海南西部地区人体肠道寄生虫感染现状调查

为了解和分析海南省西部地区人体肠道寄生虫病流行现状和趋势,评估10年来的寄生虫病防治成就,为今后制定防治策略提供依据。按照《全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查实施细则》方法和要求,在海南省西部地区4个中签点进行调查。人体肠道寄生虫病总感染率为59.32%,发现7种肠道寄生虫种,其感染率分别为:蛔虫20.10%、鞭虫40.64%、钩虫20.73%、蛲虫40.49%(190494)、粪类圆线虫0.05%、小杆线虫0.24%、华枝睾吸虫0.2%。不同调查点、性别、职业、民族、年龄间感染率都有极显著性差异(P<0.005)。钩虫感染以单纯美洲钩虫感染为主占90.87%,蛔虫未受精卵占40.88%。寄生虫以单一感染、双重感染、三重感染、四重感染者分别占人数的59.08%、30.45%、9.49%、0.99%,以低年龄组感染率为高。海南省西部地区人体肠道线虫感染率仍较高,今后该地区防治工作应以土源性线虫为重点、尤其是鞭虫。     

漳州市芗城区浦南村人群钩虫病调查

目的了解芗城区浦南村钩虫人群感染及流行情况。方法采用改良加藤氏厚涂片法检查钩虫卵;对部分重度感染者进行驱虫导泻治疗,并收集虫体进行虫种鉴定;对部分环境类型土壤的钩蚴进行分离培养与鉴定。结果检查4812人,钩虫感染者1601人,感染率为33.27%。感染程度以轻度感染为主;女性感染率（18.37%）高于男性（14.90%）（χ2=7.74,P〈0.05）;人群分布以〈15岁年龄段的感染率最低（9.31%）,55～年龄段的老年人最高（47.43%）,呈年龄增长而升高趋势（χ2=300.00,P〈0.01）;文化程度以高中以上者感染率最低（8.06%）,与文盲半文盲（31.89%）、小学（37.83%）、初中（31.35%）文化程度者比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=7.74,P〈0.05）。驱虫导泻20人,收集钩虫成虫326条,均鉴定为美洲钩虫;分离培养土壤20份,分离阳性钩蚴12份,均鉴定为美洲钩蚴。结论芗城区浦南村为严重的钩虫流行区,人群钩虫感染率高,且为单纯的美洲钩虫;因此,加强健康教育,开展防治措施具有重要意义。     

广东省湛江市农村人群肠道蠕虫感染调查

目的了解湛江市农村人群肠道蠕虫感染现状。方法随机采集村民新鲜粪便，用直接涂片法及饱和盐水浮聚法检查虫卵，用盐酸左旋咪唑驱虫法检查感染钩虫种类。结果粪检190人，虫卵阳性78人，总感染率为41．1％。检出3种肠道蠕虫卵，其中钩虫感染率25．8％，蛔虫感染率12．1％，鞭虫感染率10．5％，有2种或3种虫卵阳性率为6．8％；不同地点各虫感染率不同；钩虫以50—70岁人群感染率较高，蛔虫、鞭虫以20岁以下人群常见；女性的钩虫感染率明显高于男性。药物驱虫后检获有十二指肠钩虫成虫、美洲钩虫成虫及雄性蛔虫，其中，十二指肠钩虫占钩虫比例87．4％，美洲钩虫占钩虫比例12．6％。结论湛江市农村人群感染蛔虫、鞭虫及钩虫常见，其中以钩虫感染最为严重。钩虫感染率较高与旱作生产生活方式密切相关。十二指肠钩虫在该地钩虫流行中占了重要地位。     

2010年陆丰市重点寄生虫病人群感染状况调查

目的了解和掌握陆丰市重点寄生虫病人群感染状况,为制订防治对策和评价防治效果提供科学依据。方法采集3周岁以上常住居民粪便标本,采用改良加藤厚涂片法（Kato-Katz）一粪三检,检测钩虫、蛔虫、鞭虫等重点寄生虫虫卵,同时采用透明胶纸肛拭子法检测3～12周岁儿童蛲虫卵。结果 5个调查点共粪检1000人,感染人数79人,平均感染率为7.9%,其中钩虫、蛔虫、鞭虫和蛲虫感染率分别为2.6%、0.3%、4.9%和0.2%。检测儿童蛲虫970人,感染率为12.6%;钩虫、蛔虫和鞭虫感染者每克粪便算术平均虫卵数分别为24.2、120和25.7,均为轻度感染;调查点粪检感染率最高的是城东镇,为14.5%,最低是陂洋镇,为5.0%,各调查点感染率差异有统计学意义（χ2=15.86,P〈0.005）;各年龄组感染率以50～岁组最高（19.8%）,60～岁组最低（3.5%）;不同文化程度感染率以初中文化水平者最高（10.3%）,不同文化程度感染率差异无统计学意义（χ2=5.55,P〉0.05）。结论陆丰市重点寄生虫病人群感染情况处于较低水平,其中蛔虫、钩虫和儿童蛲虫感染率明显低于2001-2004年广东省人体重要寄生虫病现状调查水平。     

电白县人体肠道寄生虫调查分析

本文为电白县陈村镇寨头村952人人体肠道寄生虫感染的调查。共查出肠道寄生虫23种，其中线虫7种，吸虫5种，绦虫2种，原虫9种。查出肠道寄生虫感染者806人，总感染率为84.66％，其中男性占82．48％，女性占86．63％。大多数感染程度轻。儿童和青少年的感染率最高。蛔虫、鞭虫、钩虫和蛲虫的分布具有家庭聚集性倾向。     

