鼻窦CT指导额隐窝手术的临床观察

目的探讨术前CT检查在鼻内镜下额隐窝周围气房开放术术式选择中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2011年5月—2014年4月铜陵市人民医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科收治的46例（67侧）额窦炎患者的临床资料,其中男30例、女16例,年龄21～65岁;鼻窦炎15例,上颌窦、筛窦炎伴额窦炎29例,筛窦炎、蝶窦炎伴额窦炎2例。术前鼻窦CT检查清晰显示额隐窝区气房结构及钩突附着部位,依据钩突附着部位,确定鼻内镜下额隐窝开放术式。结果46例（67侧）中,钩突头端附着于眶内侧壁37侧（55．2％）采用Draf Ⅰ型术式,钩突附着颅底19侧（28．4％）采用Draf ⅡA术式,钩突头端附着于中鼻甲根部11侧（16．4％）采用扩大鼻丘气房入路额窦术式。手术中均顺利开放额隐窝,显露额窦口,无眶内或脑内并发症发生。术后随访3个月～2年,35例患者术后症状消失,10例术前症状明显改善,1例复发。结论钩突附着部位是寻找额窦口的重要解剖标志;术前CT检查可定位钩突附着部位,因而对额窦开放术式的选择具有指导性意义。     

能谱CT在窦口鼻道复合体解剖变异中的临床应用

目的探讨能谱CT多平面重建对窦口鼻道复合体(OMC)区域解剖变异检查的优势,分析OMC解剖变异与副鼻窦炎的相关性及对临床治疗的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院2016年1月至2018年5月副鼻窦能谱CT检查的252例患者的临床资料。所有患者均在轴位容积扫描后,行薄层轴位、冠状位、矢状位图像重建,记录OMC发生变异的情况。结果 OMC解剖变异165例(鼻窦炎116例、非鼻窦炎49例),包括钩突偏移95例,钩突肥厚85例,钩突气化21例,中鼻甲气化28例,中鼻甲反向19例,鼻丘过度气化39例,筛泡过度气化45例,Haller气房12例。钩突变异,中鼻甲、鼻丘及筛泡过度气化与慢性副鼻窦炎关系密切。OMC单一变异和混合变异除中鼻甲反向、Haller气房外,均与慢性副鼻窦炎的发生有正相关性。结论能谱CT多平面重建能清晰显示窦口鼻道复合体区解剖变异及变异引起慢性副鼻窦炎的程度、范围,在鼻窦炎患者鼻内镜治疗手术方案制订及术中风险防范具有明显的临床指导意义。     

钩突的临床解剖学研究及其意义

目的 :为临床开展鼻窦内窥镜手术提供外科手术解剖学依据。方法 :在 2 0具 40侧经防腐处理的完整成人尸头标本上观测钩突骨的形状大小及其相关临床数据。结果 :测得钩突骨的长度为 (19.6±3 .1)mm(14 .0～ 2 5 .0mm) ;宽度为 (4 .3± 1.2 )mm(2 .0～ 7.0mm) ;厚度为 (1.4± 0 .5 )mm(1.0～ 4.0mm ) ;其长轴与鼻底平面间的夹角为 (5 0 .6°± 5 .3°) (4 2 .0°～ 60 .0°)。结论 :筛漏斗及钩突的解剖形态是慢性鼻窦炎发病的重要解剖因素。     

窦口鼻道复合体解剖变异与前组鼻窦炎的关系

目的研究窦口鼻道复合体解剖变异,探讨其与前组鼻窦炎的关系。方法分析754例患者的鼻窦冠状CT,从中分出正常组227例,前组鼻窦炎组527例。统计这两组中Haller气房、中鼻甲气化、反常曲线中鼻甲、直形中鼻甲、钩突气化、钩突反向弯曲、钩突上端分叉七种解剖变异的发生率,并分析其与前组鼻窦炎的相关性。结果Haller气房、直形中鼻甲、钩突反向弯曲、钩突上端分叉在正常组与前组鼻窦炎组间发生率有显著性差异(P<0.05);中鼻甲气化、反常曲线中鼻甲、钩突气化在这两组中的发生率差异无显著性(P>0.05),但中鼻甲气化中的泡性中鼻甲在两组中的发生率有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论Haller气房、直形中鼻甲、钩突反向弯曲、钩突上端分叉、中鼻甲气化中的气泡中鼻甲与前组鼻窦炎的发病有关。     

