儿童急性白血病形态学免疫学和细胞遗传学的分型诊断

目的：准确地进行儿童急性白血病（AL）的诊断分型,提高初诊患儿的诊断符合率。方法：采用形态学、免疫学和细胞遗传学（MIC）相结合的诊断方法,分析了110例初诊为AL的患儿。结果：形态学与MIC分型诊断符合率为88．2％;急性淋巴细胞性白血病（ALL）免疫分型诊断符合率为92．2％;而急性髓细胞性白血病（AML）仅为62．9％。8／35例AML表达淋系抗原（1y^ -AML),12／59例ALL表达髓系抗原（My^ -AML);11／110例为杂合性白血病。染色体核型异常检出率为63．6％。t(8;21）易位见于（13／21例）M2;t(7;11）易位见于12例M2;t（15;17）易位见于（2／5例）M3;t（9;22）和t（4;11）易位见于（8／64例）ALL。结论：运用MIC诊断分型方法能提高儿童AL的诊断率,为AL个体化治疗和评估预后提供信息。     

MLL基因重排在急性白血病亚型分布及疗效分析

目的:分析MLL基因重排急性白血病的临床、实验室特征及预后情况。方法:回顾性分析2016年8月—2020年8月确诊的23例MLL基因异常急性白血病患者的临床和实验室资料。结果:2016年8月—2020年8月我院收治的急性白血病患者共350例,其中急性髓系白血病(AML)225例,急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)125例,有MLL基因重排者23例(AML-M5 7例,AML-M4 3例,MDS转化AML 4例,AML-M2 4例,B-ALL 5例),占所有急性白血病的6.57%(23/350),在AML中比例为8%(18/225),在ALL中比例为4%(5/125)。18例MLL基因重排AML患者中,MLL-PTD阳性11例(61.1%),MLL-AF6阳性1例,MLL-ELL阳性3例,MLL-AF9阳性3例。5例MLL基因重排B-ALL患者,均为MLL-AF4阳性。23例患者经过2个疗程诱导化疗后,只有11例(47.8%)达完全缓解。接受移植的9例患者中位生存期为24(12～45)个月,未接受移植的14例患者中位生存期为15(0.53～48)个月,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:伴MLL基因异常的AML中FAB分型以M5、M4居多,基因异常类型以MLL-PTD居多,伴MLL基因异常的ALL主要为B-ALL,基因异常类型主要是MLL-AF4。此类白血病对传统化疗反应不良,易复发,已成为疾病预后不良的标志,异基因移植有可能改善其预后。     

形态学、免疫学、细胞遗传学联合检测诊断急性白血病的临床意义

为探讨形态学、免疫学、细胞遗传学联合检测对急性白血病(AL)诊断、治疗、预后判断等方面的临床意义，对初诊为AL的39例患者分别进行了骨髓细胞形态学、免疫学及染色体检测。并按照FAB标准进行形态学(组织化学染色)分型；采用间接免疫荧光法标记活细胞膜表面分化抗原(CD)进行免疫学分型；采用24小时培养法制备染色体标本，G带显示法进行染色体检查。结果：39例患者经形态学检查确诊为AL，其中急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)8例，急性非淋巴细胞白血病(ANLL)29例，2例难以分型；免疫学诊断为ALL8例(其中2例伴髓系抗原表达)，ANLL29例(其中4例伴淋巴细胞抗原表达)，2例形态学难以分型者，诊断为急性杂合性白血病。免疫学与形态学分型符合率94．9％(37／39)。39例中染色体核型异常18例。本研究结果还显示，经临床治疗后染色体复杂畸形者缓解率低，正常核型及某些染色体核型[如t(15；17)]者缓解率较高。认为形态学、免疫学、细胞遗传学联合检测可提高AL诊断的准确性，有助于制定治疗方案及判断预后。     

