Epidemiologic perspectives on immunosuppressed populations and the immunosurveillance and immunocontainment of cancer

The advent in the last several years of effective immunotherapy for cancer has renewed interest in the role of the immune system in controlling cancer. The idea that the immune system can help control cancer has a long history. Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) as well as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected people are affected by cell‐mediated immune dysfunction. Epidemiologic studies of these populations reveal a pattern characterized by a strongly increased incidence of virus‐related cancers (eg, Kaposi sarcoma, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, and anogenital cancers). In addition, recent epidemiologic studies have evaluated cancer‐specific mortality among SOTRs and HIV‐infected people following a cancer diagnosis. For a wider range of cancers—not limited to those caused by viruses, and including melanoma and cancers of the colorectum, lung, and breast— these immunosuppressed cancer patients have higher cancer‐specific mortality than other cancer patients. This latter group of cancers somewhat mirrors those for which immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors is approved. These epidemiologic observations suggest that there are 2 distinct immune selection processes in humans: immunosurveillance directed against premalignant cells before cancer diagnosis (most relevant for preventing virus‐related cancers), and “immunocontainment” directed against established cancers. These processes thus appear relevant for different groups of malignancies and may have different mechanisms.     

胰腺素腺瘤和囊腺癌的诊治

目的 探讨胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断和治疗。方法 对1978-1998年收治的均经手术和病理检查证实为胰腺囊性肿瘤的11例临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 胰腺囊性肿瘤好发于中青年女性,临床表现为病程较长的上腹部肿物和胀痛。钡餐、B超、CT及ER-CP能协助诊断,本组11例中行胰十二指肠切除2例,胰体尾加脾切除6例,肿瘤单纯切除2例,囊肿-空肠袢式吻合1例,手术切除率为90.9%,术后1例死于腹内感染并峰主血症术后存活的10例均获随访（100%）。1例胰腺囊腺瘤手术后3个月死于心肌梗死,1例胰腺囊腺癌术后4年3个月死于癌转移,其余均健在,结论 凡中青年女性,上腹或左上腹出现较大肿块,且病程较长。结合B超和CT检查可对本病的诊断,胰腺囊腺瘤或囊腺癌,癌体虽较大,均有完整的包膜,而易于分离切除,首选手术方式为包括部分胰腺组织的全肿瘤切除术,疗效满意。     

梗阻性黄疸患者血浆可溶性P-选择素与内毒素、D-二聚体的关系及其意义

目的　研究梗阻性黄疸 (梗黄 )患者血浆可溶性P -选择素 (sP selectin ,sP s)与内毒素 (ET )及D -二聚体 (D d)的关系及其意义。方法　应用ELISA和鲎试剂比色法测定梗黄组、急性胆囊炎组和健康人组血浆sP s ,D d和ET含量。结果　健康人组血浆sP s含量为 (93 .43± 17.65 )ng/ml ,ET (0 .0 0 3 0± 0 .0 0 0 4)EU /ml ,D d(0 .3 9± 0 .2 1)mg/L ;急性胆囊炎组血浆sP s含量为 (2 3 3 .3 2± 82 .12 )ng/ml ,ET (0 .40 12± 0 .15 0 6)EU /ml ,D d(0 .76± 0 .2 7)mg/L ;梗黄组血浆sP s含量为 (3 5 1.90± 93 .83 )ng/ml ,ET(0 .3 814± 0 .14 3 0 )EU /ml ,D d(2 .14± 0 .3 7)mg/L。急性胆囊炎组和梗黄组sP s ,D d及ET均高于健康人组 (P <0 .0 1) ;梗黄组ET与急性胆囊组差异无显著性 ,但梗黄组sP s和D d较急性胆囊炎组高 (P <0 .0 1) ,梗黄组的以上二物质含量呈正相关性 (P <0 .0 1) ;急性胆囊炎组sP s与ET呈正相关性 (P <0 .0 1)。协方差分析表明 ,在相同ET含量时 ,梗黄组sP s高于急性胆囊炎组 (P <0 .0 1) ,且与D d有相关性 ,二者有相同变化趋势。结论　胆道梗阻是ET致血管内皮细胞损伤和血小板活化的敏感性因素 ,梗黄患者血液高凝状态与继发性纤溶反应处于动态平衡 ,提示动态监测血浆sP s和D d变化 ,     

