Emerging risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease: a critical review of the evidence

Context  Atherosclerotic vascular disease is an enormous public health problem. A number of emerging risk factors for atherosclerosis have recently been proposed to help identify high-risk individuals. Objective  To review the epidemiological, basic science, and clinical trial evidence concerning 4 emerging risk factors: C-reactive protein, lipoprotein(a), fibrinogen, and homocysteine. Data Sources  Using the terms atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, risk factors, prevention, screening, C-reactive protein, lipoprotein(a), fibrinogen, and homocysteine, we searched the MEDLINE database from January 1990 to January 2003. Conference proceedings, abstract booklets, bibliographies of pertinent articles and books, and personal files were hand searched to identify additional articles. Study Selection  Original investigations and reviews of the epidemiology of atherosclerosis and the association of conventional and novel risk factors with vascular risk were selected. On the basis of the search strategy, 373 relevant studies were identified. Data Extraction  A diverse array of studies were examined, including randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, systematic overviews, case-control, cross-sectional, and mechanistic studies. Data extraction was performed by one of the authors. Data Synthesis  The available epidemiological and basic science evidence supports, to varying degrees, independent associations between these 4 candidate risk factors and atherosclerotic vascular disease. However, there is relatively little data regarding the additive yield of screening for these factors over that of validated global risk assessment strategies currently in use. Furthermore, controlled intervention studies targeting individuals with these factors for proven risk-reduction therapies, or specifically treating these factors with available therapies, are few. The explanatory power of the major, established cardiovascular risk factors has been systematically underestimated. Conclusions  Although C-reactive protein, lipoprotein(a), fibrinogen, and homocysteine are associated with vascular disease risk, their optimal use in routine screening and risk stratification remains to be determined.      

Poor control of risk factors for vascular disease among adults with previously diagnosed diabetes

Context  Control of blood glucose levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels is proven to reduce the risk of vascular disease among individuals with diabetes mellitus; however, the current state of control of these risk factors among individuals in the United States is uncertain. Objectives  To examine 1999-2000 national data on control of risk factors for vascular disease among adults with previously diagnosed diabetes and to assess trends during the past decade. Design, Setting, and Participants  Review of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, conducted 1988-1994) and NHANES 1999-2000, cross-sectional surveys of a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized civilian US population. Participants were adults aged 20 years and older with previously diagnosed diabetes who participated in both the interview and examination in either NHANES III (n = 1265) or NHANES 1999-2000 (n = 441). Main Outcome Measures  Levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA_1c), blood pressure, and total serum cholesterol in reference to target goals. Results  Compared with NHANES III, participants with previously diagnosed diabetes in NHANES 1999-2000 were similar by age and sex, were less likely to be non-Hispanic white, were diagnosed at an earlier age, had a higher body mass index, and were more likely to use insulin in combination with oral agents. In NHANES 1999-2000, only 37.0% of participants achieved the target goal of HbA_1c level less than 7.0% and 37.2% of participants were above the recommended "take action" HbA_1c level of greater than 8.0%; these percentages did not change significantly from NHANES III (P = .11 and P = .87, respectively). Only 35.8% of participants achieved the target of systolic blood pressure (SBP) less than 130 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) less than 80 mm Hg, and 40.4% had hypertensive blood pressure levels (SBP =" BORDER="0">140 or DBP =" BORDER="0">90 mm Hg). These percentages did not change significantly from NHANES III (P = .10 and P = .56, respectively). Over half (51.8%) of the participants in NHANES 1999-2000 had total cholesterol levels of 200 mg/dL or greater (vs 66.1% in NHANES III; P<.001). In total, only 7.3% (95% confidence interval, 2.8%-11.9%) of adults with diabetes in NHANES 1999-2000 attained recommended goals of HbA_1c level less than 7%, blood pressure less than 130/80 mm Hg, and total cholesterol level less than 200 mg/dL (5.18 mmol/L). Conclusion  Further public health efforts are needed to control risk factors for vascular disease among individuals with diagnosed diabetes.      