免疫分型结合基因重排对成人急性淋巴细胞白血病诊断及预后的判断价值

目的：探讨用免疫分型组合免疫球蛋白重链（IgH)及T细胞受体γ（TCRγ）基因重排对急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）的分型诊断及预后的判断价值。方法：免疫分型采用碱性磷酸酶抗性磷酸酶复合物（APAAP）免疫组化法,基因重排采用多聚酶链反应技术（PCR法）检测58例初治成人ALL患者。结果：①通过免疫分型检测,58例ALL中,43例（74．1％）为不带髓系相关标记的ALL（My^-ALL),15例（25．9％）为带髓系相关标记的ALL（My^ ALL),以CD15最常见。②采用PCR法检测IgH基因重排和TCRγ基因重排发现,58例ALL中有79．3％（46／58）免疫分型与基因重排结果完全吻合,即T－ALL出现TCRγ基因重排阳性,B－ALL出现IgH基因重排阳性,20．7％（12／58）基因重排结果与免疫分型不能完全吻合。③58例ALL经DOLP或DOCP方案1个疗程后,My^-ALL CR为72．1％（31／43）,My^ ALL为66．7％（10．15）;ALL不同阶段CR率分别是：T－ALL为82．4％（14／17）,ProB-ALL为50．0％（3／6）,C－ALL为90．5％（19／21）,RreB-ALL为33．3％（4／12）,成熟B－ALL为50．0％（1／2）;经基因重排检测与免疫分型吻合的ALL CR率为71．7％（33／46）,不吻合的ALL66．7％（8／12）。结论：对于白血病的分型应在FAB分型的基础上加用免疫分,可提高确诊率且对预后判断有价值;基因重排诊断仅有参考价值,对预后尚无指导意义。     

急性髓性白血病免疫球蛋白重链基因和T细胞受体γ基因重排的检测意义

免疫球蛋白重链基因(IgH)和T细胞受体(TCR)基因重排常被认为是淋巴细胞的克隆标志。但是，近年来的研究表明，急性髓性白血病(AML)细胞亦可出现IgH和TCR基因重排。为此，我们采集51例AML患者骨髓，利用PCR方法检测IgH及TCRγ基因重排，并初步探讨其临床意义。     

12例经流式细胞仪确诊的急性混合型白血病分析

目的:对比经流式细胞仪(FCM)确诊的急性混合型白血病(MAL)与经骨髓细胞形态学组化染色发现具有急性混合型白血病特性的急性白血病(AL)患者的符合率。方法:选取12例MAL患者,经FCM确诊,对比其相应的骨髓细胞学组化染色FAB分型结果,并计算经形态学和免疫组化发现MAL特性的AL患者占经FCM确诊MAL患者的百分率。结果:经FCM确诊的MAL患者,其中急性双表型白血病8例,急性双克隆型白血病3例,发现急性细胞系转变型1例。此12例AL患者经骨髓细胞学组化染色确诊7例为急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL),3例为急性髓系白血病(AML),另2例经细胞形态学未确诊的AL患者中,1例多次细胞形态学显示呈骨髓坏死,但最终FCM技术也确诊为MAL。结论:经骨髓细胞形态学及组化染色发现具有MAL表现的AL患者仅占经FCM确诊的MAL患者的17%,误诊率极高。应重视流式细胞仪免疫分型在MAL诊断中的应用。     

老年急性淋巴细胞白血病分子生物学改变的初步观察

目的 研究老年急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的分子生物学特征。方法 应用多聚酶链反应技术(PCR)检测了16例老年ALL患者的bcr／abl融合基因、TCRγ基因重排(TCRγRA)以及IgH基因重排(IgHRA)。结果 16例患者中IgHRA11例，TCRγRA4例，两类基因重排均阴性1例；bcr／abl融合基因阳性9例，阳性率56．25％。结论 老年ALL以B—ALL为多，bcr／abl融合基因阳性率较高，可能是其治疗效果较差的原因之一。     

