High-resolution CT analysis of facial struts in trauma: 1. Normal anatomy

The recent availability of high-spatial-resolution thin-section computed tomography (CT), capable of accurately depicting the thin body septa of the facial skeleton, has expanded the role that diagnostic radiology can play in the evaluation of the patient with facial trauma. A detailed knowledge of the normal CT anatomy of the face, however, is essential to optimally utilize this modality. The normal anatomy of the face was investigated in six cadavers using thin-section (1.5 mm) high-resolution CT. A systematic method of analysis that can facilitate evaluation of the face is presented. The face is conceptualized as three groups of interconnected osseous struts or buttresses that are oriented in the horizontal, sagittal, and coronal planes. Each group of struts is closely related to specific soft-tissue structures that are susceptible to injury. Sequential evaluation of each strut and its associated soft tissue assures a comprehensive evaluation of the face. While both axial and coronal sections are of value in some circumstances, the coronal ones are most helpful in accurately depicting the structures of the face that are most likely to be injured in trauma.     

High-resolution CT of temporal bone trauma

Computed tomographic (CT) findings in 18 patients with temporal bone trauma were reviewed. Eight patients suffered longitudinal fractures of the petrous bone, which were associated with ossicular dislocation in two patients. Transverse fractures were detected in six patients, with a contralateral mastoid fracture in one patient. In four patients, the fractures were restricted to the mastoid region. Of the 14 patients in whom adequate neurologic evaluation was available, seven had a permanent facial nerve or hearing deficit while five suffered at least a transient neurologic deficit related to the temporal bone trauma. Routine head CT (10 mm sections) demonstrated only eight of 19 petrous bone injuries. Clues to such injury included opacification of the mastoid air cells (10 patients), sphenoid sinus (11 patients), external canal and middle ear air space (10 patients), and local pneumocephalus (five patients). Evidence of brain trauma or extraaxial hematoma was seen in 12 patients. In 13 cases, high-resolution CT was also performed, demonstrating temporal bone injuries in all. This latter technique allows rapid and detailed evaluation of temporal bone trauma. Reports of radiographic evaluation of temporal bone trauma tend to deal with a somewhat skewed population, selected on the basis of clinical symptomatology. In a major trauma center equipped with high-resolution CT, it was found that temporal bone fractures may be seen incidentally, or in patients in whom symptomatology related to temporal fracture is obscured by much more serious neurologic compromise.     

Intracerebral pneumatoceles following facial trauma: CT findings

Three patients with delayed frontal intracerebral pneumatoceles following facial injury are presented. In one patient an unusual appearance of bilateral and symmetrical frontal lobe pneumatoceles was demonstrated. While diagnosis is not difficult on routine radiographs, CT is valuable for determining effects on the brain and clearly delineating the fracture site; CT shows the location of the pneumatocele and may show an associated air-fluid level, mass effect or surrounding edema, or rim enhancement following administration of contrast material. The radiological appearances in conjunction with the clinical findings are highly characteristic and should not be mistaken for gas-forming cerebral abscesses.     

64层螺旋CT低剂量扫描在眶区外伤中的应用

目的探讨64层螺旋CT低剂量扫描在眶区外伤中的应用价值。方法收集180例眶区外伤患者,随机分为两组,A组90位患者行眶区常规剂量(115mAs)扫描,B组90位患者在其他参数不变的情况下,行低剂量(40mAs)扫描,比较常规剂量扫描与低剂量扫描的辐射剂量及图像质量。结果低剂量(40mAs)的辐射剂量明显低于常规剂量,低剂量组与常规剂量组间的CTDIvol、DLP值比较均有明显统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论眶区外伤低剂量扫描不仅有效降低辐射剂量,而且图像质量满足诊断需求。     

X线平片与CT扫描对胸部外伤的诊断价值

目的分析胸部外伤的X线与CT表现类型并评价其诊断价值。方法回顾性分析60例临床胸部外伤患者的X线平片及CT表现。结果 60例中,皮下气肿见于38例,骨折55例,胸膜伤38例,肺损伤48例,创伤湿肺22例,肺不张9例,纵隔伤15例。伴发其他部位的损伤包括颅脑损伤42例,椎体及附件骨折20例,腹腔积血32例。结论 X线平片及CT扫描在胸部外伤中具有重要的诊断价值,X线平片可作为常规检查及随访的最主要影像技术,而CT对探测或判定胸外伤具有更高的敏感性和特异性,应作为重要补充。     