Trends in major risk factors. Cigarette smoking

The object of this paper is to examine the role of smoking as a risk factor in coronary heart disease, starting with a brief history of smoking in the U.K. and a reminder of the epidemiological evidence linking smoking and cardiovascular disease. This is followed by a more detailed look at the trends in consumption of tobacco and the major factors influencing those trends, together with an outline of the main components of a smoking control policy designed to combat our epidemic of smoking-induced disease.     

2型糖尿病合并下肢血管病变有关危险因素分析

目的 评价2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者下肢血管病变发生的影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者238例,全部行双下肢血管彩色多普勒检查,比较无血管病变组及下肢血管病变组两组间血糖、血压、血脂、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA- IR)等相关指标间的差异,并对糖尿病下肢动脉硬化危险因素采用Logistic回归方法进行...     

有血管源性危险因素的患者中认知功能障碍发病情况及其危险因素的调查研究

目的 利用认知障碍自我辨识、筛查工具在社区、门诊中对有血管源性危险因素的患者进行筛查,探讨认知功能障碍的发病情况及其危险因素,为早期辨识血管源性认知障碍(VCI)提供依据.方法 采用国际公认的简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)作为诊断依据,将610例有血管源性危险因素的患者分为认知正常组、轻度认知障碍组(mVCI组)、痴呆组(VD组),分析认知功能障碍的发病情况及其危险因素.结果 610例中认知正常组230例,mVCI组215例,VD组165例.610例中有认知障碍的患者380例,占62.3％.对3组性别分布进行卡方检验,P＞0.05,说明各组内男女比无明显差异.对3组年龄进行方差分析,P＜0.01,差异有统计学意义.结论 筛查中发现多数患者存在不同程度的认知功能障碍,说明对有血管源性危险因素的患者进行认知功能的早期辨识筛查意义重大.有血管源性危险因素的患者中性别不是发生认知功能障碍的危险因素,年龄是发生认知功能障碍的危险因素之一.     

肥胖儿童早期血管病变机制及其高危因素分析

目的 探讨肥胖儿童发生早期心血管病变的可能机制及高危因素。 方法 筛选100例肥胖儿童作为研究对象,并根据BMI (体重指数)将其分为轻度肥胖组、中重度肥胖组。选择同期体检合格的健康儿童60例进行对照。观察肥胖儿童的人体形态学参数指标(血压、身高、BMI、腰围),糖脂类代谢指标(血糖、血脂),血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、血小板衍生因子(PDGF-BB)及其受体(PDGFR-2α)的表达水平,动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)。经Logistic回归法分析肥胖儿童发生早期心血管病变的高危因素。 结果 中重度肥胖组儿童的年龄、颈内动脉IMT均值较轻度肥胖组更高(P<0.05)。经方差分析发现,观察组与对照组在血压、BMI、腰围、FPG、TC、TG、VEGF、PDGF-BB、PDGFR-2α表达水平等方面的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经Logistic回归分析发现,血压、BMI、腰围、FPG、TG、VEGF、PDGF-BB及PDGFR-2α均与肥胖儿童的IMT有相关性(P<0.05),为其发生早期血管病变的危险因素。 结论 中重度肥胖儿童更易发生高血压、血脂和血糖代谢异常、VEGF、PDGF-BB及PDGFR-2α等异常表达,是发生早期血管病变的危险因素。      

急性重症脑血管病患者死亡的危险因素分析

目的 探究急性重症脑血管病患者发生死亡的相关危险因素.方法 针对本院收治的急性重症脑血管病患者80例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据临床结局,分为存活组与死亡组,采用Logistic回归分析死亡危险因素.结果 存活组与死亡组患者的例数分别为59例（73.75％）与21例（26.25％）;经多元回归分析后,年龄、体温、格拉斯哥昏迷评分、高血压、脑卒中、糖尿病、慢性阻塞性疾病、消化道出血、肺部感染、颅内再出血或梗死以及多器官功能衰竭等因素与患者的死亡率呈显著相关性（P均＜0.05）.结论 急性重症脑血管病患者死亡与患者年龄、合并疾病、并发症状及疾病特征等多种因素有关,值得进一步推广研究.     

