and H157sc), higher cisplatin cytotoxicity was found in IL-6 si cells than sc cells. Subcutaneous xenograft mouse models were developed using a pair of A549sc and A549IL-6si cells. When the tumor grew to about 400 mm², mice were treated with cisplatin and tumor regression was monitored. Higher tumor regression was detected in the A549IL-6si xenografts compared to A549sc xenografts following cisplatin treatment. Immunostaining study results from tumor tissues also supported this finding. Expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 and DNA repair associated molecules ATM, CHK1, TP73, p53, and ERCC1 were significantly up regulated in cisplatin-treated A549sc and H157sc cells, but no increase was detected in A549IL-6si and H157IL-6si cells. Further inhibitor studies revealed that up regulation of these molecules by IL-6 may be through activation of IL-6 downstream signaling pathways like Akt, MAPK, Stat3, and Erk. These results provide potential for combining cisplatin and inhibitors of IL-6 signaling or its downstream signaling pathway as a future therapeutic approach in preventing development of cisplatin resistant NSCLC tumors.     

PAGE5对非小细胞肺癌细胞生长、凋亡和侵袭能力的影响

目的：探讨前列腺相关基因5（PAGE5）在非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）中的表达及其对肺癌细胞生物学行为的影响。方法：采用实时定量PCR和Western blot方法检测37例NSCLC及其癌旁组织中PAGE5的表达;采用MTT法、流式细胞术、Transwell以及Western blot法检测转染PAGE5 siRNA对A549和H1299细胞生长、凋亡、侵袭以及Bax、Bcl－2和MMP－2表达的影响。结果：在37．84％（14／37）的肺癌组织样本中PAGE5基因表达上调。转染PAGE5 siRNA的A549和H1299细胞生长无明显变化、细胞凋亡显著增加、侵袭能力显著下降（P＜0．05）,Bax蛋白表达显著上调,Bcl－2和MMP－2蛋白表达显著下调（P＜0．05）。结论：PAGE5可能通过调控Bax、Bcl－2及MMP－2蛋白的表达影响NSCLC细胞的生长、凋亡与侵袭,有望成为肺癌诊断标志物及潜在的治疗靶点。     

Proteasome Inhibitors Diminish c-Met Expression and Induce Cell Death in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer and accounts for 85% of all lung carcinomas. The hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met) has been considered as a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC. Proteasome inhibition induces cell apoptosis and has been used as a novel therapeutic approach for treating diseases including NSCLC; however, the effects of different proteasome inhibitors on NSCLC have not been fully investigated. The aim of this study is to determine a precise strategy for treating NSCLC by targeting c-Met using different proteasome inhibitors. Three proteasome inhibitors, bortezomib, MG132, and ONX 0914, were used in this study. Bortezomib (50 nM) significantly reduced c-Met levels and cell viability in H1299 and H441 cells, while similar effects were observed in H460 and A549 cells when a higher concentration (~100 nM) was used. Bortezomib decreased c-Met gene expression in H1299 and H441 cells, but it had no effect in A549 and H460 cells. MG-132 at a low concentration (0.5 µM) diminished c-Met levels in H441 cells, while neither a low nor a high concentration (~20 µM) altered c-Met levels in A549 and H460 cells. A higher concentration of MG-132 (5 µM) was required for decreasing c-Met levels in H1299 cells. Furthermore, MG-132 induced cell death in all four cell types. Among all the four cell lines, H441 cells expressed higher levels of c-Met and appeared to be the most susceptible to MG-132. MG-132 decreased c-Met mRNA levels in both H1299 and H441 cells. ONX 0914 reduced c-Met levels in H460, H1299, and H441 cells but not in A549 cells. c-Met levels were decreased the most in H441 cells treated with ONX 0914. ONX 0914 did not alter cell viability in H441; however, it did induce cell death among H460, A549, and H1299 cells. This study reveals that different proteasome inhibitors produce varied inhibitory effects in NSCLS cell lines.     