胆汁中氨肽酶N的分离、提纯及其促成核作用的初步研究

目的　观察氨肽酶N(APN )在胆石形成中的成核活性。方法　应用伴刀豆凝集素A亲和层析、羟基磷灰石柱层析及高压液相法从胆石症患者胆汁中分离、提纯胆汁中的APN ,并用模拟胆汁观察APN的成核活性。结果　最终APN纯化倍数达 2 94倍 ,酶的活性为12 .9nM·min-1·μg-1,分子量为 130kDa。随后在模拟胆汁观察到APN有明显的促成核活性。结论　APN在胆固醇结石形成中具有促成核作用。     

肾脏黏液样小管状和梭形细胞癌(附2例报道及文献复习)

目的 探讨肾脏黏液样小管状和梭形细胞癌(Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma,MTSCC)的临床及病理学特点.方法 对本院收治的2例肾脏黏液样小管状和梭形细胞癌患者临床及病理特点进行观察和讨论并结合相关文献复习.结果 2例患者术后诊断:肾脏黏液样小管状和梭形细胞癌.临床及病理特征符合相关文献对该型肾癌的报道,术后长期严密随访无复发.结论 MTSCC是罕见的肾癌分型,症状隐匿,具有独特的病理学特征,早期手术是最佳治疗方法,预后良好,罕见预后较差报道.     

Breast Cancer and Transplantation

Breast cancer is an important cancer among solid organ transplant recipients. While the incidence of breast cancer in solid organ transplant recipients is comparable to the age‐matched general population, the outcomes are generally poor. Interventions such as cancer screening that preclude the development of late‐stage disease through early detection are not well studied, and clinical practice guidelines for cancer screening rely solely on recommendations from the general population. Among patients with a prior breast cancer history, disease recurrence after transplantation is a rare but fearful event. Once disease recurs, the risk of death is high. The focus of this review is to present the epidemiology of breast cancer in solid organ transplant recipients, screening and preventive strategies for those who may be at risk, novel genomic profiling for determining tumor progression, and the newer targeted interventions for recipients who have developed breast cancers after solid organ transplantation.     

Sagittal plane analysis of the open and closed methods in children with displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus (a radiological study)

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the radiological outcome of open and close reduction and osteosynthesis methods in the treatment of type II and III supracondylar humerus fractures in childhood with respect to the immediate post-operative reduction quality in sagittal plane. METHOD: One hundred and forty four-pediatric patients with type IIb and III supracondylar humerus fractures treated at two centers between 1995 and 2005 were evaluated radiologically within a retrospective study. Seventy-six patients (54 boys, 22 girls, mean age 7.6, range 2-12) were treated by closed reduction and cross percutaneous pinning while 68 (49 boys, 19 girls, mean age 7.3, range 2-13) were treated by open reduction. The reduction quality of the open and closed groups was compared on immediate post-operative lateral radiographs by measuring of lateral humerocapitellar angle, anterior humeral line and anterior coronoid line criteria. The reduction quality was classified excellent, good, fair and poor according to the achievement of three, two, one or none of the criteria, respectively. Reductions classified as excellent and good were introduced as acceptable results. RESULTS: At least one criterion was achieved in all the patients of both the groups. The mean humerocapitellar angle was 30.1 degrees in closed reduction group while the mean of it was 29.8 degrees in open reduced group. Radiograph of 48 (63.1%) patients with closed reduction were found to display the anterior humeral line intersecting the middle one-third of capitellum while this criteria was 45 (66%) in open reduction group. The anterior coronoid line was disturbed in three patients in each of both the groups. The reduction quality was evaluated to be excellent in 32 patients, good in 31, fair in 13 at the closed reduction group while these evaluations were 31, 20 and 17 in open reduction group, respectively. Successful reduction was achieved in 74.9% of the patients in closed reduction group and 75% of the patients in open reduction group. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that there was no significant difference between closed and open reductions of pediatric displaced supracondylar fractures with regard to the radiological criteria of reduction quality in sagittal plane.     

