终末期肾病血液透析患者Fetuin-A水平与血管钙化的关系

目的：观察终末期肾病（ESRD）血液透析患者血浆胎球蛋白A水平与血管钙化的关系,探讨血管钙化发生的相关因素。方法：收集40例ESRD患者的临床资料,检测血浆胎球蛋白A水平及对患者进行颈总动脉B超检查。所有患者的随访期限为12月。40例健康查体者为对照组。结果：ESRD患者血胎球蛋白A水平血液透析前较健康对照组明显降低（P〈0.001）,有血管钙化的患者胎球蛋白A水平明显低于无钙化者（P〈0.01）,经血液透析治疗1年后,血浆胎球蛋白A水平较透析前明显降低（P〈0.001）。相关性分析显示胎球蛋白A水平与C-反应蛋白（r=-0.35,P〈0.01）、血钙磷乘积（r=-0.37,P〈0.01）、血白蛋白（r=0.31,P〈0.05）,尤其血磷（r=-0.24,P〈0.01）相关。结论：ESRD患者经血液透析治疗后胎球蛋白A水平持续下降,血管钙化可能与血浆胎球蛋白A水平下降有关。     

慢性肾脏病患者血清胎球蛋白A与血管钙化

目的探讨血清胎球蛋白A水平在慢性肾脏病（CKD）发展过程中的变化,以及与血管钙化的关系。方法选择128例CKD患者,予以双侧颈总动脉超声检查,根据CKD标准进行分期,分为2、3、4、5期患者,分别设为B组19例,C组18例,D组24例,E组67例;另设23名门诊健康体检者为对照组（A组）。每组根据颈总动脉钙化分为有钙化和无钙化2个亚组,所有患者均测定血清中胎球蛋白A水平,测定血钙、血磷等常规生化指标。计算各组血清胎球蛋白A的平均水平。结果C组患者中血清胎球蛋白A含量明显高于E组（P〈0．05）,同时C组患者中血清胎球蛋白A含量明显低于A组（P〈O．05）。D、E组中高胎球蛋白A组和低胎球蛋白A组相比较,血管钙化的发生率有显著差异（P〈0．01）。E组直线相关性分析血清胎球蛋白A水平与血磷呈负相关（r=-0．320,P〈0．05）。与血钙不相关。结论血清胎球蛋白A水平随着肾脏病的进展呈进行性下降,终末期肾脏病患者血清胎球蛋白A受血磷影响。     

非透析的糖尿病与非糖尿病性终末期肾脏病患者血清Fetuin-A水平比较

目的：分析非透析的糖尿病和非糖尿病性终末期肾脏病（ESRD）患者血浆Fetuin-A水平并探讨相关影响因素。方法：入选ESRD患者50例,糖尿病和非糖尿病性患者各25例。采用ELISA法测定患者血胎球蛋白A（Fetuin-A）浓度水平,检测相关血生化指标。采用Perason相关分析及偏相关分析法分析影响血浆Fetuin-A水平的因素。选择30例性别、年龄匹配的健康成人作对照组。结果：非透析的糖尿病和非糖尿病性ESRD患者血Fetuin-A水平分别为（5.05±0.49）ng/ml、（2.23±0.35）ng/ml,均低于健康对照组（10.51±1.94）ng/ml,P〈0.01。非透析糖尿病性ESRD患者Fetuin-A水平高于非糖尿病性ESRD患者（P〈0.01）。单因素相关分析结果显示,血清胎球蛋白A与血磷、钙磷乘积、C-反应蛋白水平成负相关,相关系数分别为r=-0.24（P〈0.05）,r=-0.37（P〈0.01）,r=-0.35（P〈0.01）;而与FBG、eGFR呈显著正相关,r分别为0.251和0.264（P〈0.01）。校正血清CRP、血清钙及eGFR后,血清胎球蛋白A与FBG呈正相关（r=0.39,P〈0.05）。结论：非透析终末期肾脏病患者较健康组血清Fetuin-A水平下降,但糖尿病性较非糖尿病性ESRD患者血清Fetuin-A水平升高,血糖是血清Fetuin-A水平的独立影响因素。     