E-钙黏蛋白在人非小细胞肺癌细胞多西他赛耐药中的作用

目的:探讨非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)A549、H1299、H358、H441多西他赛（docetaxel，DTX）耐药细胞株与上皮间质转化（epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT）的关系，并初步研究逆转E-cadherin的表达对NSCLC细胞多西他赛耐药性的影响。方法:应用Real-time PCR 和Western blot 方法检测上皮间质转化相关标志物E-cadherin、Vimentin、N-cadherin、Snail在亲本细胞和多西他赛耐药细胞之间的表达差异；应用慢病毒载体介导构建稳定表达E-cadherin的NSCLC多西他赛耐药细胞；MTS法检测NSCLC细胞多西他赛耐药特性。结果:与A549、H1299、H358、H441四株亲本细胞相比，多西他赛耐药细胞（A549DTX，H1299DTX，H358DTX，H441DTX）形态呈长梭形，呈上皮间质转化（EMT）样改变。多西他赛耐药细胞中E-cadherin表达下调，Vimentin、N-cadherin、Snail表达上调。成功构建了过表达E-cadherin的NSCLC多西他赛耐药细胞。过表达E-cadherin细胞株细胞形态与空载对照细胞株以及亲本耐药细胞株相比呈间质上皮转化(MET)样改变。MTS结果显示四种不同E-cadherin过表达的NSCLC多西他赛耐药细胞对多西他赛的敏感性均强于其亲本耐药细胞和空载对照细胞。结论:NSCLC多西他赛耐药细胞发生EMT样改变，上调E-cadherin能增加NSCLC多西他赛耐药细胞对多西他赛的敏感性。     

RG108 调控 TFPI-2 甲基化/TMPRSS4 表达对 NSCLC 细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的：探讨RG108对人非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）A549和H1299细胞增殖、凋亡的影响及其可能的作用机制。方法：体外培养A549和H1299细胞,经不同浓度RG108处理后,采用MTT法、流式细胞术分别检测细胞增殖率、细胞周期和凋亡水平;qPCR和Western blotting（WB）法检测细胞内TFPI-2 mRNA和蛋白的表达及TMPRSS4的表达量,以甲基化特异性PCR和比色法检测细胞中TFPI-2启动子区域甲基化的状态和程度;分别采用siRNA-TFPI-2和pcDNA3.0-TMPRSS4质粒敲减TFPI-2或过表达TMPRSS4,然后检测细胞增殖率及凋亡率的变化。结果：RG108处理后,A549和H1299细胞的增殖率显著降低（均P<0.05）、细胞周期阻滞于G1/S期（均P<0.05）而凋亡率显著增加（均P<0.01）,细胞中TFPI-2 mRNA及蛋白表达水平均显著升高（P<0.01和P<0.05）,同时细胞中TFPI-2启动子区域甲基化程度显著降低（均P<0.05）、TMPRSS4的表达也明显减少（P<0.05）。沉默TFPI-2表达后,A549和H1299细胞的增殖水平显著增加（均P<0.05）,而转染pcDNA3.0-TMPRSS4质粒则显著降低细胞的凋亡率（均P<0.05）。结论：RG108能够通过抑制TFPI-2甲基化负向调控TMPRSS4表达进而抑制A549和H1299细胞的增殖,并促进其凋亡。     

Simultaneous targeting of ATM and Mcl-1 increases cisplatin sensitivity of cisplatin-resistant non-small cell lung cancer

Development of cisplatin-resistance is an obstacle in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) therapeutics. To investigate which molecules are associated with cisplatin-resistance, we analyzed expression profiles of several DNA repair and anti-apoptosis associated molecules in parental (A549P and H157P) and cisplatin-resistant (A549CisR and H157CisR) NSCLC cells. We detected constitutively upregulated nuclear ATM and cytosolic Mcl-1 molcules in cisplatin-resistant cells compared with parental cells. Increased levels of phosphorylated ATM (p-ATM) and its downstream molecules, CHK2, p-CHK2, p-53, and p-p53 were also detected in cisplatin-resistant cells, suggesting an activation of ATM signaling in these cells. Upon inhibition of ATM and Mcl-1 expression/activity using specific inhibitors of ATM and/or Mcl-1, we found significantly enhanced cisplatin-cytotoxicity and increased apoptosis of A549CisR cells after cisplatin treatment. Several A549CisR-derived cell lines, including ATM knocked down (A549CisR-siATM), Mcl-1 knocked down (A549CisR-shMcl1), ATM/Mcl-1 double knocked down (A549CisR-siATM/shMcl1) as well as scramble control (A549CisR-sc), were then developed. Higher cisplatin-cytotoxicity and increased apoptosis were observed in A549CisR-siATM, A549CisR-shMcl1, and A549CisR-siATM/shMcl1 cells compared with A549CisR-sc cells, and the most significant effect was shown in A549CisR-siATM/shMcl1 cells. In in vivo mice studies using subcutaneous xenograft mouse models developed with A549CisR-sc and A549CisR-siATM/shMcl1 cells, significant tumor regression in A549CisR-siATM/shMcl1 cells-derived xenografts was observed after cisplatin injection, but not in A549CisR-sc cells-derived xenografts. Finally, inhibitor studies revealed activation of Erk signaling pathway was most important in upregulation of ATM and Mcl-1 molcules in cisplatin-resistant cells. These studies suggest that simultaneous blocking of ATM/Mcl-1 molcules or downstream Erk signaling may recover the cisplatin-resistance of lung cancer.     