单纯型和复杂型巨乳症的诊断及治疗

目的：探讨单纯型和复杂型巨乳症的临床特点,诊断要点及治疗方法,方法：回顾性分析1990－2000年民治21例巨乳症（37个乳房）,包括单纯型巨乳症16例29个乳房,复杂型巨乳症（巨乳症合并纤维腺瘤病等广范围病变者）5例8个乳房的临床,病理资料,结果：患者平均年龄23岁,21例均行手术治疗,16例单纯巨乳症者施以常规缩乳术,5例复杂型巨乳症中,2例为双乳腺纤维腺瘤病合并巨大型巨乳症,采用皮下腺体切除一期乳房成形术,2例几乎占据全乳的单乳巨纤维腺瘤并巨乳症,1例行皮下肿瘤切除,1例行肿瘤切除乳房成形术;1例双乳腺腺有块样物形成者行选择性腺体大部分切除乳房成形术。经随访至今患者乳房外形满意无肿瘤复发,结论：巨乳症好发于青春发育少女和青年妇女,诊断时应注意区别单纯型巨乳症和复杂型巨也症,术前B超,术中仔细探查及快速病检是必要的,单纯巨乳症常规缩乳术即可,复杂型巨乳症则应区别对待,彻底切除病变,一期乳房成形获得满意疗效,乳腺纤维腺瘤病合并巨乳症者,可采用皮下乳腺切除,真皮及皮下组织蒂一期乳房成形术。     

小胃癌及微小胃癌的诊断治疗:附28例报告

目的　探讨小胃癌及微小胃癌的诊断、治疗方法及病理特点。方法　对近 1 0年收治的2 8例小胃癌及微小胃癌的临床病理资料及诊断治疗方法进行回顾性分析。结果　本组微小胃癌 1 0例 ,小胃癌 1 8例 ,占同期早期胃癌手术病例的 34 .6 %。其中上消化道造影检出率为 8.3 % ,胃镜检查加活检的检出率为 78.8%。病灶均位于胃体和胃窦部。行胃癌D1根治术 6例 ,D2术 2 2例。小胃癌组的浸润深度显著深于微小胃癌组 (P <0 .0 5)。微小胃癌组无胃周淋巴结转移 ,小胃癌组淋巴结转移 2例 (1 1 .1 % )。术后 5年总生存率为 92 .9% ,其中微小胃癌组为 1 0 0 % ,小胃癌组为85.7%。结论　小胃癌及微小胃癌在早期胃癌中所占比例 >1 /3。胃镜检查加活检是诊断小胃癌及微小胃癌的主要手段 ,根治术后 5年生存率高 ,预后较好。     

Incidence and Predictors of Cancer Following Kidney Transplantation in Childhood

Cancer risk is increased substantially in adult kidney transplant recipients, but the long‐term risk of cancer in childhood recipients is unclear. Using the Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry, the authors compared overall and site‐specific incidences of cancer after transplantation in childhood recipients with population‐based data by using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). Among 1734 childhood recipients (median age 14 years, 57% male, 85% white), 289 (16.7%) developed cancer (196 nonmelanoma skin cancers, 143 nonskin cancers) over a median follow‐up of 13.4 years. The 25‐year cumulative incidences of any cancer were 27% (95% confidence intervals 24–30%), 20% (17–23%) for nonmelanoma skin cancer, and 14% (12–17%) for nonskin cancer (including melanoma). The SIR for nonskin cancer was 8.23 (95% CI 6.92–9.73), with the highest risk for posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (SIR 45.80, 95% CI 32.71–62.44) and cervical cancer (29.4, 95% CI 17.5–46.5). Increasing age at transplantation (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] per year 1.10, 95% CI 1.06–1.14), white race (aHR 3.36, 95% CI 1.61–6.79), and having a functioning transplant (aHR 2.27, 95% CI 1.47–3.71) were risk factors for cancer. Cancer risk, particularly for virus‐related cancers, is increased substantially after kidney transplantation during childhood.     