糖尿病肾病患者血清胎球蛋白A水平与血管钙化的关系

目的：研究糖尿病肾病患者血清胎球蛋白A水平与血管钙化的关系,探讨糖尿病肾病血管钙化发生的相关因素。方法：收集我院116例糖尿病肾病患者的临床资料,检测血清胎球蛋白A水平及对患者进行颈总动脉B超检查。28例体检健康者为对照组。结果：糖尿病无蛋白尿患者胎球蛋白A水平与对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,糖尿病肾病Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ期患者血清胎球蛋白A水平较对照组降低（P〈0.05）,合并血管钙化的糖尿病肾病患者胎球蛋白A水平明显低于非钙化组（P〈0.01）。相关性分析显示血清胎球蛋白A水平与血白蛋白水平（r=0.47,P〈0.05）呈正相关,与血清磷（r=-0.32,P〈0.01）、钙磷乘积（r=-0.45、P〈0.01）、C反应蛋白（r=-0.43、P〈0.01）呈负相关。结论：合并颈总动脉钙化的糖尿病肾病患者血清胎球蛋白A水平明显降低,低胎球蛋白A水平可能参与糖尿病肾病患者血管钙化的发生发展。     

维持性血液透析患者血清瘦素水平与细胞因子关系的研究

目的：探讨维持性血液透析（MHD）患者血清瘦素（1eptin）水平与肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）及白细胞介素-6（IL-6）的关系。方法：选择维持性血液透析患者30例、非血液透析患者20例终末期肾衰竭（ESRD）患者和正常人15例，检测其血浆瘦素和TNF—α、IL-6水平及其相关性分析。结果：血液透析患者血清瘦素、TNF—α、IL-6水平明显高于正常人群（P〈0．01，P〈0．05，P〈0．05），但血液透析组和非透析组比较虽有增加的趋势，但无统计学意义（P〉0，05）。血液透析组和非透析组血浆瘦素水平均与TNF—α、IL-6水平呈正相关（r=0．492，P〈0，05；r=0.481，P〈0．01：r=0．503，P〈0，02；r=0，404，P〈0，05）。结论：血液透析组和非透析组血浆瘦素、TNF—α和IL-6水平均明显升高，且血浆瘦素水平与TNF—α和IL-6水平明显相关，提示瘦素水平与促炎症因子的关系值得进一步研究。两者相互作用可能参与ESRD患者心血管并发症的发生。     

终末期肾衰竭患者血清胎球蛋白A水平改变与临床预后的关系

目的探讨终末期肾衰竭(ESRD)患者在透析前以及透析年后血清胎球蛋白1A浓度的改变以及其与临床表现及预后之间的关系。方法,247例透析前ESRD患者接受血清胎球蛋白A及有关生化检查,其中131例在透析1年后再次检测。此外,用B超检测颈动脉斑块。患者随访期中位数为29.6(范12.1￣42.0)个围月。70例健康人入选对照组。结果ESRD患者血胎球蛋白A水平较正常对照组明显降低(P<0.05)。透析前血胎球蛋白A水平与血白蛋白(P<0.01)、IL鄄6(P<0.05)、血钙磷乘积(P<0.05),尤其是与血磷水平(P<0.05)相关。炎症、营养不良患者血胎球蛋白水平较低(AP<0.05)。颈动脉有斑块的患者血胎球蛋白浓度较无斑块者明显降低(AP<0.01)。透析1年后胎球蛋白A血浓度较治疗前相比明显降低(131例,P<0.01)。62%患者经过1年的肾脏替代治疗后胎球蛋白A水平较治疗前相比明显下降。无论是在治疗前还是在治疗1年后,随访中存活的患者胎球蛋白水平显著地高于死亡者(AP<0.05)。结论ESRD患者低胎球蛋白A水平与营养不良、炎症、动脉粥样硬化以及病死率相关,经肾脏替代治疗后胎球蛋白A水平仍持续下降。胎球蛋白A水平是ESRD患者预后的一个重要独立因素。     