Emodin enhances cisplatin sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer through Pgp downregulation

Cisplatin resistance is one of the main causes of chemotherapy failure and tumor progression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Emodin has been demonstrated to induce NSCLC cell apoptosis and act as a potential cancer therapeutic agent. However, whether emodin could affect NSCLC cell sensitivity toward cisplatin remains unclear. The present study aimed to determine the effect of emodin and cisplatin combination on the chemosensitivity of NSCLC cells. A549 and H460 cells were treated with different concentrations of cisplatin and/or emodin. Cell Counting Kit-8, fluorescence microscopy, immunofluorescence assays and flow cytometry were used to determine cell proliferation, drug efflux, DNA damage level and cell apoptosis, respectively. P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) expression was detected by western blotting. The results demonstrated that emodin and cisplatin inhibited the proliferation of A549 and H460 cells. Furthermore, emodin inhibited the drug efflux in A549 and H460 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, emodin enhanced cisplatin-induced apoptosis and DNA damage in A549 and H460 cells. Emodin also decreased Pgp expression in A549 and H460 cells in a dose-dependent manner; however, it had no effect on MRP1 expression. Taken together, the results from the present study demonstrated that emodin can increase A549 and H460 cell sensitivity to cisplatin by inhibiting Pgp expression. Emodin may therefore be considered as an effective adjuvant for cisplatin treatment.     

MKP1 repression is required for the chemosensitizing effects of NF-κB and PI3K inhibitors to cisplatin in non-small cell lung cancer

Treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with cisplatin has a level of antitumor activity still modest. We have shown previously that MKP1/DUSP1 inhibits cisplatin-induced apoptosis in NSCLC cells and is overexpressed in tumors from most patients with stage I–II NSCLC. Here, using different NSCLC cell lines we found that MKP1 and NF-κB are differentially expressed. We studied whether targeting MKP1, NF-κB or both affects cisplatin-induced cell death. MKP1 is expressed in H460 and H727 cells. H727 and H1299 cells showed constitutive phosphorylation of Akt and increased NF-κB activity than did H460 cells. H460-MKP1-siRNA-expressing cells (but not H727-MKP1-siRNA or H1299-MKP1-siRNA cells) exhibit a marked increase in cisplatin response compared with parental cells. Treatment with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or the NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082 enhanced cisplatin antitumor activity in parental H1299 cells but only weakly affected responses of H727 and H460 cells. MKP1-siRNA expression enhanced the chemosensitization effect of LY294002 and BAY11-7082 on H727 and H460 cells. Additionally, NSCLC cell lines with higher NF-κB-constitutive activation were the most sensitive to PS-341 (Bortezomib), a non-specific NF-κB inhibitor. This finding suggests the proteasome as a suitable strategy in treating NSCLC tumors with high constitutive NF-κB activity. Altogether, these results showed that either an activated PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway and/or high MKP1 was linked to reduced sensitivity to cisplatin in NSCLC cells. Inhibition of NF-κB or PI3K potently enhanced cisplatin cytotoxicity in cells with endogenous or genetically induced low MKP1 levels. These findings support the potential improvement in cisplatin responses by co-targeting NF-κB or Akt and MKP1.     

