重组质粒pcDNA3.1IL-2/Fc对HBV preS2S DNA疫苗免疫作用的影响

目的 探讨IL-2/Fc融合表达后对HBVpreS2S基因疫苗诱导免疫反应的佐剂效应.方法 采用HBV preS2S DNA疫苗作为基础免疫,重组质粒pcDNA3.1IL-2/Fc作为佐剂加强免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用0、2、4周的方案接种,检测各次接种后抗体水平.初次免疫后7周,测定免疫脾细胞的杀伤活性、增殖活性和细胞因子的分泌水平.结果 pcDNA3.1IL-2/Fc作为佐剂在HBV preS2S注射3 d后免疫组小鼠抗体滴度、免疫脾细胞的杀伤活性和增殖活性、TH1型细胞因子的分泌水平,均比各对照组明显增强.结论 IL-2/Fc是有效的HBV preS2S DNA疫苗佐剂之一.     

基因佐剂注射时相对HBV preS2S疫苗免疫作用的影响

目的：HBV preS2S基因疫苗接种不同时相应用佐剂peDNA3．1IL-2／Fc，观察其对诱导免疫反应效果的影响。方法：采用HBV preS2S DNA基因疫苗作为基础免疫，重组质粒peDNA3．1IL-2／Fc作为佐剂加强免疫，设计实验组与HBVpreS2S基因疫苗同时及在注射BALB／c小鼠后第3天加用佐剂，采用0、2、4周的方案接种，检测各次接种后抗体水平、免疫脾细胞的杀伤活性、增殖活性和细胞因子分泌水平。结果：HBV preS2S注射3天后应用佐剂的免疫小鼠，其抗体滴度、免疫脾细胞杀伤活性、增殖活性和Th1型细胞因子分泌水平均比同时免疫组、单独应用HBV preS2S组及空载体对照组明显增强。结论：预先接种疫苗后加用IL-2／Fc佐剂，能明显增强疫苗免疫效应。     

IL-2／IFN-γ融合蛋白基因质粒联合HBVDNA疫苗治疗HBV转基因小鼠效果评价

目的评价融合蛋白基因质粒（pFP）联合在体电脉冲（EP）介导的HBVDNA疫苗（pS2．S）免疫HBV转基因（Tg）小鼠的治疗效果。方法HBVTg小鼠随机分成3组，每组5只，分别为pS2．S＋pFP、pS2．S＋pcDNA3．1免疫治疗和pcDNA3．1对照组。联合免疫质粒总剂量40μg／只，按1：1比例混合接种。初次免疫后第4、8周分别进行第一、二次增强免疫，免疫前后分别检测血清学、组织学及HBV特异性免疫应答。结果HBVDNA血清定量检测结果，pS2．S＋pFP组免疫第8周（13317±2539）拷贝／ml、第12周（6462±3359）拷贝／ml时分别较免疫前（36159±7769）拷贝／ml明显减低，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；pS2．S＋pcDNA3．1组第4周（20618±9523）拷贝／ml及第8周（23818±5319）拷贝／ml时均较其免疫前水平（36090±4421）拷贝／ml明显降低（P〈0．01），但不能持续到12周（27691＋13071）拷贝／ml。并明显高于此时pS2．S＋pFP组水平，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；观察终点（12周）pS2．S＋pFP组强小鼠个体血清HBVDNA及肝组织HBsAg表达水平降低的同时，伴随其血清ALT水平及HBsAg特异性IFN-γ分泌细胞数目的升高。结论，Th1类细胞因子IL-2／IFN-γ融合蛋白基因表达质粒能够增强HBVDNA疫苗抑制强鼠HBVDNA复制和表达的治疗作用。     

HBV与HCV融合DNA疫苗的构建及其体液免疫应答

目的 构建含乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）表面抗原基因（S区基因）与丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）核心抗原基因（C区基因）的嵌合真核表达载体,观察preS1和preS2基因对HBV表面抗原及HCV核心抗原体液免疫的影响。方法 用PCR方法,分别扩增HBV S区基因和HCV C区基因。将S区基因克隆入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1,酶切鉴定后,大量提取质粒并免疫Balb/c小鼠,用ELISA法检测抗HBs和抗HCV抗体。结果 成功地扩增出目的基因片段,克隆后酶切鉴定结果正确,序列分析与文献报告相一致。免疫后检测到抗HBs和抗HCV抗体。preS1与preS2基因对构建的融合DNA疫苗的体液免疫应答有一定的抑制作用。抗HBs抗体的产生低于只含S基因的真核表达载体;preS1基因对抗HCV抗体的产生具有抑制作用,而preS2无影响。结论 不同长度的HBV S区基因可影响抗HBs和抗HCV抗体的产生。     