慢性肾脏病患者血清胎球蛋白A水平与脂质代谢紊乱的相关性研究

目的 观察未接受透析治疗的慢性肾脏病（CKD）3～5期患者血清胎球蛋白A水平变化,探讨CKD患者血清胎球蛋白A水平与脂质代谢紊乱的相关性。方法将2008年8月至2009年1月我院64例CKD患者分为3组,其中CKD3期组17例,CKD4期组16例,CKD5期组31例,另选择健康体检者20名为对照组,分别检测各组血清胎球蛋白A水平以及清蛋白（Alb）、三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、载脂蛋白A（ApoA）、载脂蛋白B（ApoB）、脂蛋白a[LP（a）]、血肌酐（SCr）、尿素氮（BUN）、半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C（cystatinc）、血钙（Ca^2＋）、血磷（p3＋）、甲状旁腺素（PTH）,比较各组胎球蛋白A水平,并分析血清胎球蛋白A水平的独立影响因素。结果CKD3期组血清胎球蛋白A水平与对照组无差异（P〉0．05）,CKD4期组和CKD5期血清胎球蛋白A水平较对照组降低（P〈0．05）,ApoA、ApoB、ApoA／ApoB比值和cystatinC被选人多元线性回归模型。结论CKD非透析患者血清胎球蛋白A水平可能随着肾功能的逐步恶化而降低,其水平与脂质代谢紊乱相关。     

腹透前后及不同透析龄患者心超改变的相关分析

目的：采用超声心动图观察维持性腹膜透析对ESRD患者腹透前后及不同透析龄患者心脏结构和功能的影响,并探讨其相关影响因素。方法：选取2005年～2011年间尿毒症透析前已行心超检查的CAPD患者60例,透析1—6年后行心超检查,比较透析前后心脏结构及功能的改变。同时收集所有患者的基本信息、生化指标进行多元线性回归分析。并按透析龄将患者分为PD≤3年和PD〉3年两组,分析比较两组阃一般情况及透析后心脏结构及功能。结果：（1）透析后患者的BUN、血磷、PTH显著低于透析前（P〈0．01）,SBP低于透析前（P〈0．05）;而Hb、Alb、Scr、血钙显著高于透析前（P〈0．01）,TC高于透析前（P〈0．05）;（2）透析后LAD、LVDd显著低于透析前（P〈0．01）,LVDs较透析前下降（P〈0．05）;按透析龄分组,PD〉3年患者的LAD、IVST低于PD≤3年患者（P〈0．05）;（3）相关分析：透析前SBP与LAD、IVST呈正相关,体重与LAD、LVDd、IVsT、LV风呵呈显著正相关,Hb与LAD、LVDd、IVST呈负相关,Alb与LVDd呈负相关,PrrH与IVsT、LVPwT呈负相关。结论：腹膜透析可通过清除毒素,改善ESRD患者高血容量状态、高血压、贫血和营养不良,从而减轻其心肌病变,PD〉3年较PD≤3年的患者心脏结构得到更好的改善,提示长期PD合并有效的干预可以减少和延缓患者心血管事件的发生、发展。     

透析液钙离子浓度对肾功能衰竭血液透析患者血清钙离子水平及血压的影响

目的 观察不同钙离子浓度的透析液对血液透析患者透析后血清钙离子水平及血压变化的影响，为肾功能衰竭血液透析患者的高钙血症及高血压的防治提供依据。方法 选择不同钙离子浓度的透析液，将维持性血液透析患者分为高钙组（1．75mmol／L）和低钙组（1．25mmol／L），比较患者每次透析前后脉搏、血压，同时抽查患者透析前后血钙及血肌酐浓度的变化。结果透析后两组患者血肌酐浓度均显著下降，透析前后差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；高钙组患者透析后血钙较透析前升高，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01），而低钙组患者血钙比透析前略降低，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。高钙组患者透析后较透析前收缩压、舒张压及平均动脉压都升高，差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05），而低钙组患者透析后较透析前收缩压、舒张压及平均动脉压都降低，差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。透析后两组血钙比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；透析后低钙组较高钙组患者的收缩压、舒张压及平均动脉压都降低，三者差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论透析液钙离子浓度与血液透析患者血清钙离子水平及血压呈正相关，低钙透析液透析有助于维持性血液透析患者高血压的控制。     