索拉非尼抑制人非小细胞肺癌细胞的增殖并诱导其凋亡

目的:观察索拉非尼对人非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)A549和H1299细胞增殖和凋亡的影响,并探讨其可能机制。方法:不同浓度索拉非尼作用A549和H1299细胞后,应用CCK-8(cellcountingkit-8)法检测细胞的增殖抑制率,FCM检测细胞周期和细胞凋亡,蛋白质印迹法检测细胞的磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶(phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase,p-ERK)和磷酸化Ak(tphosphorylated Akt,p-Akt)蛋白的表达水平。结果:不同浓度索拉非尼能抑制A549和H1299细胞的增殖,且呈浓度依赖性(P<0.05);索拉非尼能诱导细胞凋亡,与对照组比较,G0/G1期细胞比率明显上升,S期细胞比率相应下降,细胞阻滞于G0/G1期(P<0.05);索拉非尼作用后,A549和H1299细胞中p-ERK蛋白的表达明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:索拉非尼能抑制人NSCLCA549和H1299细胞的增殖并诱导其凋亡,其作用机制可能与阻断ERK信号通路有关。     

肺癌放射抗性细胞系构建及生物行为研究

目的 构建肺癌放射抗性细胞系, 观察细胞在形态、凋亡、侵袭迁移能力和上皮间质转化的改变。方法 采用小剂量等分割照射法、亚致死剂量照射法及梯度递增照射法筛选肺癌A549和H1299放射抗性细胞系, 显微镜下观察细胞形态学改变, 克隆形成实验检测放射敏感性, CCK-8法检测细胞受照后存活率;流式细胞仪检测凋亡率;Transwell实验检测细胞侵袭迁移能力的变化;蛋白印迹法检测上皮间质转化标志蛋白表达。结果 梯度递增照射法构建肺癌放射抗性细胞系可行性好, 得到放射抗性细胞A549R和H1299R, 形态学观察示放射抗性细胞向间质细胞形态转变。分别以A549和H1299细胞为对照, A549R和H1299R细胞D₀、D_q、SF₂增加(P=0.017和0.033、0.001和0.000、0.000和0.008), α和α/β值减少(P=0.018和0.001、0.007和0.009)。A549R和H1299R细胞在不同照射剂量下存活率均大于对照组(P值均<0.05), 受照后凋亡率降低(P=0.02和0.01), 侵袭率及迁徙率增高(P=0.000和0.001及0.001和0.002), E-钙黏蛋白表达下调和波形蛋白表达增高(P=0.00和0.01及P=0.02和0.01)。结论 成功构建肺癌放射抗性细胞系, 其侵袭迁移能力增强, 并且可能与上皮间质转化有关系。     

circSMARCA5通过CCL5富集Treg细胞促进非小细胞肺癌细胞的增殖

目的：检测circSMRCA5在非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）组织和细胞中的表达,以及其在NSCLC发生发展中的潜在功能和机制。方法：用qPCR 法检测circSMARCA5在NSCLC 组织中的表达。使用慢病毒转染法将circSMARCA5过表达质粒和对照质粒pLC5分别转染人肺癌A549 和H1975 细胞。采用qPCR法检测稳定转染细胞中circSMARCA5的表达水平。通过CCK-8、克隆形成、细胞周期和异种移植瘤实验检测circSMARCA5 过表达对A549 和H1975 细胞生物学行为的影响。通过转录组测序、KEGG和GO富集分析,确定circSMARCA5可能的靶基因。分别构建circSMARCA5过表达A549、Lewis 细胞BABL/c 裸鼠和免疫正常的C57 小鼠皮下移植瘤模型,观察circSMARCA5对裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长的影响,流式细胞术检测对Lewis 细胞移植瘤组织中Treg 细胞水平的影响。结果：circSMARCA5在NSCLC 组织中呈高表达（P<0.01）。过表达circSMARCA5可以在体外促进NSCLC 细胞的增殖（P<0.05,P<0.01）。体内实验中,circSMARCA5 可以促进裸鼠皮下移植瘤的生长（P<0.01）。机制上,经KEGG 和GO 富集分析,确定C-C 趋化因子配体5（CCL5）为circSMARCA5 的下游靶基因。过表达circSMARCA5 组A549 和H1975 细胞中CCL5 的表达量增加（均P<0.05）。circSMARCA5 介导的CCL5 上调促进了免疫正常的C57 小鼠皮下移植瘤的生长。C57 小鼠皮下移植瘤制备成的单细胞悬液行流式细胞术检测显示,circSMARCA5过表达组的Treg 细胞比例高于对照组[（3.1±0.5）% vs （1.0±0.1）%,P<0.05]。结论：circSMARCA5在NSCLC组织中呈高表达,其可能通过CCL5将Treg 细胞招募到肿瘤中,导致肿瘤的免疫逃逸,促进NSCLC的进展。     

