Influence of lower facial height changes on frontal facial attractiveness and perception of treatment need by lay people

Objective:To test the hypothesis that lower facial height has no influence on frontal facial attractiveness and treatment need perception of lay people.Materials and Methods:Frontal facial silhouettes of a man and a woman with normal lower facial height values (male: 81.5 mm; female: 70.5 mm) were modified by increasing and decreasing their lower facial heights in steps of 1 mm to obtain frontal images with different lower facial height alterations ranging from +6 mm to −6 mm for each sex. A panel of 100 lay people scored each silhouette''s attractiveness on a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS) and also indicated whether they would seek treatment if the image represented their own. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the VAS scores.Results:Unaltered ±1-mm and ±2-mm silhouettes got the highest VAS scores. Scores were significantly lower (P ≤ .001) as the divergence from the normal value exceeded 2 mm. Beyond +3 mm and −4 mm in females and +4 mm and −3 mm in males the difference between the scores became statistically insignificant. At ±4 mm, more than 75% of the raters elected to have treatment.Conclusion:The hypothesis was rejected.     

上海地区不同垂直骨面型成人临床冠中心高度的比较研究

目的比较上海地区不同垂直骨面型成人各牙临床冠中心高度差异,得出临床冠中心高度平均值。方法选择符合纳入标准的高角、均角、低角上海地区成人各50例,测量3组人群各同名牙临床冠中心高度并对3组间差异进行统计学分析。结果高角组各同名牙临床冠中心高度大于均角组但无统计学差异(P>0.05),高角组及均角组各同名牙临床冠中心高度均大于低角组并有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论直丝弓托槽应粘结在临床冠的中心位置,高角及均角患者粘结高度大于低角患者,正畸医师需根据患者的垂直骨面型对托槽粘结高度做适当调整。     

正畸患者对自身侧貌面下1/3高度感知能力的调查分析

目的：调查正畸患者对自身侧貌面下1/3高度的感知能力,并探讨影响其感知能力的因素。方法：拍摄软组织测量值基本上在中国汉族成人正常值范围内的中国成人男女各一侧貌作为原始图片,使用Photoshop 7.0软件,改变图片中面下1/3高度,得到男女面下1/3与面中1/3高度比在0.5~1.5、间隔为0.1的系列渐变图片作为模板。对符合样本标准并于中山大学附属口腔医院正畸科就诊的患者进行电子问卷调查,收集个人资料,并拍摄侧貌像,采用SPSS 17.0软件包对数据进行配对资料t检验,比较患者感知的自身面下1/3与面中1/3高度比与其真实侧貌的差异;采用两组独立样本t检验和单因素方差分析,探讨影响其感知能力的因素。结果：调查样本226例,平均（19.2±6.0）岁,其中男79例,女147例。患者感知侧貌面下1/3高度小于其真实侧貌,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。7个调查因素中,侧貌关注情况（P<0.01）和矫治史（P=0.002）与患者对自身侧貌面下1/3高度的感知显著相关。结论：正畸患者对自身侧貌面下1/3高度的感知存在认知偏差,受侧貌关注情况和矫治史的影响,不受年龄、性别、学历、婚姻状况和面型特征的影响。     

Gingival and dentofacial changes in adolescents and adults 2 to 10 years after orthodontic treatment

Background: Information about long-term changes of the shape of the gingival margin is missing.
Aim: To monitor 8 year changes of the gingival contour occurring in adolescents and adults and relate these changes to dentofacial growth.
Subjects and method: Forty adolescents (mean age 16.3), and 14 adults (mean age 29.7) were included in the study with photographs, radiographs and casts taken 2 and 10 years after orthodontic treatment.
The gingival contour of upper central incisors and the midline passing through the contact surface of both teeth were traced digitally using calibrated photographs. Changes were measured on seven standardized lines of the gingival contour. Lower facial height changes and tooth eruption were measured using lateral cephalograms.
Results: Adolescents and adults showed a central mean apical displacement of the gingival margin of 0.51 mm (SD 0.4 mm) and 0.13 mm (SD 0.17 mm), respectively. This displacement decreased by moving away from the centre. The gingival displacement was associated to the individual's lower facial height augmentation, r =0.63 ( p <0.001).
Conclusions: Apical displacement of the gingival contour of the upper central incisors takes place during adolescence following a semi-lunar shape. Growth explains parts of these changes.     