透析患者脂蛋白(α)水平变化及临床意义

目的：研究血液透析（HD）与腹膜透析（PD）患者血清脂蛋白（α）[Lp（α）]水平的变化及其与心脑血管事件的关系。方法：75例HD患者及50倒PD患者的临床及实验室资料作研究，比较两种透析方式对血LD（α）及脂质水平影响的差别，分析血Lp（α）与其他相关因素特别是与心脑血管事件的关系。结果：PD和HD患者血甘油三酯（TG）和载脂蛋白B（ApOB）均呈显著性增高，血高密度脂蛋白（HDL—C）显著低于正常，以上指标在血、腹透组之间无统计学差异。HD与PD患者血Lp（α）水平均较对照组呈显著性升高（P〈0．05），其中PD组较HD组更高（P〈0．01）；皿与PD患者血Lp（α）水平与超声心动图异常（P〈0．05）、EcG异常（P〈0．001）及心脑血管事件的发生（P〈0．01）、血总胆固醇（TC）及低密度脂蛋白（LDL—C）浓度（P〈0．05）呈正相关；而与血浆白蛋白浓度（P〈0．05）呈负相关。结论：HD与PD患者脂质代谢紊乱相当常见，以后者更突出，其中以血Lp（α）、TG、HDL—C变化尤为显著，Lp（α）有可能是透析患者并发心脑血管事件的危险因素之一。     

Measurement of coronary artery calcification with multi-slice spiral computed tomography and the associated factors in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To investigate the factors correlated to coronary artery calcification (CAC) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods This study included 132 patients(54 females, 78 males), aged 26-94 years, who were on hemodialysis for 10-204 months(median dialysis duration 51.00 months). The parameters including calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides, C - reactive protein (CRP), klotho, and so on were assessed. Quantification of CAC was determined by multi-slice spiral computed tomography (MSCT), known as the coronary artery calcification score (CACs). Results Ninety-two patients (69.70%) had CAC, with CACs ranging from 0 to 13 450.20. More than 30% patients experienced one even a variety of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. A positive correlation was observed between the degree of CAC and the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Whereas a positive correlation existed between CACs and age (r=0.347, P=0.000), duration of hemodialysis (r=0.245, P= 0.005), systolic blood pressure (r=0.184, P=0.034), diabetes history (r=0.211, P=0.015), phosphorus (r= 0.262, P=0.002), calcium-phosphorus product (r=0.247, P=0.004); and a negative correlation between CACs and klotho level (r=-0.294, P=0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the main factor influencing the degree of CAC in MHD patients was age. Conclusions CAC is common and widespread in hemodialysis patients, who are often accompanied by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The prevalence rate of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases increases with the aggravation of CAC degree. Age, duration of hemodialysis, systolic blood pressure, diabetes history, disturbance of calcium and phosphorus metabolism and klotho are correlated with the severity of CAC. Age is an independent risk factor of CAC degree.     

Association of vascular calcification,fetuin A,C - reaction protein and the influence on cardiovascular events in peritoneal dialysis patients

ObjectiveTo investigate the association of vascular calcification, fetuin A and C- reaction protein (CRP), and explore the influence on cardiovascular events. MethodsSixty peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients were enrolled in this study. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), fetuin A and CRP, along with the other serum related parameters were detected to find out their influence on vascular calcification in PD patients. The relationship between cIMT, fetuin A, CPR and cardiovascular events was analyzed in PD patients with 18 months followed-up. ResultsOf the 60 PD patients, carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) was increased in 38 patients(63.3%). Compared with the non-increased cIMT patients, serum fetuin A concentration was significantly decreased(P＜0.05), CRP(P＜0.01) and calcium × phosphate products(P＜0.05) were significantly increased in the high - increased cIMT group. Compared with the low - increased cIMT patients, fetuin A concentration was obviously lower(P＜0.05) and calcium×phosphate products were obviously higher(P＜0.05) in the high- increased cIMT group. Linear regression analysis discovered an obvious negative correlation between CRP and fetuin A(R 2＝0.629,F ＝47.522, P＜0.01) , as well as fetuin A and calcium×phosphate products (R 2＝0.299, F ＝11.948, P＝0.002). Multiple regression analysis indicated that fetuin A was independently negatively correlated with cIMT(B ＝-0.019,t ＝-6.042, P＜0.01). At 18 months, there were 36 newly - happened cardiovascular events and among which 6 cases died. Logistic regression analysis found that increased cIMT was risk factor to cardiovascular events in PD patients(OR ＝3.691， 95%CI 1.467-9.258，P＝0.006). ConclusionDecreased fetuin A and increased calcium×phosphate products deteriorate carotid calcification in PD patients. Micro-inflammation of PD patients represented by high CRP levels may increase calcium×phosphate products by depressing the fetuin A level, and in the end will stimulate carotid calcification. Increased cIMT is a risk factor for cardiovascular events.     