Socioeconomic disparities in risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Despite a general decline in mortality rates in recent decades, these rates are substantially higher among lower socioeconomic groups. To determine target groups for preventive health promotion programs, the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease by socioeconomic group in Canadian adults aged 20 to 69 years was examined through comparison of estimates from the 1978-79 Canada Health Survey, the 1981 Canada Fitness Survey and the labour force smoking surveys of 1975 and 1983. Level of education was used as a measure of socioeconomic status. The risk factors considered were cigarette smoking, overweight, obesity, elevated diastolic blood pressure, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, elevated serum cholesterol level, diabetes mellitus and the conjoint use of oral contraceptives and cigarettes. The prevalence of the risk factors tended to be higher among men and women with a low level of education. The results were consistent with those of recent Canadian studies showing that both men and women in lower socioeconomic groups are more likely to die from cardiovascular disease.     

Trends in community knowledge of the warning signs and risk factors for stroke

Context  Poor public knowledge of stroke warning signs and risk factors limits effective stroke intervention and prevention. Objective  To examine temporal trends in public knowledge of stroke warning signs and risk factors. Design and Setting  Population-based random-digit telephone survey conducted in July-November 2000 among individuals in the greater Cincinnati, Ohio, region. Participants  A total of 2173 survey respondents (69% response rate) were randomly identified based on their demographic similarities to the ischemic stroke population with regard to age, race, and sex. Main Outcome Measures  Spontaneous recall of at least 1 important stroke warning sign and 1 established stroke risk factor in comparison with findings from the same survey in 1995. Results  In 2000, 70% of respondents correctly named at least 1 established stroke warning sign vs 57% in 1995 (P<.001), and 72% correctly named at least 1 established stroke risk factor vs 68% in 1995. Groups of individuals with the highest risk and incidence of stroke, such as persons at least 75 years old, blacks, and men, were the least knowledgeable about warning signs and risk factors. Television was the most frequently cited source of knowledge, 32% in 2000 vs 24% in 1995 (P<.001). Conclusions  Public knowledge of stroke warning signs within the greater Cincinnati region has significantly improved from 1995 to 2000, although knowledge of stroke risk factors did not improve significantly during the same time period. Public education efforts must continue and should focus on groups at the highest risk of stroke.      

代谢综合征及所含心脑血管危险因子对急性脑血管病亚型的影响

目的研究代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)与所包含的心脑血管危险因子高血压病(essential hypertension,EH)、糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)和脂质代谢紊乱对急性脑血管病(acute cerebrovascular disease,ACVD)亚型的影响.方法502例ACVD住院患者为病例组,包括脑出血(intracerebral hemorrhage,ICH)121例和脑梗死(cerebral infarct,CI)381例.无脑血管者401例为对照组,分析MS、EH、DM和血脂对ACVD亚型的影响.结果ACVD各亚型伴EH率明显高于对照组(P＜0.01),ICH组又明显高于全部缺血组(P＜0.01);各组伴DM率亦显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),ICH组则明显低于缺血组(P＜0.01);各组伴MS率也明显高于对照组(P＜0.01),但组间无显著性差异(P＞0.05);缺血组血清胆固醇浓度显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),CI和腔隙性梗死组血甘油三酯含量明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).EH使ACVD全部亚型的危险性增高(OR=4.95～24.04,P＜0.05),OR值以ICH组最大.DM使缺血性卒中亚型的危险性明显增高(OR=4.25～4.76,P＜0.01).总胆固醇则除脑血栓形成组外,OR值均小于1.甘油三酯仅腔隙性脑梗死组OR值为1.22(P＜0.05).MS使出血和缺血亚型的危险性明显增加(OR=2.51～7.3l,P＜0.05).结论MS和EH使ACVD及全部亚型危险性增高,但EH对ICH、MS对脑血栓形成更有意义,MS对ACVD亚型的影响主要取决于MS所含的危险因子.DM与缺血性ACVD患病危险性增加有关.血总胆固醇浓度降低是缺血性ACVD的危险因素.     