不同低剂量CT扫描对眼眶部外伤病变的诊断价值

目的 :探讨不同低剂量CT扫描对眼眶部外伤病变的诊断价值。方法 :对 14 8例眼眶部外伤患者分为 4组行不同低剂量 (10mA组 4 0例、2 0mA组 30例、30mA组 4 8例、5 0mA组 30例 )CT扫描 ,并对每例患者选取晶状体视神经层面常规剂量 (10 0mA)CT扫描 ,比较该层面二者的图像质量、眼眶部外伤病变的显示和患者辐射剂量。结果 :低剂量 (10mA、2 0mA)CT扫描图像质量以差的为主 ,不能显示球内小血肿。低剂量 (30mA、5 0mA)CT扫描图像质量以较好为主 ,对眼眶外伤病变的显示与常规剂量 (10 0mA)CT扫描相同。结论 :低剂量 (30mA)CT扫描可以用于诊断眼眶部外伤。     

颈部钝伤齿突侧块间隙不对称CT扫描的价值

目的 :研究颈部钝伤齿突侧块间隙 (LADS)不对称患者功能位CT扫描时寰枢椎旋转角度 ,为临床有关疾病的诊断治疗提供帮助。方法 :3 0例正常人和 2 5例患者行中立位CT扫描 ,然后行左、右旋转 2 5°～ 45°功能位扫描 ,测量功能位寰枢椎相对旋转角度。结果 :3 0例正常人寰椎相对于枢椎的旋转角度大于 8°。 2 5例受伤者中 19例寰椎相对于枢椎的旋转角度大于 8° ,其余 1周后CT复查均大于 8° ,枢椎的运动弧度正常时应小于寰椎的 5 0 %。结论 :张口位平片显示LADS间隙不对称而临床无其他症状者无需进一步检查或治疗。而临床伴有旋转固定症状者 ,需用功能位CT扫描。     

Comparison of spiral CT and conventional CT in 3D visualization of facial trauma: work in progress

Spiral computed tomography (SCT) differs from conventional CT (CCT) in that regions of the body can be rapidly imaged via continuous scanning. This is accompanied by simultaneous advancement of the patient, thus allowing volumetric data acquisition of up to 60 cm in less than a minute. Thus motion is minimized and slice misregistration is minimized when multiplanar and three dimensional reconstructions are performed. This paper compares the utility of SCT and CCT in facial trauma. A total of six patients were studied with either CCT or SCT of the face after trauma. SCr scans were obtained using a Siemens Somatom Plus-S Cr scanner (2 mm thick collimation and 3 mm/sec table feed for 32 s). Three-dimensional (3D) and multiplanar reconstruction images of the facial bones were generated after appropriate thresholds were selected by the radiologist; similar images generated with a CCT (GE quick 9800) were compared using a three point scale with kappa analysis. SCT is able to generate axial and reformatted images of comparable quality to CCT (k = 0.47–0.89) in less than half the time to perform an examination (26 min vs 63 min). SCT can rapidly produce (3D) and multiplanar reformatted images of facial trauma with minimal motion, or misregistration artifact when compared to CCT.     

耳硬化症的高分辨率CT表现

目的 探讨耳硬化症的HRCT表现特征.方法 回顾性分析34例61耳临床诊断明确的耳硬化症的HRCT表现.结果 55耳HRCT表现耳囊骨密度减低区,6耳HRCT未发现异常.HRCT表现异常的55耳中,6耳仅表现为前庭窗前方耳囊低密度区,6耳表现为前庭窗前方耳囊低密度区、镫骨底板增厚及耳蜗周围低密度区,11耳表现为前庭窗前方耳囊低密度区、前庭窗后方低密度区及镫骨底板增厚,20耳表现为前庭窗前方耳囊低密度区和镫骨底板增厚,10耳表现为前庭窗前方耳囊低密度区及耳蜗周围耳囊低密度影,2耳仪表现为耳蜗周围耳囊低密度区.结论 HRCT可显示耳囊骨质及镫骨底板异常,有助于进一步证实耳硬化症诊断.     

耳硬化症的高分辨率CT表现

目的 探讨耳硬化症的HRCT表现特征.方法 回顾性分析34例61耳临床诊断明确的耳硬化症的HRCT表现.结果 55耳HRCT表现耳囊骨密度减低区,6耳HRCT未发现异常.HRCT表现异常的55耳中,6耳仅表现为前庭窗前方耳囊低密度区,6耳表现为前庭窗前方耳囊低密度区、镫骨底板增厚及耳蜗周围低密度区,11耳表现为前庭窗前方耳囊低密度区、前庭窗后方低密度区及镫骨底板增厚,20耳表现为前庭窗前方耳囊低密度区和镫骨底板增厚,10耳表现为前庭窗前方耳囊低密度区及耳蜗周围耳囊低密度影,2耳仪表现为耳蜗周围耳囊低密度区.结论 HRCT可显示耳囊骨质及镫骨底板异常,有助于进一步证实耳硬化症诊断.     