Progression of coronary artery calcification in diabetics with and without chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND: Rapid progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC) has been reported among individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). There is limited information on the progression of CAC during earlier stages of diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: In a prospective, cohort study of type 2 diabetic individuals (N = 90; normoalbuminuric diabetic controls, 30; diabetic nephropathy, DN, 60), electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) was repeated at an average interval of 19 months. All scan images were acquired at end-systole to minimize interscan variability. In order to eliminate the dependence of the residual error from interscan variability on baseline CAC scores, square root transformed CAC scores were used for analyses of progression of coronary calcification. RESULTS: Repeat EBCT scans were completed in 68 subjects (diabetic controls: 23; DN: 45). There was a highly significant relationship between the proportion of subjects with progressive CAC and renal disease-DN who progressed to ESRD, 80%; DN who did not progress to ESRD, 30%; and diabetic controls, 13% (P < 0.001). Similarly, the magnitude of change was significantly related to renal disease (DN who progressed to ESRD > DN who did not progress to ESRD > diabetic controls, P < 0.001). Using logistic regression and controlling for non-dialyzed DN, ESRD and inter-scan interval, advanced age was the only significant variable associated with progression of CAC. Finally, serum creatinine and baseline CAC score emerged as independent predictors for the magnitude of increase in CAC. CONCLUSION: Progression of CAC is apparent among individuals with DN both before and after ESRD. However, the risk factors associated with progression of CAC may differ at different stages of CKD.     

Inflammation, mineral metabolism and progressive coronary artery calcification in patients on haemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is an extensive and common complication in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The aim of this study was to assess prospectively the change in CAC over a 2-year period and to identify the factors that may be associated with CAC progression in ESRD patients. METHODS: The final analysis was performed on 40 of 43 stable haemodialysis patients who initially entered into the study. The study population underwent multirow spiral computed tomography to derive CAC scores at baseline and after a minimum of 12 months (24 months in 30 patients, 18 months in four, and 12 months in the remaining six patients). To provide a stable estimate that was unbiased with respect to the baseline CAC, square root-transformed CAC scores were used for the analyses of the changes in CAC. RESULTS: The median CAC score was 191 (range, 0-2403) mm3 at baseline and increased to 253 (range, 0-2745) mm3 at follow-up (P < 0.001) and the median annualized change in square root-transformed CAC score was 1.48 (range, -0.95-8.64) mm3/year. The annualized change of the square root-transformed CAC score positively correlated with the time-integrated levels of C-reactive protein (R = 0.521, P = 0.001), phosphorus (R = 0.433, P = 0.005) and calcium x phosphorus product (R = 0.394, P = 0.012), but did not correlate with the levels of fetuin-A or lipid parameters. Even after adjusting for age, gender and baseline CAC score, C-reactive protein levels were independently associated with CAC progression. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that chronic inflammation as well as altered mineral metabolism contributes to a rapid progression of CAC in ESRD patients. Additional, larger scale studies are required to confirm our findings.     

冠状动脉钙化对维持性血液透析患者心脏结构和功能的影响及其相关因素评估

目的 观察冠状动脉钙化（CAC）对维持性血液透析（MHD）患者心脏结构和功能的影响，探讨引起CAC的相关危险因素。 方法 40例MHD患者经螺旋CT扫描，了解合并CAC的患者比例，并计算其钙化积分以评估CAC程度。应用心脏彩超和颈动脉超声检查心脏形态、功能及颈动脉斑块，进一步分析MHD患者各项临床指标与CAC的关系。 结果 25例MHD患者（62.5%）合并不同程度的CAC，平均钙化积分为672.3。钙化组（CAC组）与无钙化组（NCAC组）心脏形态及左室顺应性、颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）、斑块发生率、斑块积分差异均有统计学意义。缺血性心脏病和心衰竭发生率均以CAC组为高。4例死于心脏疾病患者均存在CAC。颈动脉斑块阳性组IMT平均为（0.86±0.15） mm，钙化发生率为81%，冠状动脉钙化积分为867±198，均明显高于斑块阴性组[分别为（0.73±0.14） mm,42%,437±176,P < 0.05]。CAC组年龄、糖尿病或肥胖患者比例、透析时间、血磷、C反应蛋白（CRP）、胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白水平、钙磷乘积、颈动脉IMT、斑块积分均高于NCAC组。多元逐步回归分析显示，年龄、透析时间与CAC密切相关。 结论 MHD患者普遍存在CAC。CAC与心脏结构、功能的变化及颈动脉粥样硬化相关。糖尿病及肥胖患者比例、钙磷代谢及脂代谢异常、透析时间、CRP、动脉粥样硬化是CAC的相关因素。年龄和透析时间是CAC的独立危险因素。     