原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床病理特征及其诊断和治疗。方法 回顾分析经病理证实的47例原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床表现、病理类型、诊断和治疗手段。结果 病理类型为腺癌42例、平滑肌肉瘤4例、类癌1例；好发部位为降段(35例)，尤其是乳头区(28例)。常见临床表现依次为上腹疼痛、黄疸、消化道出血、肠梗阻、体重减轻。诊断手段为纤维胃十二指肠内镜、胃肠钡餐、逆行性胆胰管造影(ERCP)、B超及CT检查。本组行胰十二指肠切除术25例和姑息性手术20例。手术死亡率2．2％(1／45)，术后并发症20．0％(9／45)。胰十二指肠切除术对Ⅰ-Ⅲ期腺癌治疗效果好，3，5年生存率分别达50．0％和31．8％，姑息性手术无获得长期生存者。结论 原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤以腺癌为主，早期临床表现无特异性，主要依据B超、CT和ERCP诊断，对无远处转移的肿瘤应积极争取根治性胰十二指肠切除。晚期肿瘤可行姑息性手术。     

胆囊十二指肠瘘的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨胆囊十二指肠瘘的发生机制、病理改变、诊断方法及治疗过程中的注意事项。方法 回顾性分析17年间收治的11例胆囊十二指肠瘘患者的临床资料。结果 全部经手术证实和治疗。10例继发于胆囊炎、胆囊结石；1例为溃疡病所致，仅1例于术前确诊。9例痊愈，2例死亡，均死于术后腹腔严重感染。结论 胆囊十二指肠瘘大多继发于胆囊炎和胆囊结石，多伴有胆囊萎缩、周围粘连明显等病理情况。X线检查、钡餐、ERCP等对诊断较有价值。治疗原则是切除胆囊、清除结石、切断瘘管、修补十二指肠瘘口，并根据情况探查胆总管或行胆肠内引流。     

甲状腺术后甲状旁腺功能低下的恢复和治疗

甲状旁腺功能低下引起的低钙血症是甲状腺手术后的常见并发症,严重影响患者的生活质量。手术因素、术后处理以及患者和疾病自身因素与术后低血钙发生密切有关。促进术后甲状旁腺功能的恢复对防止永久性甲状旁腺功能低下具有重要意义。补充钙剂和维生素D制剂是治疗术后低血钙的主要方法,同时应注意防治长期使用钙剂导致的并发症。甲状旁腺激素替代治疗将来有望成为治疗甲状旁腺功能低下的重要方法。     

红霉素预防肠粘连的实验及临床研究

目的　探讨红霉素对术后腹腔粘连及粘连性肠梗阻的预防作用。方法　采用两种腹腔粘连动物模型,将36 只大鼠随机分为红霉素组(8 mg/kg ,首次舌静脉注射,以后1 次/8 h ,背部皮下注射,连用3 d) 和对照组。术后第9 d 处死动物,入腹观察腹腔粘连情况。另外,将124 例腹部手术患者随机分为红霉素组(1 g/d ,连用3 d ,静脉滴注) 和对照组,分别记录肠鸣音恢复时间、排气时间和排便时间,随访18 个月,观察粘连性肠梗阻的发生率。结果　在两种模型中,红霉素组的粘连得分及粘连百分比均显著低于对照组( P < 0 .01) 。红霉素组患者的肠鸣音恢复时间、排气时间、排便时间及粘连性肠梗阻的发生率均明显低于对照组( P < 0 .01 , P < 0 .025) 。结论　红霉素可预防腹腔粘连及粘连性肠梗阻的发生,利于肠功能的恢复,且副反应少     