C3d对基因免疫诱导的HBV特异性体液免疫应答的调节作用

观察补体C3d对HBV基因免疫诱导的特异性体液免疫应答的调节作用 ,为增强HBV基因疫苗免疫效果寻求新途径。将HBV preS2 /S编码基因分别插入真核表达载体TR4 2 1和含有 3拷贝C3d编码基因的TR4 2 1 C3d3质粒 ,构建重组质粒TR4 2 1 preS2 /S和TR4 2 1 preS2 /S C3d3。采用肌肉注射法对BALB/c小鼠实施基因免疫 (10 0 μg/ 10 0 μl/只小鼠 ) ,以空质粒为对照 ,定期采集血清。ELISA法检测免疫小鼠血清特异性抗 HBs IgG及其亚型 ,并采用NaSCN竞争ELISA法检测其亲合力。结果表明 ,TR4 2 1 preS2 /S C3d3重组质粒免疫组诱导的特异性抗 HBs IgG水平明显高于TR4 2 1 preS2 /S重组质粒免疫组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;而且TR4 2 1 preS2 /S C3d3重组质粒免疫组诱导的抗 HBs IgG抗体的亲合力 (ED50 :1 375 )显著高于TR4 2 1 preS2 /S重组质粒组 (ED50 :0 875 ) ,但C3d并不改变基因免疫诱导的特异性抗HBs IgG各亚型水平的格局 ,仍以IgG2b和IgG2a为主。提示C3d可增强基因免疫诱导的HBV特异性体液免疫应答 ,并促进特异性抗体亲和力的成熟 ,这为提高HBV基因疫苗的免疫效果提供了新的途径。     

DNA疫苗诱导健康小鼠细胞免疫及HBV转基因小鼠抗-HBs产生

目的 :在HBVDNA疫苗成功地诱导健康小鼠体液免疫应答的基础上 ,探讨其作为抗 HBV治疗的可行性及作用机理。方法 :应用基因重组技术 ,构建编码HBV中蛋白 (preS2 +S)及人白细胞介素融合蛋白基因的真核表达质粒pS2 .S及pFP ,继经肌注免疫健康Balb C及HBV转基因 (Tg)小鼠并观察健康小鼠细胞免疫应答及HBVTg小鼠HBsAg的血清转换。结果 :1 体外HBsAg对DNA疫苗免疫后的T细胞的刺激呈浓度相关 ,HBsAg 30 μg ml时刺激pS2 .S免疫小鼠脾细胞增殖指数(5 6± 0 9)明显较pcDNA3 1组 (2 0± 0 5 )高。细胞培养上清液细胞因子水平检测结果 :免疫实验组IL 2及IFN γ的分泌水平明显较对照组高 ,而IL 4水平于各组影响不明显。 2 pS2 .S免疫小鼠局部引流淋巴结DCs诱导HBsAg致敏的T 细胞增殖指数(4 2 0 )较pcDNA3.1组 (2 5 5高 )。 3 高剂量的pS2 .S组与联合pFP组各有一只Tg小鼠分别于 2、4w开始发生HBsAg血清转换 ,且其抗体水平随时间而增长。结论 :结果表明HBVDNA疫苗能有效诱导HBsAg特异性的细胞免疫应答 ;HBV Tg小鼠初步实验结果为治疗型HBVDNA疫苗的深入研制提供了实验依据。     

共表达不同水平的IL-12对于HBV DNA疫苗质粒免疫原性的影响

目的 在HBsAg DNA疫苗质粒中共表达IL-12佐剂分子,研究IL-12的表达水平对于HBV DNA疫苗质粒免疫原性的影响.方法 构建携带来源于中国地区C型HBV参照序列CHN-HBV07-C经密码子优化的preS2-S基因的DNA疫苗质粒pHBV,并将3个不同IL-12表达水平的佐剂分子表达盒序列分别克隆入该疫苗质粒中,通过瞬时转染293T细胞以检测重组质粒IL-12分子及乙肝表面抗原的表达情况.将不同IL-12表达水平的疫苗质粒免疫BALB/c雌性小鼠,IFN-γ的ELISPOT方法检测HBsAg抗原特异性的细胞免疫应答,化学发光定量ELISA法检测HBsAg特异的抗体水平.结果 成功构建3个不同IL-12表达水平的HBV DNA疫苗质粒,293T细胞转染结果显示:不携带IL-12分子表达盒的对照疫苗质粒pHBV的HBsAg表达水平可达70 ng/ml;低表达IL-12的疫苗质粒pHBV-12l的HBsAg表达水平为18 ng/ml;而高表达IL-12的重组疫苗质粒pHBV-12h的HBsAg表达水平仅为6 ng/ml.BALB/c小鼠的免疫结果表明:高表达IL-12分子的疫苗质粒pHBV-12h所诱导的细胞免疫及体液免疫水平相对于对照疫苗质粒pHBV均显著降低了.低表达IL-12分子的疫苗质粒pHBV-12l所诱导的抗体水平也显著降低了,但其细胞免疫应答水平却显著提高了.结论 在同一疫苗质粒中,高表达IL-12分子的质粒可能会影响到抗原蛋白的表达,而低表达IL-12分子的疫苗质粒却能增强细胞免疫应答.因此,平衡好佐剂分子及抗原蛋白的表达水平对于诱导高水平的免疫应答是个重要的因素.     