Relationship between serum magnesium level and coronary artery calcification in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To evaluate the relationship between serum magnesium and coronary artery calcification (CAC) and their associated factors. Methods 131 patients with chronic kidney disease on regular hemodialysis (HD) were recruited into this study from December 2014 to December 2015 in our center. Demographic and clinical data of selected patients were collected. Serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) level was quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Quantification of coronary artery calcification score (CACs) was determined by multi-slice spiral computed tomography (MSCT). The relationships between serum magnesium and FGF-23 level, CACs, demographic and clinical data were investigated. Results Patients were divided into low serum magnesium group, normal serum magnesium group and high serum magnesium group according to their serum magnesium levels. There were significant differences in the distribution of diabetes history, serum phosphorus, serum albumin, serum pre albumin, serum uric acid among these three groups(P＜0.05). A significant positive correlation was confirmed between serum magnesium level and serum albumin, serum pre albumin, serum phosphorus and serum uric acid by Pearson correlation analysis and Spearman correlation analysis (r=0.389, 0.234, 0.200, 0.234, P=0.000, 0.007, 0.022, 0.007, respectively). According to the degree of CAC, all maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients were divided into non-calcification group, low calcification group, moderate calcification group and high calcification group, and there were significant differences in the distribution of the age, serum phosphorus, serum magnesium, FGF-23 levels among these groups (P＜0.05) . Spearman correlation analysis showed that CACs was positively correlated with age, FGF-23, serum phosphorus (r=0.309, 0.277, 0.180, P=0.000, 0.001, 0.040, respectively), while negatively correlated with serum magnesium level (r=-0.238, P=0.006) in patients with MHD. The independent risk factors of CACs were aging, high level of FGF-23 in MHD patients by using ordinal logistic regression. However, Hypermagnesemia was a protective factor. Conclusions The history of diabetes, low serum albumin, phosphorus metabolism disorder and CAC are associated with hypomagnesemia in MHD patients. In MHD patients, aging as well as high level of FGF-23 are the risk factors of CAC, and hypermagnesemia is a protective factor of CAC.     

Relationship between coronary artery calcification and outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To evaluate the relationship between coronary artery calcification (CAC) and outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods Eighty-six patients who were on MHD between October 2014 and May 2015 in the blood purification center of our hospital were enrolled prospectively. CAC was measured and scored by multiple slice computed tomography (MSCT). According to the CAC score (CACs), the patients were divided into mild CAC (CACs＜100) group and severe CAC (CACs≥100) group. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to analyze the survival rates of the two groups, and a COX proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the risk factors of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality in MHD patients. Results Severe CAC (CACs≥100) was present in 62.8% (54/86) patients. The median of follow-up duration was 28.9(23.8, 29.4) months. During the follow up, 2(6.3%) patients in CACs＜100 group and 18 (33.3%) patients in CACs≥100 group died. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that patients in CACs≥100 group had higher all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality as compared with patients in CACs＜100 group (P=0.007, P=0.030). Multivariate COX regression analysis demonstrated that CACs≥100 (HR=7.687, 95%CI 1.697-34.819, P=0.008) and low single-pool Kt/V (HR=0.092, 95%CI 0.020-0.421, P=0.002) were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality. Old age (HR=1.192, 95%CI 1.100-1.291, P＜0.001), short duration of dialysis (HR=0.598, 95%CI 0.445-0.804, P=0.001), low 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (HR=0.461, 95%CI 0.326-0.630, P＜0.001), and low total cholesterol (HR=0.405, 95%CI 0.213-0.772, P=0.006) were independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease mortality. Conclusions The CACs is significantly related with overall survival in MHD patients. Large multicenter prospective studies are to be evaluated the association between CACs and long-term survival in MHD patients.     