上海地区805例成人急性白血病世界卫生组织亚型的临床分析

目的 分析上海地区24家医院急性白血病(AL)世界卫生组织(WHO)亚型的分布,并与国外资料进行比较,探讨我国AL患者WHO亚型的分布特点.方法 收集连续样本,对中美联合上海市白血病协作组805例AL患者同时采用FAB和WHO分型标准进行分型诊断.结果 本组AL中急性髓系白血病(AML)77.4%(623/805),急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)20.4%(164/805),AML和ALL之比为3.8:1.伴有重现性细胞遗传学异常AML占36.4%,AML伴多系病态造血占17.7%,不属于上述分类的AML占45.9%.FAB分型中M4最多,占33.9%,M3和M4比例高于国外,M1比例低于国外报道.与上海市1984-1994年AL资料相比,M4亚型比例增多,M1和M5亚型比例减少.AML染色体异常率61.7%,AML伴t(15;17)比例高于国外,染色体预后良好组占30.1%,预后中等组占51.6%,预后不良组占18.3%,预后良好组比例高于国外.ALL中前体B细胞ALL占绝大多数(82.3%),ALL中t(9;22)占28.2%.结论 AML伴t(15;17)和M4比例高于国外,染色体预后良好组比例高于国外,AML的WHO分型和染色体异常类型与国外有所不同.与上海市1984-1994年AL资料相比,AML的亚型分布有所变化.     

慢性髓细胞白血病急变期形态学及免疫学和细胞遗传学特征研究

目的：探讨慢性髓细胞白血病急变期（CML－BC）的形态学、免疫表型和细胞遗传学法及流式细胞仪进行细胞免疫分型,细胞遗传滂采用直接法或短期培养法制备染色体标本,采用R显带技术进行核型分析。结果：免疫分型结果显示：急变为急性髓细胞白血病（AML）23例占74．2％;急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）5例占16．1％,均为B系ALL,其中4例同时伴有髓系表达;急性未分化细胞白血病1例,B系和髓系急性混合细胞白血病（AMLL）2例。31例CML－BC中21例（67．7％）的急变患者CD34^ ,其中4／5（80．0％）ALL,15／23（65。2％）,2／2AMLL均为CD34^ 。AML急变患者中具有CD7和CD34共表达者为8／23（占34．8％）。细胞遗传学分析表明,14／27（51．9％）和急变期患者出现Ph染色体以外的附加核型异常,其中有＋8（3／14）,＋Ph(3/14),i(17q)(2/14),Y染色体丢失（1／14）及复杂易位5／14）。结论：CML－BC是一干细胞疾病,原始细胞分化阻滞在早期阶段,故预后差。MIC分型在CML－BC诊断,预后判断及指导治疗方面均有重要价值。     

MICM分型诊断在鉴别M2和M3型急性髓性白血病中的意义

目的：探讨形态学、免疫学、细胞遗传学和分子生物学(MICM)分型诊断在鉴别M2、M3型急性髓性白血病(AML)中的意义。方法：对10例按FAB方案难以区分M2、M3型的AML及2例在基层医院诊断为M3b，用全反式维甲酸(ATRA)治疗未获缓解的患者应用常规细胞遗传学(CC)进行核型分析；以筑巢式逆转录聚合酶链反应(nested—RT—PCR)技术检测PML／RARa及AML1／ETO融合基因转录本；以流式细胞术检测白血病细胞免疫表型。对2例在基层医院诊断为M3b而用ATRA治疗效果不好的病例用间期双色FISH技术检测AML1／ETO融和基因。结果：12例患者中，4例有t(8；21)．AML1／ETO融合基因转录本阳性，确诊为M2；2例有t(15；17)，PML／RARa融合基因转录本阳性，确诊为M3；其他6例患者为正常核型，其中，3例AML1／ETO阳性，确诊为M2；1例PML／RARa阳性，确诊为M3；2例PML／RARa及AML1／ETO均为阴性．1例免疫表型为CD13、CD33^ 、CD34^ 、CD19^ ，最后诊断为M2，另1例免疫表型为CD13^ 、CD33^ 、CD34^ 、CD19^ ．最后诊断为M3。2例行FISH检测的患者AML1／ETO融和基因均为阳性。结论：对形态学无法鉴别M2、M3的AML进一步进行细胞遗传学、分子生物学及免疫学检测，可提高确诊率，并为治疗提供可靠的依据。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.