额窦及前中筛窦口l引流的临床应用解剖

目的 :为临床开展鼻窦内窥镜手术提供外科手术解剖学依据。方法 :在 2 0具 40侧经防腐处理的完整成人尸头标本上观测筛泡气化发育的情况 ,观察额窦及前中筛气房窦口引流情况。结果 :额窦向中鼻道引流占 87.5 % (3 5侧 ) ;向筛漏斗引流占 10 .0 % (4侧 ) ;鼻丘向中鼻道引流占 90 .0 % (3 6侧 ) ;向筛漏斗引流占 10 .0 % (4侧 ) ;额隐窝向中鼻道引流占 15 .0 % (6侧 ) ;向筛漏斗引流占 10 .0 % (4侧 ) ;向侧窦引流占75 % (3 0侧 ) ;筛泡向筛漏斗引流占 2 5 .0 % (10侧 ) ;向侧窦引流占 75 .0 % (3 0侧 )。结论 :钩突和筛泡的解剖异常直接影响前组鼻窦的通气引流 ,从而导致前组鼻窦的炎症发生和加重。     

后筛窦的影像解剖学研究

目的 :为了提供对内窥镜鼻窦外科及颅底外科手术更具指导意义的后筛窦影像解剖学资料。方法 :取 5 0具成人头颅标本 ,行冠状位、矢状位及水平位薄层CT扫描 ,从不同层面及不同方位观测后筛窦的气化发育情况。结果 :发现属管前型的占 2 3 % ( 2 3侧 ) ;半管型的占 2 8% ( 2 8侧 ) ;全管型的占 3 3 %( 3 3侧 ) ;蝶鞍型的占 16 % ( 16侧 )。其中两侧气化分型完全相同者占 3 3例 ( 6 6侧 ) ;两侧气化不相同者占 17例 ( 3 4侧 )。发现属Ⅰ°后筛窦的占 43 % ( 43侧 ) ;属Ⅱ°后筛窦的占 3 5 % ( 3 5侧 ) ,其中属Ⅱa°后筛窦的占 19%( 19侧 ) ,属Ⅱb°后筛窦的占 16 % ( 16侧 ) ;属Ⅲ°后筛窦的占 2 2 % ( 2 2侧 )。其中两侧分度完全相同者占 2 9例( 5 8侧 ) ;两侧分度不相同者占 2 1例 ( 42侧 )。结论 :后筛窦影像解剖分型分度对内窥镜鼻窦外科及颅底外科手术具有实际的指导意义。     

上颌窦口的临床解剖学研究及其意义

目的为临床开展鼻窦内窥镜手术提供解剖学依据.方法在20具40侧经防腐处理的完整成人尸头标本上观测上颌窦窦口走行方向、内径及长径、其内口和鼻腔开口情况、上颌窦裂口及上颌窦窦口构造.结果上颌窦窦口内径为(3.7±0.9)mm(2.0～5.9mm);长径为(2.8±0.8)mm(1.0～4.0mm);上颌窦鼻内开口位于钩突外侧、筛漏斗最下方,形似漏斗嘴;位于钩突中段者占60%(24侧),钩突尾端者占40%(16侧);有7.5%(3侧)存在副口,均位于窦口后下方,钩突尾端后,下鼻甲附着缘处.结论上颌窦窦口周围结构(钩突、筛泡)的变异或病变直接影响到上颌窦口的通畅.     

保留钩突在功能性内窥镜鼻窦手术中的意义

目的探讨保留钩突在功能性内窥镜鼻窦手术中的意义。方法对36例鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者在功能性内窥镜鼻窦手术中保留钩突。结果Ⅰ型11例治愈9例(81.8%),Ⅱ型17例治愈14例(82.4%),Ⅲ型8例治愈7例(87.5%)。结论钩突对鼻窦窦口起保护作用,保留钩突的Messerklinger术式可能更符合鼻腔的特点。     

最后筛房的影像解剖学研究

目的 :为临床开展鞍区手术提供一组最后筛房的影像解剖学资料。方法 :取 5 0具成人头颅标本 ,行鼻窦冠状位及水平位薄层CT扫描 ,重点观测后筛窦最后筛房的影像解剖形态及其毗邻关系。结果 :测得其矢状径位于 5 .8～ 2 1.5mm之间 ;垂直径位于 9.4～ 2 6 .0mm之间 ;左右径位于 5 .9～ 2 3 .6mm之间。其中 ,最后筛房大于或等于同侧蝶窦腔的有 2 3 % ( 2 3侧 )。结论 :最后筛房与蝶窦、视神经管之间的解剖关系可形成蝶上筛房、蝶旁筛房或Onodi窦。冠状位及水平位鼻窦CT扫描在后筛窦最后筛房的影像解剖研究及临床手术中具有实际的指导作用     