重庆市人群蛔虫和钩虫感染趋势与感染因素分析

目的了解重庆市人群土源性寄生虫的感染状况，为防治决策提供科学依据。方法将1982—2007年间按不同年代，且资料完善、有代表性年份的蛔虫、钩虫人群感染率调查资料进行统计，比较发展趋势。并对蛔虫、钩虫感染者与未感染者进行对照调查，用回归分析方法分析感染与生吃蔬菜、赤脚下地劳动、年人均收入的关系。结果建国初期蛔虫、钩虫感染率最高分别达到92．9％和74．7％，2007年已分别降至23．42％和7．89％，呈稳定下降态势。病例一对照研究共调查了1180人，其中病例（感染者）425人，对照755人。蛔虫、钩虫病例对照研究结果表明。感染与生吃蔬菜、赤脚下地劳动、年人均收入密切相关。结论人群钩虫、蛔虫感染率呈下降趋势。社会经济发展、环境因素和社会因素发生改变，对促进土源性寄生虫的防治工作发挥了重要作用。     

安徽省城乡地区人群钩虫感染情况对比分析

为了解安徽省钩虫感染的流行病学分布特征,分层整群抽取18个城镇和48个农村地区作为调查现场,每个现场抽调最少250人,采集全部调查对象的粪便样本,采用改良加藤厚涂片法(Kato-katz法)检查钩虫感染情况,采用试管滤纸培养法培养后鉴别钩蚴种类.结果 显示,在17017名调查对象中,钩虫感染率为1.60％ (272/17017).城镇地区感染率为0.28％ (13/4717),农村地区感染率为2.11％ (259/12300),差异具有统计学意义.单因素分析发现,地形、性别、年龄、职业、文化程度是影响钩虫感染率的重要因素.多因素Logistic回归模型结果显示:城镇地区,无可疑因素纳入最终模型;农村地区,地形、年龄、职业、文化程度被纳入最终模型,是影响钩虫感染率的独立危险因素.结果 表明,安徽省钩虫感染率存着显著的城乡差异,主要以农村感染为主,需要针对农村地区采取综合性的防治措施.     

三峡库区土源性线虫感染现状流行病学调查

目的了解三峡库区人体肠道寄生虫感染现状,为制定防治对策和评价防治效果提供科学依据。方法在三峡库区15个区县,按东南西北四个方向,随机抽取4个村（居委会）为调查点。以本地常住人口为调查对象,采用统一问卷,调查人群的基本情况,包括年龄、性别、民族、文化程度、职业等,采用改良加藤厚涂片法查肠道蠕虫卵;采用透明胶纸肛拭法,检查3～12岁儿童蛲虫卵。结果共调查30820人,寄生虫感染者3982人,总感染率为12.92%,各区县感染率在3.86%～24.90%之间,不同区县总感染率差异有统计学意义（χ2=845.16,P〈0.01）。蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫、蛲虫感染率分别为8.62%、4.18%、0.57%、4.73%,蛔虫感染率高于其它3种（χ2=2354.35,P〈0.01）;男性、女性感染率分别为12.82%、13.02%,差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.59,P〉0.05）。总感染率、蛔虫、钩虫感染率均以60～岁组最高,不同年龄组间差异有统计学意义（χ2=184.32,P〈0.01）。以学龄前儿童（13.64%）、农民（13.29%）、学生（11.61%）为高,明显高于其它职业人群（χ2=41.23,P〈0.01）。以文盲（18.24%）、小学（14.01%）、学龄前儿童（13.64%）为高,明显高于其它学历人群（χ2=214.43,P〈0.01）。钩虫感染率随年龄的增长而增加（F=43.86,P〈0.01）。以感染1种寄生虫为主,占91.50%。结论与第二次全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查相比,三峡库区人群士源性线虫感染率大幅度下降,但其感染仍然普遍,感染以蛔虫为主,学龄前儿童、小学生和农民感染较高。     

重庆市武隆县人体土源性线虫感染调查结果分析

目的分析武隆县人群土源性线虫感染分布现状,为制定防治对策提供依据。方法采用改良加藤氏法检查肠道蠕虫卵和用肛拭法查12岁以下儿童蛲虫卵,并对检查结果统计分析。结果共调查1487人,查出蛔虫、钩虫2种肠道线虫,感染总人数93人,总感染率为6.25%。其中蛔虫、钩虫感染率分别为4.57%、1.68%。与1990年调查结果相比,总感染率和蛔虫、钩虫感染率分别下降为92.92%、94.08%和95.15%。结论我县土源性线虫感染属国家Ⅱ类流行区,仍需开展重点人群肠道线虫综合防治。     

伊维菌素驱除犬钩虫和人钩虫感染的效果观察

为观察伊维菌素驱治犬钩虫和人钩虫感染的效果,采用伊维菌素6.25、12.5和25μg/kg灌服治疗犬钩虫感染犬,同时用10.6mg/kg阿苯哒唑作对照;采用伊维菌素0.2mg/kg顿服治疗人钩虫感染者,并用400mg/次阿苯哒唑作对照。结果6.25、12.5和25μg/kg伊维菌素对犬钩虫治愈率分别为20%(1/5)、60%(3/5)和100.0%(5/5);而对照组阿苯哒唑对犬钩虫治愈率为0(0/5)。伊维菌素与阿苯哒唑对人钩虫感染者的治愈率分别为20.5%(9/44)和76.5%(26/34),对十二指肠钩虫较美洲钩虫敏感。因此,伊维菌素治疗犬钩虫感染疗效优于阿苯哒唑,治疗人钩虫感染疗效不及阿苯哒唑。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.