耳硬化症的高分辨率CT表现

目的 探讨耳硬化症的HRCT表现特征.方法 回顾性分析34例61耳临床诊断明确的耳硬化症的HRCT表现.结果 55耳HRCT表现耳囊骨密度减低区,6耳HRCT未发现异常.HRCT表现异常的55耳中,6耳仅表现为前庭窗前方耳囊低密度区,6耳表现为前庭窗前方耳囊低密度区、镫骨底板增厚及耳蜗周围低密度区,11耳表现为前庭窗前方耳囊低密度区、前庭窗后方低密度区及镫骨底板增厚,20耳表现为前庭窗前方耳囊低密度区和镫骨底板增厚,10耳表现为前庭窗前方耳囊低密度区及耳蜗周围耳囊低密度影,2耳仪表现为耳蜗周围耳囊低密度区.结论 HRCT可显示耳囊骨质及镫骨底板异常,有助于进一步证实耳硬化症诊断.     

High-resolution CT scanning in the evaluation of cervical spine fractures: comparison with plain film examinations

Forty-nine patients with cervical spine fractures were identified among 160 patients who underwent CT of the cervical spine for blunt trauma. Although there was a high index of suspicion on the plain film interpretation, as well as a large percentage of false positives, many fractures were found on CT that were not suggested, even in retrospect, on the plain radiographs. Of the 136 fractures ultimately identified in these patients, CT detected 135 (99%) while only 64 (47%) were seen or suspected on the initial screening radiographs. At first glance, this might appear to discredit the plain films as a screening device. However, most of these "occult" fractures occurred in vertebrae that had been identified as probably fractured in other parts, for example, pedicle fractures found in vertebrae initially suspected of harboring only a vertebral body fracture. Most of the remainder of the uncovered fractures were in vertebrae immediately adjacent to ones that were initially identified as fractured. Indeed, of the 49 patients with fractures, only one had an adequately exposed and positioned plain film that was completely normal. The ability of CT to determine quickly and confidently the presence or absence of cervical fractures and to define the position of fragments in relation to the spinal canal is of considerable value in the medical and nursing management of the seriously traumatized patient. For example, when a fracture is seen or suspected on conventional films, a limited CT examination of the area is recommended. Plain films should be used to guide the CT examination so that an intact vertebra above and below the lesion is included. If an adequately exposed and positioned plain film series of the cervical spine is normal, it is unlikely that CT will reveal a fracture. While conventional radiographs fail to detect a surprising number of fractures, they retain their value as a screening tool and as a guide to selective CT imaging.     

肺淋巴管肌瘤病的HRCT诊断

目的：探讨肺淋巴管肌瘤病的HRCT表现,提高对该病诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析9例经病理证实的肺淋巴管肌瘤病患者的HRCT资料。结果：所有病例均见双肺均匀弥漫分布的直径1～55mm薄壁囊状影,囊壁厚度从无法测量至2mm,囊腔间可见正常肺组织。2例伴小叶间隔增厚;1例伴磨玻璃影;2例伴气胸,其中1例为液气胸。结论：HRCT对肺淋巴管肌瘤病的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

High-resolution CT of paediatric lung disease

High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) has improved our understanding of many lung diseases in adults. The technique is used less often in children due to concerns regarding radiation dose. However, HRCT may provide important diagnostic information in a variety of lung diseases in children including airways diseases and diffuse interstitial lung disease. This review illustrates the HRCT appearances of a variety of conditions and describes the emerging role of the technique in children.     

High-resolution CT of drug-induced lung disease

Drug-induced pulmonary toxicity is increasing and early diagnosis is important because of the associated morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis is often difficult and is usually based on a history of drug therapy and exclusion of infection, radiation pneumonitis, and recurrence of the underlying disease. Although HRCT findings are frequently nonspecific, diagnosis can be facilitated by an understanding of the most common histopathologic and radiologic manifestations of drug-induced lung injury and knowledge of the drugs usually involved.     

High-resolution CT of the lung parenchyma

High-resolution CT, a technique that optimizes the spatial resolution of lung parenchyma, uses thin collimation, reconstruction with a high-spatial frequency algorithm, image targeting, and sometimes increased kVp and mA settings. Performing a high-resolution CT study can provide information regarding lung morphology that cannot be obtained using conventional CT or plain radiographs. Alterations in anatomy can be identified at the level of the secondary pulmonary lobule, and although often nonspecific, in certain situations high-resolution CT findings can be diagnostic. High-resolution CT scanning is also helpful in identifying patients who have significant lung disease despite a normal chest radiograph, and in planning biopsy procedures.     

High-resolution CT of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma.

Bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma has a wide spectrum of pathologic and radiologic appearances. Some of the radiologic features are characteristic enough to suggest the underlying pathologic changes. This article illustrates the various manifestations of bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma on high-resolution CT (1.5-mm collimation reconstructed with a high-spatial-frequency algorithm). Correlations between the CT and pathologic findings are included.