Correlation between maximum bite force and craniofacial morphology of young adults in Indonesia

The present study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between maximum bite force and craniofacial morphology. Sixty-four Indonesian female dental students aged 19-27 years with normal occlusion served as the subjects. The Dental Prescale System was used to measure the maximum bite force using a pressure sensitive sheets while craniofacial morphology measurements were determined from conventional lateral radiograms. The antero-posterior and right-left position of the occlusal load centre (the OLC) were measured also. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between bite force and craniofacial morphology while correlation analysis was used to evaluate the antero-posterior position of the OLC related to craniofacial morphology. Fifty-five per cent of the bite force could be explained by variations in the posterior facial height, gonial angle, antero-posterior size of the maxilla, and posterior length of the cranial base. The result showed a larger bite force implies a greater posterior facial height, smaller gonial angle, larger maxilla and straighter posterior length of the cranial base. This study suggests that among Indonesians, maximum bite force could be explained by craniofacial morphology as found in Caucasians. In addition, we proposed a clinical standard of the OLC for the comprehensive evaluation of occlusion.     

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目的    评价自行设计面神经功能评价量表用于面神经瘫痪的短期预后研究临床价值。方法    对2006年10月至2008年10月中国医科大学附属口腔医院口腔颌面外科、整形外科收治的面神经损伤患者36例进行数码采集图像,参考以往面神经功能评价量表设计更加全面的评价体系,不同医生不同时间应用改进的面神经功能评价量表评价患者面神经功能,对其结果进行统计学分析。结果    本次研究所设计的面神经功能评价量表在主观评价部分观察者间一致度以及观察者自身一致度均较高;客观测量部分总结了以往类似研究的方法并结合临床实际需要加以创新,精确、细致地反映了面神经损伤患者表情的变化。结论    本研究设计的面神经功能评价量表应用于临床,操作方便简单,成本低廉,准确性高。通过与以往面神经功能评价方法的比较证明,该量表可更加细致地评价和量化面神经功能。     

Influence of facial convexity on facial attractiveness in Japanese

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess and determine the range of the top three most-favored facial profiles for each sex from a series of varying facial convexity, and to evaluate the clinically acceptable facial profiles for Japanese adults. DESIGN: Questionnaire-based study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Silhouettes of average male and female profiles were constructed from the profiles of 30 Japanese males and females with normal occlusions. Chin positions were protruded or retruded by 2 degrees , 4 degrees , 6 degrees , 8 degrees and 10 degrees , respectively, from the average profile. Forty-one orthodontists and 50 dental students were asked to select the three most-favored profiles for each sex, and they were also asked to indicate whether they would seek surgical orthodontic treatment if that image represented their own profile. RESULTS: For males, both the orthodontists and dental students chose the average profile as the most-favored profile. For females, both the orthodontists and dental students chose a slightly more retruded chin position as the most-favored profile. Japanese raters tended to choose class II profiles as more acceptable profiles than class III profiles for both males and females. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that Japanese patients with class III profiles tend to seek surgical orthodontic treatment more often.     

三维面部影像在面部软组织不对称研究中的进展

面部美学是口腔医学关注的重点内容，而面部软组织对称性是影响面部美学的重要因素，近年来随着三维面部扫描技术及相关软件的发展，使得客观准确地评价面部软组织不对称性成为可能，相较于CBCT技术而言，该法更为便捷且无需担心辐射对患者的影响，因此在临床应用中有比较大的潜力。本文回顾了近年来利用三维面部影像分析面部不对称性的相关研究，梳理了该领域的发展方向以及具体的应用领域。     

三维面部影像在面部软组织不对称研究中的进展

面部美学是口腔医学关注的重点内容，而面部软组织对称性是影响面部美学的重要因素，近年来随着三维面部扫描技术及相关软件的发展，使得客观准确地评价面部软组织不对称性成为可能，相较于CBCT技术而言，该法更为便捷且无需担心辐射对患者的影响，因此在临床应用中有比较大的潜力。本文回顾了近年来利用三维面部影像分析面部不对称性的相关研究，梳理了该领域的发展方向以及具体的应用领域。     

原发于腮腺内面神经鞘瘤3例的临床分析

目的 探讨原发于腮腺内的面神经鞘瘤的临床特点、诊断及治疗方法 。方法 3例术前均被误诊,均行手术治疗。其中2例来源于面神经的末梢分支,1例源于面神经的主干,术后病理及免疫组化明确诊断为神经鞘瘤。结果 3例随访,均无复发,1例术后出现面神经麻痹症状加重,2例治愈。结论 神经鞘瘤诊断须依靠病理学分析,影像学检查亦有辅助诊断的价值。应手术完整摘除,努力保存面神经的功能。     

Three-dimensional assessment of restored smiling mobility after reanimation of unilateral facial palsy by triple innervation technique