内镜经鼻入路视神经管和眼眶的解剖学

目的通过研究对视神经管和眼眶的解剖研究,为内镜经鼻入路视神经管减压和治疗眼眶内病变提供解剖基础。方法国人尸头5例,采用大体解剖和内镜下经鼻入路两种方法,观察重要的解剖标志;使用内直肌内移技术,观察视神经管和眼眶内结构的暴露情况以及重要结构的位置、毗邻、走行等。结果钩突位于中鼻甲的前下方;筛泡在钩突的后方,切开筛泡可进入筛窦;筛前后动脉是筛窦内的重要解剖标志;视神经管隆突、颈内动脉隆突和视神经管颈内动脉隆突(OCR)是蝶窦内重要的解剖标志;纸样板位于筛窦的外侧壁,切开纸样板可暴露眶内容物;在眶内,可从内直肌与下直肌之间的通路暴露视神经。在本次10侧标本中,9侧眼动脉起自于颈内动脉的床突上段;1侧眼动脉起自于颈内动脉海绵窦段。7侧眼动脉在视神经管内走行于视神经的下外侧;2侧走行于视神经的正下方;1侧走行于视神经的下内侧。结论内镜下经鼻入路可以进行视神经管和眼眶内侧部分的暴露。钩突、筛泡、筛前后动脉及后组筛窦是本入路重要解剖标志。视神经管隆突、颈内动脉隆突及视神经管颈内动脉隆突(OCR)是进行视神经管减压的重要标志。眼动脉及其眼眶内分支、筛前后动脉和颈内动脉是重要的血管结构。眼内直肌内移技术可以有助于暴露眶内解剖结构。     

钩突与泪囊窝影像解剖关系及其在泪囊鼻腔开放术中的意义

目的　研究钩突与泪囊窝的影像解剖及其在鼻内镜下泪囊鼻腔开放术中的意义。  方法　分析80例鼻窦薄层CT扫描的影像资料,测量泪囊窝骨质厚度,观察钩突与泪囊窝、泪骨的解剖关系; 18例泪囊炎患者行鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊开放术,通过钩突中、下部附着定位泪骨,行泪骨入路向上扩大开放泪囊,记录手术过程,观察其可行性。  结果　泪囊窝前上部及后下部骨质的厚度为(2.96±0.33)mm, (0.02±0.01)mm（P<0.05）,泪囊窝前上部骨质厚度大于后下部,差异有统计意义;在泪囊窝下端,钩突往往附于泪囊窝后部,往上逐渐靠前,于中部连接于泪骨或上颌骨额突,上部连接于中鼻甲外侧或眶纸板上。16例慢性泪囊炎患者在钩突前方成功经泪骨切开向上扩大暴露泪囊,2例钩突上部附于上颌骨额突太靠前者予钩突上部切除后暴露泪囊。  结论　准确认识钩突与泪骨、泪囊窝的解剖关系,有助于鼻内镜下行泪囊鼻腔开放时定位、暴露泪囊,避免手术并发症。     

Anatomic variations of the paranasal sinus area in pediatric patients with chronic sinusitis

Endoscopic endonasal surgery has been performed in children. Therefore, we need to know the precise anatomy and anatomic variations of the lateral nasal wall. This is important in order to achieve better surgical results and avoid complications. We also need to know the relationship between the anatomic variations and sinonasal disease. For the purpose of this study we assessed the anatomic variations of the lateral nasal wall and the association of these variations with chronic sinusitis in children. Forty-seven children with chronic sinus disease were included in the study. There were 25 female and 22 male patients with ages ranging from 2 to 16 years (mean 10.5+/-3.8 years). On coronal and axial computed tomographic (CT) scans, the anatomic variations of the lateral nasal wall and sinusitis were assessed. A pneumatized middle concha (MC) was the most common anatomic variation, followed by pneumatization of the superior concha (SC), Haller cell and agger nasi cell. Secondary MC, large ethmoidal bulla, maxillary sinus hypoplasia, Onodi cell, and uncinate process pneumatization were relatively rare. Maxillary sinusitis was the most common sinus infection, followed by ethmoidal, sphenoidal and frontal sinusitis in that order. There was no significant relationship between the sinusitis and anatomic variations except for some minor associations. In conclusion, anatomic variations in the lateral nasal wall are common in children. Local, systemic or environmental factors appear to be more important in pediatric sinusitis than the anatomic variations. Due to the absence of a definitive relationship between the anatomic variations and sinus disease, aggressive surgical interventions should be avoided while performing endonasal endoscopic surgery in the children.     