MicroRNA-7对非小细胞肺癌表柔比星化疗的增敏作用

目的:研究microRNA-7(miR-7)对非小细胞肺癌A549和H1299细胞表柔比星(epirubicin,EPI)化疗的增敏作用及其机制。方法:EPI、miR-7 mimics单独或联合处理A549和H1299细胞后,CCK-8法检测A549和H1299细胞的增殖,Annexin-V/PI染色流式细胞术检测A549和H1299细胞的凋亡,实时定量PCR检测A549和H1299细胞中EGFR及Raf-1mRNA的表达。结果:单独使用EPI或转染miR-7 mimics均可抑制A549和H1299细胞的增殖(P<0.05),而转染miR-7 mim-ics后再以50～400 ng/ml EPI处理,较单独EPI处理显著增强对A549和H1299细胞增殖的抑制作用(P<0.05)。当miR-7mimics与EPI联用时,A549和H1299细胞的凋亡率则分别较EPI单独处理组增加(54.9±0.4)%和(67.2±0.5)%(均P<0.01),且伴随EGFR及Raf-1 mRNA表达量的显著下降(P<0.01),A549细胞中分别降低(68.0±6.0)%和(78.2±3.9)%,H1299细胞中分别降低(94.8±6.2)%和(87.8±4.3)%。结论:miR-7可通过下调EGFR及Raf-1 mRNA的表达,协同EPI抑制非小细胞肺癌A549和H1299细胞的增殖,并促进细胞凋亡。     

p53 Cooperates berberine-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis of non-small cell human lung cancer cells in vitro and tumor xenograft growth in vivo

Berberine has been shown to have anti-carcinogenic effects. Since p53 is the most commonly mutated tumor suppressor gene, and a lack of functional p53 is associated with an increased risk of cancer development, we examined the effects of berberine on p53-positive and p53-deficient non-small cell human lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of A549, which express wild-type p53, and H1299, which are p53-deficient, human lung cancer cells with berberine resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation and an increase in apoptotic cell death; however, A549 cells were more sensitive to the berberine-induced cytotoxic effects than H1299 cells. Further, the treatment of A549 cells with pifithrin-alpha, a specific inhibitor of p53, or transfection of A549 cells with a p53 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide resulted in a reduction in the berberine-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and apoptosis. The berberine-induced apoptosis of both the A549 and H1299 human lung cancer cells was associated with the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, reduction in the levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl while increase in Bax, Bak, and activation of caspase-3. Treatment of the cells with pan-caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk) or caspase-3 inhibitor (z-DEVD-fmk) inhibited berberine-induced apoptosis, thus suggesting the role of caspase-3. Further, the administration of berberine by oral gavage inhibited the growth of s.c. A549 and H1299 lung tumor xenografts in athymic nude mice, however, the growth of tumor xenograft of H1299 cells was faster than A549 cells in mice and the chemotherapeutic effect of berberine was more pronounced in the p53-positive-A549 tumor xenograft than p53-deficient-H1299 tumor xenograft.     

lncRNA SNHG11通过吸附miR-193a-5p促进NSCLC细胞A549的恶性生物学行为

目的：探讨lncRNA SNHG11对非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）A549细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移的影响及其可能机制。方法:qPCR检测人胚肺细胞HEL-1和NSCLC细胞A549、H1299、HCC827中lncRNA SNHG11和miR-193a-5p的表达水平,向A549细胞中转染SNHG11小干扰RNA(si-SNHG11)、miR-193a模拟物（miR-193a mimic）或miR-193a抑制剂（miR-193a inhibitor）后,CCK-8法检测其对细胞增殖的影响,Transwell小室和细胞划痕实验检测对细胞侵袭和迁移的影响,WB法检测对细胞增殖抗原Ki67、细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclin D1)表达的影响,双荧光素酶报告实验验证lncRNA SNHG11与miR-193a-5p的靶向关系。结果：与人胚肺细胞HEL-1相比,NSCLC细胞A549、H1299、HCC827中lncRNA SNHG11均呈高表达、miR-193a-5p呈低表达（均P<0.05）;沉默lncRNA SNHG11可抑制A549细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移,降低细胞中Ki67和Cyclin...