The aim of this study was to assess surgically restored facial mobility using an optical 3D instrument. Eleven patients (age range 42–76 years) with unilateral facial palsy, treated by triple innervation procedure (masseteric and partial hypoglossal reinnervation, plus double cross-face facial grafting), performed five facial animations: rest position, smiling by contracting the healthy side, clenching the teeth, and pushing the tongue against the lower incisors and Mona Lisa smiling. These were recorded by stereophotogrammetry. Sixty healthy subjects were also recorded. The 3D reconstruction of each facial expression was registered onto the rest position scan, and the root mean square (RMS) point-to-point distance between the two 3D surfaces was calculated automatically for the facial thirds. RMS values on the rehabilitated hemiface were 74.8% (upper third), 46.6% (middle third), and 54.1% (lower third) of those recorded in healthy subjects. RMS values were higher in the middle and lower thirds than in the upper third, and during smile provided by masseteric stimulus (P < 0.05). The rehabilitated hemiface differed more from healthy subject values than the healthy hemiface did (P < 0.05). On average, patients were more asymmetric than healthy subjects (P = 0.004). The proposed method is non-invasive and non-contact, and it can quantify localized facial movements after surgical procedures.     

Discrepancy between objective and subjective profile measures

abstract — As a part of an overall project to develop an index of "psychologic need" for orthodontic treatment, a method was devised to determine how accurately one perceives his own profile. In a preliminary study, 21 unselected Swedish females (Ss), aged 18 to 30, were asked to recreate their own and desired profiles from three adjustable cardboard pieces representing the nose, upper lip, and lower lip/chin. Angular and linear measurements were obtained from soft tissue profile landmarks of cephalometric tracings. To discern differences in perceptual-motor ability, and to provide practice in manipulating the device, each S performed replicated simulation of an idealized test profile. A semantic differential self-evaluation of attractiveness of each facial feature was also completed for comparison with subjective and subjective-objective discrepancy measures. The results indicated that Ss differed in their ability to recreate their own profiles as a function of some combination of intervening psychologic, perceptual, or motor variables. In general, Ss underestimated less desirable features. The significant correlations between simulation measures of one's own and desired profiles, and between the simulation of desired profile and idealized test figure suggested the Ss were satisfied with their own appearance and/or were more influenced by the idealized test profile.     

Large intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma: case report and review of the literature

Here is reported an extremely rare case of a large intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma in a 32-year-old female who presented with a parotid mass. There had been a long clinical course and sudden onset of facial weakness. Diagnostic evaluation and surgical management are discussed along with a brief review of the literature.     

矢状Ⅱ类不同垂直骨面型成人舌骨位置的测量分析

目的研究矢状Ⅱ类不同垂直骨面型成人舌骨位置的特点及差异。方法选取成人矢状Ⅱ类不同垂直骨面型者135例的头颅侧位定位片,男性60例,女性75例。对每张头颅侧位定位片进行舌骨位置的测量并分别比较不同性别、不同垂直骨面型者舌骨位置的差异及舌骨位置与下颌平面角的相关关系。结果舌骨水平向测量指标AH-CVP和AH-C3在各垂直骨面型组均为男性大于女性,舌骨垂直向各测量指标在各垂直骨面型组几乎均为男性大于女性。AH-Or与下颌平面角正相关。结论矢状Ⅱ类不同垂直骨面型者舌骨位置存在某些差异,主要表现为男性舌骨位置较女性偏向前下方。舌骨位置与下颌平面角的大小存在一定相关关系。     

British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons’ National Facial Injury Surveys: hard tissue facial injuries presenting to UK emergency departments

The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (BAOMS) and Saving Faces undertook two national prospective surveys 11 years apart. They recorded the facial injuries treated in UK emergency departments and collected data on 14 872 patients. In this paper, which aims to act as a feasibility study for a third national survey of facial injuries, we have reviewed hard-tissue injuries and specifically focused on temporal changes in their morphology. The two sets of directly comparable, categorical, unpaired, cross-sectional data were evaluated independently for statistical significance. In 1997, there were 1977 hard-tissue facial injuries (33%) but in 2008 this had decreased to 1899 (22%) (p < 0.05). In 1997, there were 1315 fractures (22%) and 662 dental injuries (11%) compared with 1462 (17%) fractures and 438 (5%) dental injuries in 2008 (p < 0.05). There were proportional increases in orbital (21%), nasal (139%), and cranial fractures (340%) (p < 0.05). The data showed a small reduction in the total number of hard-tissue injuries, but this was a considerable reduction as a proportion of the total injuries. Analysis of the type and subtype of injury generally pointed towards a reduction in their energy and severity, and to likely changes in mechanism. The project has proved the feasibility of a third national survey of facial injury.