中华成人智力量表的初步编制

目的：编制一套适合我国16岁以上人群的成人智力量表。方法：以Cattell—Horn—Carroll理论作为编制量表的基本理论框架，量表由3个分量表12个分测验组成。根据湖南省第五次人口普查资料，在长沙地区分层按比例随机选取16～82岁正常成年人400例，进行条目分析及信效度榆验．结果：各分测验难度在0．45—0．74之间．平均难度0．53；各分测验及全量表的重测相关系数为0．72—0．97；探索性因素分析抽取的三个因子解释了总方差的75％。验证性因素分析拟合三因素模型最佳。结论：中华成人智力量表的条目质量及信效度符合心理测量学的基本要求。     

维克森林医师信任量表中文修订版的信效度

目的:构建具有良好信效度的维克森林医师信任量表(WFPTS)中文修订版,用来测量我国患者的信任水平。方法:在原量表翻译的基础上经专家小组讨论和专家咨询方法去除了原量表1个条目,又增加了2个条目,构成11个条目的初步修订量表。方便选取上海三级医院门诊候诊患者500名,获得有效问卷313份。将受试随机分为2个样本分别进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,使用总样本进行项目分析和信度、效度检验,选用医疗服务满意量表(MCSS)和患者信任行为与态度量表(PTBAS)为校标。间隔15 d后,随机抽取其中的67人进行重测。结果:项目分析剔除不满足条件的条目8;探索性因素分析表明修订量表有"仁爱"和"技术能力"两维结构,每个因子各有5个条目,总共可解释61.41%的总变异;验证性因素分析验证了二维度模型;修订量表总分与两个效标量表总分均呈正相关(r=0.76,0.48;均P0.001)。总量表的内部一致性信度为0.89,"仁爱"和"技术能力"维度的内部一致性信度分别为0.85和0.87;总量表的重测信度为0.83,"仁爱"和"技术能力"维度的重测信度分别为0.81和0.87。结论:维克森林医师信任量表中文修订版具有良好心理学属性和信效度,可以作为测量患者信任的有力工具。     

情绪化进食量表在中国青少年中的修订

目的:在中国青少年中修订情绪化进食量表。方法:在国内外相关文献基础上形成情绪化进食量表的试测条目,累计选取601人进行试测,经多次项目分析和探索性因素分析形成正式问卷。938人的正式问卷数据用于验证性因素分析和信效度检验。结果:①正式量表包括18个条目;②探索性因素分析得出抑郁、生气/愤怒和焦虑三个因子,共解释50.651%的方差变异;③简单和多群组验证性因素分析表明量表的三因素结构模型拟合良好,模型具有跨群组稳定性;④情绪化进食量表的信效度良好,总量表与各分量表的内部一致性系数分别为0.901、0.831、0.787和0.799,时隔两周后的重测量度分别为0.787、0.776、0.745和0.773,与贪食行为表现出良好汇聚效度。结论:情绪化进食量表(中国青少年版)的三因子结构稳定,各项心理学测量指标良好。     

空中乘务员心理素质测评量表的编制

目的编制空中乘务员心理素质测评量表。方法用探索性因素分析发展量表的初步理论结构，用验证性因素分析证明理论结构的合理性和正确性。结果①探索性因素分析确定该量表包括16个因子，共解释变异总量的79.851%；②总量表的Cronbach＇s a系数、分半信度和重测信度分别为0.922、0.901和0.896；3量表的结构效度和内容效度都比较理想。结论编制的空中乘务员心理素质测评量表共包含16个因子，量表具有较好的信效度。     

家庭环境量表中文版在问题青少年群体的信效度验证

目的:验证家庭环境量表中文版在问题青少年群体的信度和效度。方法:902名12-25岁青少年接受家庭环境量表中文版调查,其中心理障碍222例、违法者290例、正常者390人,用信度分析、因素分析和组间比较验证量表的信度和效度。结果:除情感表达、独立性和宗教观外,其它分量表在三个样本中的信度都在0.5以上,除独立性和控制性外,其它分量表得分组间差异具有显著性(P0.05);正常青少年样本探索性因素分析获得三因子:关系(亲密度、情感表达、矛盾性、组织性)、个人成长(娱乐性、知识性)、稳定性(成功性、组织性、控制性),累计解释总方差的64.70%,验证性因素分析显示三因素交叉模型的拟合度优于Moos三因素模型和刘丹三因素模型。结论:独立性和宗教观信度很差,娱乐性、成功性和情感表达信度较差,其它分量表的信度符合心理测量学要求,家庭环境量表中文版8个分量表符合三因素交叉模型,对不同人群具有鉴别效度。     