额窦引流通道及额隐窝气房的CT影像分型及临床应用价值研究

目的　探讨CT影像上额窦引流通道的解剖分型及额隐窝气房的分布特征,了解其与额窦炎症发生的关系。 方法　对1355例病人鼻窦CT薄层扫描及多平面重建图像进行解剖学观察及额窦炎诊断。对于气化额窦,按钩突附着部位分型：附着于眼眶侧壁、筛板及颅底分别为额窦引流通道I型、II型和III型;观察额隐窝气房的解剖特征及变异情况,并依据国际额窦解剖分型（IFAC）对其进行分类。 结果　本组1355例中,气化额窦2582侧,额窦炎456例,II型、III型额窦引流通道其额窦炎发生率较高,I型与II型、III型比较有统计学差异（P<0.05）,II型与III型之间无统计学差异（P>0.05）。鼻丘气房（ANC）、筛泡上气房（SBC）为“常驻气房”,炎症发生率与平均额窦炎症发生率相近,其余类型额隐窝气房炎症发生率相对于平均额窦炎症发生率均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论　额窦引流通道的变异及额窦周围各型气房气化情况对于额窦炎症发生都有重要影响,高分辨率CT扫描及多平面重建可清晰反映额窦的引流通道变异及额窦周围各型气房解剖情况。     

The Anterior Ethmoidal “Genu”: A Newly Appreciated Anatomic Landmark for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

Human sinonasal anatomy varies widely between patients, challenging surgeons operating in the sinuses. Ethmoid sinus anatomy is so variable it has been referred to as a labyrinth. Accordingly, reliable, consistent anatomic landmarks aid surgeons operating in this region. The goal of this investigation was to explore our observations and hypothesis that the ethmoidal bulla and the uncinate process are not entirely separate structures but rather attach, and the attachment could potentially provide a landmark for surgeons performing ethmoid and frontal recess surgery. Ethmoid sinus anatomy was studied in 57 sinonasal complexes through a variety of methods including gross anatomic dissection, endoscopic dissection and 3D CT stereoscopic imaging. The uncinate process and ethmoidal bulla were noted to fuse at the superior aspect of the hiatus semilunaris in 57/57 cases, forming a genu‐like feature in the anterior ethmoid. This consistent anatomic feature related closely to the frontal sinus drainage pathway, which drained medial to it in 44/57 (77%) cases. The anterior ethmoidal “genu” appears to be an excellent anatomic feature that surgeons can use during ethmoid and frontal recess surgery. High resolution 3D stereoscopic CT scan is capable of demonstrating sinonasal anatomy in a detailed fashion previously only achieved by cadaveric dissection. This technology can potentially allow for a virtual dissection of a patient's anatomy prior to surgery and could improve minimally invasive procedures and reduce complications. Clin. Anat. 32:534–540, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

颈椎钩突邻近结构薄层断面与MRI对照研究

目的阐明颈椎钩突在薄层断面和MRI断面图像上与周围结构的毗邻关系,为颈椎退行性疾病提供影像学诊断依据。方法选取5例中国数字化可视人体（CVH）数据集中C3-C7椎体上缘清楚显示钩突的薄层断面图像,观察并测量钩突与邻近的椎动脉和颈神经的位置关系,选择对应平面的MRI断面图像对照分析。结果CVH数据集的薄层断面清晰显示颈椎钩突及其周围结构,在断面上测量并得出钩突与颈神经、钩突与椎动脉的距离的平均值,MRI清楚显示颈椎钩突及其邻近结构。结论将CVH数据集中的颈椎钩突平面的薄层断面与对应的MRI图像进行对照研究,可为颈椎病的影像学诊断和治疗提供形态学参考。     

Computed tomography findings in chronic rhinosinusitis patients with and without allergy