HBV-preS2/S-C3d联合基因疫苗诱导的特异性免疫应答及其意义

目的：研究HBV—preS2／S—C3d联合基因疫苗诱导的特异性体液和细胞免疫应答及其意义。方法：CR2结合实验检测C3d融合蛋白的结合特性；分别用TR421、TR421-preS2／S和TR421—preS2／S—C3d3重组质粒免疫小鼠．ELISA法检测特异性抗HBs—IgG的亲合力，^3H-TdR掺入法检测其特异性淋巴细胞增殖活性（SI），半定量RT—PCR法检测IL-4、IFN-γ、T—bet和GATA-3基因表达的水平。结果：C3d融合蛋白可有效地结合CR2；TR421—preS2／S—C3d3质粒基因免疫诱导的抗HBs—IgG水平、亲合力以及SI均明显高于TR421-preS2／S组，并且前者诱导的IL-4、IFN-γ、T—bet和GATA-3基因表达水平也均高于后者。结论：C3d通过结合CR2、上调IL-4和转录因子的表达、促进抗体亲合力成熟来增强基因免疫诱导的HBV特异性免疫应答。     

C3d-P28增强乙肝病毒基因免疫诱导的特异性细胞免疫应答

目的 :研究补体C3d中P2 8分子对HBV基因免疫诱导的细胞免疫应答的调节作用 ,为增强基因疫苗细胞免疫的效果寻求新方法。方法 :分别分离获取C3d P2 8和HBV preS2 /S编码基因 ,并克隆入真核表达载体 pVAON33中 ,构建相应重组质粒pVAON33 S2 /S (仅含HBV preS2 /S编码基因 )和pVAON33 S2 /S P2 8.4 (含HBV preS2 /S和 4拷贝C3d P2 8的编码基因 ) ,并以PCR、酶切和DNA序列测定进行鉴定。以肌肉注射法对BALB/c小鼠实施 3次基因免疫 ( 10 0 μg/10 0 μL·只 ) ,间隔 3wk ,并以空质粒免疫小鼠作为对照。免疫小鼠脾细胞体外经HBsAg刺激后 ,用3 H TdR掺入法和同位素释放法 ,分别检测特异性淋巴细胞增殖和CTL杀伤活性。结果 :pVAON33 S2 /S和 pVAON33 S2 /S P2 8.4免疫小鼠的脾细胞 ,均显示较强的特异性增殖活性和CTL杀伤活性 ,但后者显著强于前者 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :C3d P2 8可增强HBV preS2 /S基因免疫诱导的特异性细胞免疫应答     

tPA信号肽和鼠疫杆菌保护性抗原V融合基因的构建及免疫效果鉴定

获得含有鼠疫杆菌V抗原编码基因以及tPA信号肽编码序列的重组质粒,并测定其诱导特异性免疫应答的能力。采用PCR扩增鼠疫菌杆菌V基因构建到pVAX1质粒中产生pVAX1/V重组质粒,PCR扩增tPA信号肽编码序列片段并将其插入到pVAX1/V中V基因的上游,构建tPA-pVAX1/V重组质粒;转染COS-7细胞,免疫细胞化学方法鉴定V蛋白的表达;二重组质粒分别加mGM-CSF质粒免疫BALB/c小鼠,观察免疫应答反应;以400个LD50强毒鼠疫杆菌皮下攻击免疫小鼠观察保护效率。结果显示,tPA-pVAX1/V在COS-7细胞中表达了V蛋白;免疫小鼠血清产生了特异性抗体和细胞免疫应答;攻毒保护率达80%。成功构建了分泌型V蛋白的真核表达质粒载体,具有诱导特异性细胞免疫和体液免疫应答的能力,对强毒鼠疫杆菌攻毒有一定的保护效力,为鼠疫杆菌新型疫苗研制奠定了基础。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.