Barratt冲动量表中文版在209名大三学生中的试用

目的：探索Barratt冲动量表（BIS-11）的信度和效度。方法：对209名在校大学生进行Barratt冲动量表测查，并间隔一个月进行重测。结果：条目分析结果表明，除条目9、12、22、25外，其他条目-总分相关r为0．16-0．58（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；重测信度为0．83（P〈0．001）；探索性因素分析的结果得到注意、运动和缺少计划三个因子（特征根大于1，解释方差比率总计52．64％），除条目18、22和27外，其他条目的负荷范围在0．30～0．62之间；验证性因素分析GFI、AGFI、NNFI和CFI分别为0．91、0．85、0．75、0．80，RMSEA为0．09；量表及因子α系数为：注意0．73，运动0．60，缺少计划0．65，总分0．80。结论：BIS-11是一个比较好的评估冲动行为的工具。     

儿童道德脱离量表的初步修订

目的:对Bandura等人编制的儿童道德脱离量表(MDS)进行初步的修订,并检验修订问卷的信效度。方法:采用翻译的道德脱离量表对1529名儿童进行测试,并对测试数据作探索性和验证性因素分析。结果:经修订的道德脱离量表具有良好的项目区分度;探索性因素分析结果显示,各项目在所属因子上的负荷介于0.582～0.862之间,累计解释方差变异量为58.963%;本量表的内部一致性系数是0.759,各个分量表的α系数在0.511～0.723之间;验证性因素分析结果显示,六因素模型对于数据的拟合程度良好。结论:修订以后的道德脱离量表(MDS)的信度和效度均达到了心理测量学的要求,可以在未来的相关领域研究中应用。     

大学生心理健康量表的编制和信效度研究

目的：编制适合大学生的心理健康测量工具。方法：用探索性因素分析发展量表的初步理论结构，再用验证性因素分析证明理论结构的合理性和正确性。结果：①探索性因素分析确定量表含有9个因素，共解释了总变异的52．88％。②量表Cronbach's α系数、分半和重测相关系数分别为0．95，0．93，0．83。③验证性因素分析显示拟合指数X^2／df，GFI，AGFI，CFI，TLI，RMSEA，RMR分别为2．94，0．87，0．86，0．88，0．87，0．04，0．05。结论：该量表信效度都达到了心理测量学的要求。     

心理一致感量表(SOC-13)的信、效度初步研究

目的:对Antonovsky编制的心理一致感量表(SOC-13)进行初步的修订和信效度检验。方法: 根据量表修订的方法,在上海市选取1827名成年被试和44名大学生被试进行测试,分析中文版的信、效度。结果:项目分析结果表明SOC-13各项目的项目鉴别力良好r=0．40、0．64,有三个组的r在0．28- 0．37;量表的重测信度为0．61,内部一致性系数为0．76;探索性因素分析的结果得到可理解感、可控制感和意义感三个因素(特征根大于1,解释方差比率总计47％),除项目9和11外,其他条目的负荷范围在 0．41至0．69之间;效标关联效度理想。结论:修订的心理一致感量表具有较高的信、效度。     

小学生建设性思考量表的初步编制

目的:编制适合中国小学生的建设性思考量表,并检验其信效度。方法:在对有关研究资料的检索和分析基础上,确定量表的理论框架,建立条目库,经专家论证和小样本调查的结果,对条目进行修改,形成测试版本,并对302名小学生进行测试。结果:①项目分析剔除了三道鉴别力较低的题目,剩余与总分之间的积距相关在0.41-0.66之间;②全量表的内部一致性α系数为0.88,五个分量表的内部一致性α系数在0.66-0.75之间,重测信度为0.83;③探索性因素分析共抽取出五个因素,分别命名为消极情绪应对、挫折应对、人际怀疑、二分法思考、迷信思考,涵盖23个条目,可解释53.13%的变异,各条目的负荷范围在0.36至0.75之间,效标关联效度良好。结论:小学生建设性思考量表具有较好的信度和效度,可用于评估中国小学生建设性思考。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.