胰胆管合流异常与胰腺炎关系的探讨

目的 探讨胰胆管合流异常（ＡＪＰＢＤ）与胰腺炎的关系。方法 回顾性分析胆道造影胰腺组织学、超微结构检查以及血清、胆汗淀粉酶的测定结果。结果 可分析对象１３６８例中发现ＡＪＰＢＤ３７例，发生胰腺炎２８例，其中急性胰腺炎６例，慢性胰腺炎２２例。光镜下胰腺均有炎性细胞浸润和／或纤维组织增生，其超微结构均胡不同程度的病理改变。ＡＪＰＢＤ组血清和胆汗淀粉酶及胰腺炎的发平凡经均高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论     

胆石性重症胰腺炎的治疗对策及疗效分析

目的　探讨胆石性重症胰腺炎 (GSP)的合理治疗方法和疗效。方法　回顾性分析治疗的97例GSP临床资料。结果　 97例中 ,重症I级 5 4例 ,II级 43例 ;治愈 77例 ( 79.4% ) ,病死 2 0例( 2 0 .6% )。内镜治疗组 (EST)、延期手术组和早期手术组的并发率分别为 2 4.1% ,2 5 .0 %和 65 .5 % ;病死率分别为 10 .3 % ,13 .9%和 3 7.5 % ,前两组均明显低于早期手术组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　GSP治疗应根据“个体化方案” ,无胆石梗阻者应延期手术 ;有胆石嵌顿梗阻者应及早施行EST治疗或开腹手术 ,对重症II级患者首选EST治疗     

胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎趋化因子的表达及其意义

目的　目的探讨胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎组织中白细胞介素8 (IL 8 )、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP 1 )和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1α(MIP 1α)的表达及其生物学意义,并探讨三者在胰腺癌中表达的相互关系。方法　采用ABC免疫组织化学法检测5 1例胰腺癌和1 0例慢性胰腺炎手术切除标本的上述各项指标。结果　胰腺癌IL 8,MCP 1和MIP 1α表达阳性率及其评分明显高于慢性胰腺炎(P< 0. 0 1 )。高分化腺癌的IL 8显著高于低分化腺癌(P < 0. 0 5 );未转移癌三者阳性率及评分明显低于伴转移病例(P< 0. 0 5或P < 0. 0 1 )。结论　IL 8,MCP 1,MIP 1α三者表达均为反映胰腺癌发生发展、生物学行为、转移发生及其预后的重要化学趋化因子;三者可能存在着相互影响和共同调控的作用途径。     

外伤性十二指肠损伤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨提高十二指肠损伤的早期诊断率和合适的治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析４０例十二指肠损伤患者的临床资料。结果 ４０例中３２例（８０％）为严重多发伤。致伤原因以挤压伤,撞击伤为主,占８２．５％。全部经手术治疗：行十二指肠修补术２４例,空肠十二指肠Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ－Ｙ吻合术８例,十二指肠改良憩室化手术６例,改良憩室化再简化手术２例,治愈３５例,死亡５例,死亡原因为多脏器损伤,创伤性休克及十二指肠瘘,感     

隆突性皮纤维肉瘤的诊治:附16例报告

目的 总结隆突性皮纤维肉瘤的诊治体会。方法 对16例隆突性皮纤维肉瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。所有病例均行扩大肿块切除术(切缘3～5cm)，其中行游离全厚皮瓣移植术6例，辅助转移皮瓣植皮术3例，腹壁局部缺损行人工材料修补术l例。结果 其临床表现均为无痛性皮肤内或皮下小结节或肿块，呈缓慢增大，近期内生长较快。16例中10例为首发，6例为复发性。复发时间为术后3个月至10．5年；复发次数为1～3次。此次术后无并发症发生。11例随访1～11年均存活，1例术后7年局部复发。结论 皮内或皮下缓慢生长的无痛性小结节于近期生长加快为该病的临床特征；对原发肿瘤应行扩大切除术。