The purpose of this study was to compare the paranasal sinus mucosal thickenings, bony changes consistent with chronic sinusitis, and bony anatomic variations detected by computed tomography (CT) in chronic rhinosinusitis patients with and without allergy. Three hundred and thirty-nine patients with chronic rhinosinusitis were analyzed for their allergic status by performing skin prick test. Two hundred and thirteen patients (62.8%) had at least one positive skin prick test (allergic patients, male/female: 85/128, mean age: 29.1 +/- 1.2). One hundred and twenty-six patients (37.2%) were included in the non-allergic group (male/female: 53/73, mean age: 31 +/- 2.2). Maxillary mucosal thickening and frontal hypoplasy were significantly more common in allergic chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Moreover, pneumatized uncinate process is apparently more common in the allergic group than non-allergic group, and statistical analysis revealed marginal significance (p = 0.0535). In conclusion CT findings of allergic chronic rhinosinusitis patients are comparable to the CT findings of chronic rhinosinusitis patients without allergy. However, presence of maxillary mucosal thickening, frontal hypoplasia or pneumatized uncinate process in the CT scan of a patient with chronic rhinosinusitis could be of clinical significance, and might guide the otolaryngologist for the evaluation of the presence of allergy.     

鼻腔鼻窦解剖结构异常对慢性鼻-鼻窦炎发病影响的临床研究

目的 探讨鼻腔鼻窦解剖结构的异常在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎(CRS)发生发展中的作用。方法 回顾性病例对照研究。纳入2014年1月—2017年6月蚌埠市第一人民医院耳鼻咽喉科与中国科技大学第一附属医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科CRS患者100例(CRS组)和非CRS的患者80例(非CRS组)的临床资料。采用鼻内镜检查和鼻窦CT扫描联合应用方法,对两组患者窦口鼻道复合体解剖异常以及鼻中隔偏曲位置等鼻腔解剖结构异常情况进行分析,比较组间差异性。结果 CRS组中鼻中隔偏曲、下鼻甲肥大、泡状中鼻甲和钩突肥大发生率分别为56%(56/100)、23%(23/100)、30%(30/100)和21%(21/100),高于非CRS组的27.5%(22/80)、11.25%(9/80)、15.0%(12/80)、10.0%(8/80),差异均有统计学意义(χ²=14.701、4.198、5.590、3.979, P值均＜0.05)。CRS组和非CRS组的中鼻甲方向偏曲发生率分别为16% (16/100)和7.5%(6/80),钩突气化发生率分别为3%(3/100)和1.2%(1/80),组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。结论 与非CRS患者相比,CRS患者常见鼻中隔偏曲、下鼻甲肥大、泡状中鼻甲及钩突肥大等鼻腔鼻窦解剖结构异常,这些解剖结构的异常可能是CRS发病、发展的解剖学因素。应用鼻内镜观察鼻腔、鼻窦相关解剖结构,可为临床诊断与治疗CRS提供帮助。     

胰头钩突的解剖学观察

目的 为相关临床学科提供解剖学资料。方法 利用40例成人尸体和断层标本，对胰头钩突进行解剖学观察测量。结果 钩突的形态和大小个体差异较大，尤其是在肠系膜上静脉处的上下径和前后径，没有一例胰头钩突越过肠系膜上动脉的后方达其左侧，结论 本文提出了钩突范围的界定，钩突与肠系膜上动脉的关系及其临床意义。     

Role of prostaglandin D2 and E2 terminal synthases in chronic rhinosinusitis

BACKGROUND: Prostaglandin (PG)D(2) and E(2), two major cyclooxygenase (COX) products, are generated by PGD(2) synthase (PGDS) and PGE(2) synthase (PGES), respectively, and appear to mediate airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the role of PGDS and PGES in the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHODS: The study examined the expression of PGDS and PGES in nasal polyps of 22 CRS patients. As controls, uncinate process mucosae were obtained from 12 CRS patients not having nasal polyps and five subjects without sinusitis. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR were used to evaluate the expression. RESULTS: Both PGDS and PGES were detected in nasal polyps by immunohistochemistry. Significantly greater levels of PGDS mRNA and lesser levels of PGES mRNA were observed in the nasal polyps as compared with uncinate process mucosae, and an inverse correlation between PGDS and PGES expression was observed. Levels of PGDS mRNA in nasal polyps were positively correlated with degree of infiltration by EG2+ eosinophils, whereas the levels of PGES were inversely correlated. Significantly increased levels of PGDS and conversely decreased levels of PGES were observed in asthmatics as compared with non-asthmatics. In addition, PGDS and PGES levels were positively and inversely correlated with the radiological severity of sinusitis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that PGDS and PGES display an opposite and important role in the pathophysiology of CRS such as polyp formation, and more specifically, a biased expression of these synthases might contribute to the development of CRS by affecting eosinophilic inflammation.