Serum malondialdehyde and coronary artery disease in hemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND/AIMS: It has been suggested that enhanced oxidative stress participates in the acceleration of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is a marker of lipid peroxidation, and the severity of CAD in ESRD patients. METHODS: We conducted a study of 39 hemodialysis patients (median age 58 years; 27 males and 12 females; diabetics 44%). In these patients, the predialysis serum concentrations of MDA and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. We performed multirow spiral computed tomography to derive coronary artery calcification (CAC) scores, as a marker of CAD severity. RESULTS: Eleven of the 39 patients had minimal CAC (28%, CAC score <10), 10 patients had mild to moderate CAC (26%, 10-400), and 18 patients had severe CAC (46%, >400). The MDA levels increased (p < 0.05) with increasing CAC category and were correlated (r = 0.35, p < 0.05) with the CAC scores. The levels of MDA also correlated with the serum concentrations of CRP and albumin (r = 0.34, p < 0.05 and r = -0.32, p < 0.05, respectively). Patients in the highest tertile of MDA compared with the other patients were over four times as likely to have severe CAC, and the highest tertile of MDA was an independent predictor of severe CAC, along with a previous cardiovascular event. CONCLUSION: An increased level of MDA, which was associated with inflammatory markers, was a predictive factor for severe CAC in ESRD patients.     

A simple vascular calcification score predicts cardiovascular risk in haemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are highly prevalent in haemodialysis (HD) patients and have been recently associated with vascular calcifications. The objective of our study was to assess the value of a simple vascular calcification score for the prediction of cardiovascular death, cardiovascular hospitalizations and fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events in HD patients, and to correlate this score with cardiovascular disease and with other known predictors of vascular disease. METHODS: In this observational, prospective study 123 chronic HD patients (75 males and 48 females; 20% diabetic) were included, who were on low-flux HD treatment for 46.6+/-52 months (mean+/-SD). We set up a simple vascular calcification score based on plain radiographic films of pelvis and hands. Brachial pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured and cardiovascular events and hospitalization episodes were assessed. RESULTS: During an observational period of 37 months there were 17 cardiovascular deaths; 28 patients needed cardiovascular hospitalizations and 32 patients suffered fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events. Coronary artery disease was diagnosed in 43 patients (35%), peripheral arterial disease in 33 patients (26.8%), cerebrovascular disease in 16 patients (13%) and vascular disease (coronary artery disease or peripheral arterial disease or cerebral vascular disease) in 61 patients (49.6%). By binary logistic regression, diabetes (P = 0.01), male sex (P<0.001), age (P = 0.02), HD duration (P = 0.02) and MAP (P = 0.03) were independently associated with a vascular score > or =3. This score > or =3 was independently associated with coronary artery disease (P = 0.008), peripheral arterial disease (P<0.001) and vascular disease (P = 0.001). Patients with a vascular calcification score > or =3 had a 3.9-fold higher risk of cardiovascular mortality (P = 0.03), a 2.8-fold higher risk of cardiovascular hospitalizations (P = 0.02) and a 2.3-fold higher risk of fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The present vascular calcification scoring represents a simple tool for the assessment of cardiovascular risk related with vascular calcifications in chronic HD patients.     

Elevated concentrations of cardiac troponins are associated with severe coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic haemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Elevated concentrations of cardiac biomarkers, such as troponins and natriuretic peptides, have been shown to be predictive of poorer long-term cardiovascular outcomes in stable patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, little is known about the relationship between elevated concentrations of these cardiac markers and underlying coronary artery pathology in these patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate associations between coronary artery calcification (CAC) and the concentrations of cardiac biomarkers in ESRD patients. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 38 asymptomatic patients (median age, 54 years; 26 males, 12 females; diabetic, 39%) who were undergoing chronic haemodialysis. In these patients, pre-dialysis circulating concentrations of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured. We quantified the level of CAC by multirow spiral computed tomography to obtain a CAC score. CAC scores > or = 400 were defined as being indicative of severe CAC. RESULTS: Severe CAC was detected in 17 patients (45%). The degree of CAC severity was positively associated (P < 0.05) with cTnT concentrations. Thus, 15% of patients had severe CAC in the lowest tertile of cTnT, 50% had severe CAC in the middle third, and 69% in the highest third. Similarly, the degree of severity of CAC was positively associated (P < 0.01) with cTnI concentrations across concentration categories. In contrast, there was no association between the degree of CAC severity and the concentrations of either BNP or CK-MB. A logistic regression analysis revealed that elevated concentrations of cTnT (> or = median vs or = 0.1 ng/ml vs 相似文献