肾移植受者并发心脑血管病的危险因素

目的 探讨肾移植受者术后心脑血管病(cardiovascular complications,CVD)发病的危险因素.方法 利用移植随访管理系统和中国肾移植科学登记系统数据资料对本院2000年1月-2010年1月间921例肾移植受者进行长期随访.依据CVD发病时间分为早期CVD组(术后1年之内发生CVD)和晚期CVD组.Kaplan-Meier乘积极限法计算CVD累积生存率,应用COX比例风险模型进行多因素分析.结果 移植后新发CVD在移植后1年和移植后7年有两个高峰.早期发生CVD危险因素为移植前有CVD病史,移植前为糖尿病受者、移植术后糖尿病、高血压、高血脂、贫血、移植肾功能不全和蛋白尿是晚期CVD发病危险因素.结论 针对术后不同CVD危险因素进行相应的防治可以减少肾移植受者CVD发病,从而提高移植肾的远期存活率.     

产后血栓性疾病的危险因素分析

目的·探讨产后血栓形成的高危因素,为产后血栓的预防提供指导。方法·回顾性分析2018—2020年间于上海交通大学医学院附属国际和平妇幼保健院分娩的孕产妇电子病例45 262例,其中病例组60例,为诊断为产后静脉血栓或者肺栓塞的产妇;对照组45 202例,为未发生产后血栓的产妇。通过多因素Logistic回归分析寻找产后血栓发生的危险因素。结果·产后静脉血栓的发病率为130/10万,肺栓塞46/10万,产后血栓性疾病的发病率呈现逐年增高的趋势（P<0.05）,产后血栓的发生部位以左下肢为主。病例组产妇分娩时的平均年龄为（33.52±4.79）岁,对照组的平均年龄为（31.35±4.01）岁。病例组中发生早产的产妇占比是对照组的2.05倍,孕前超重及肥胖的产妇占比是对照组的1.94倍。多因素Logistic回归分析显示产妇年龄大（aOR=1.10,95%CI 1.04～1.17）、分娩孕周小（aOR=0.88,95%CI 0.78～0.99）、本科学历以下（aOR=2.24,95%CI 1.20～4.18）、择期剖宫产（aOR=6.68,95%CI 2.56～17.41）、急诊剖宫产...     

2型糖尿病下肢血管病变发生率及危险因素分析

目的:了解2型糖尿病患者下肢血管病变(PVD)发生率,分析其危险因素。方法:对2004~2007年就诊的临床资料完整的297例2型糖尿病患者进行回顾性分析。结果:297例患者中超声多普勒检查提示有不同程度下肢血管病变者193例,发病率为5.0%。年龄、病程、24 h尿白蛋白(UAE)、血尿酸(UA)、血肌酐(Cr)在有下肢血管病变者中显著增高(P<0.01),且与收缩压、周围神经病变、冠心病发生率相关(P<0.01)。年龄、总胆固醇(Tch)水平、神经病变是PVD的独立危险因素(OR=1.087,2.353,2.201)。结论:2型糖尿病患者下肢血管病变发生率高,与年龄、血脂、血压以及糖尿病其他慢性并发症多种因素相关。超声多普勒检查能发现多种性质的动脉病变,能对病变定位及严重程度进行判断,是目前较好的非创伤性检查手段。     

用踝肱血压比评价2型糖尿病患者周围血管疾病及相关危险因素

目的 用踝肱血压比（ABI）评价2型糖尿病患者周围血管疾病（PVD）发病情况及相关危险因素。方法 选择113例门诊50岁以上的2型糖尿病患者，收集病史，检测代谢指标，检测双下肢ABI，以ABI〈0．9定义为存在PVD。结果 在2型糖尿病患者中PVD检出率16．8％。血糖控制差（GHbA。C≥7．5％）的患者中PVD的检出率明显高于血糖控制好至一般的患者（P=0．01）。合并PVD的2型糖尿病患者的年龄、甘油三酯水平、糖尿病病程、冠心病共患病率和吸烟率高于不合并PVD的患者（P〈0．05），合并PVD组的患者血清超敏C反应蛋白水平明显高于不合并PVD组（P〈0．01）。结论 本研究发现在2型糖尿病患者中PVD的患病率为16．8％。与PVD相关的危险因素包括高龄、高甘油三酯、糖尿病病程长、同时患有冠心病和吸烟，以及较高的血清超敏C反应蛋白水平。因此对于存在以上危险因素的2型糖尿病患者应该加强对PVD的筛查。