盐酸消旋山莨菪碱注射液细菌内毒素检测方法的研究

目的建立盐酸消旋山莨菪碱注射液细菌内毒素检查的方法。方法采用不同厂家生产的鲎试剂对不同厂家生产盐酸消旋山莨菪碱注射液进行细菌内毒素检查法的干扰实验。结果供试品1∶8稀释后,对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用。结论本品采用细菌内毒素检查法,方法可行。     

盐酸消旋山莨菪碱注射液细菌内毒素检查的研究

目的建立盐酸消旋山莨菪碱注射液快速的细菌内毒素检查方法.方法将盐酸消旋山莨菪碱注射液系列稀释后用灵敏度为0.5Eu/ml的鲎试剂试验.结果盐酸消旋山莨菪碱注射液经稀释(1→150)后,对灵敏度为0.5Eu/ml的鲎试剂检查细菌内毒素无干扰.结论盐酸消旋山莨菪碱注射液可用鲎试剂检查细菌内毒素.     

盐酸洛美沙星葡萄糖注射液的细菌内毒素检查

目的建立控制盐酸洛美沙星葡萄糖注射液质量的细菌内毒素检查法。方法根据2005年版《中国药典（二部）》细菌内毒素检查方法,用不同厂家的鲎试剂对不同批号的样品分别进行干扰试验,建立盐酸洛美沙星葡萄糖注射液的细菌内毒素检查法。结果盐酸洛美沙星葡萄糖注射液质量浓度稀释至0.5g/L时对细菌内毒素检查无干扰。结论可用细菌内毒素检查法检查盐酸洛美沙星葡萄糖注射液的细菌内毒素。     

盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查

目的：建立盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查法。方法：根据《中华人民共和国药典（二部）》（2005版）细菌内毒素检查方法,用不同厂家的鲎试剂对不同批号的样品分别进行干扰试验,建立盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查法。结果：盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液稀释至质量浓度为0.5mg·mL-1时对细菌内毒素检查无干扰。结论：可用细菌内毒素检查法检查盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素。     

盐酸法舒地尔注射液细菌内毒素检查法建立及方法学研究

目的建立盐酸法舒地尔注射液细菌内毒素检查法。方法按照《中华人民共和国药典》2005年版二部附录细菌内毒素检查法〔1〕和2005年版《药品标准操作规范》细菌内毒素检查法〔2〕,确定盐酸法舒地尔注射液细菌内毒素限值,用2个厂家鲎试剂对3个批次的盐酸法舒地尔注射液进行干扰试验考察。结果盐酸法舒地尔注射液的浓度稀释到0.05mg·mL-1时进行细菌内毒素检查无干扰作用。结论盐酸法舒地尔注射液采用细菌内毒素检查法检查是可行的。     

丁溴东莨菪碱注射液细菌内毒素检测方法的研究

目的建立丁溴东莨菪碱注射液细菌内毒素检查的方法。方法采用不同批号、不同厂家生产的鲎试剂对丁溴东莨菪碱注射液进行细菌内毒素检查法的干扰实验。结果供试品1∶600稀释后,对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用。结论本品采用细菌内毒素检查法,方法可行。     

盐酸罂粟碱注射液细菌内毒素检查法的实验研究

目的研究盐酸罂粟碱注射液对细菌内毒素检查实验的干扰情况,并建立其细菌内毒素检查的质量标准。方法参照《中国药典》2005年版二部附录ⅪE细菌内毒素检查法进行试验,用两个不同厂家的鲎试剂对盐酸罂粟碱注射液进行干扰试验研究。结果盐酸罂粟碱注射液对细菌内毒素检查有干扰作用,但通过稀释可消除其干扰。结论可以用细菌内毒素检查法(凝胶法)控制其产品质量。     

盐酸氯胺酮注射液细菌内毒素检查法建立实验研究

目的建立盐酸氯胺酮注射液细菌内毒素检查方法。方法按中国药典2005年版二部附录细菌内毒素检查法干扰试验原则〔1〕,分别用不同厂家鲎试剂对3批盐酸氯胺酮注射液进行干扰实验。结果将盐酸氯胺酮注射液稀释至0.313m g.mL-1浓度时,可消除干扰作用。结论盐酸氯胺酮注射液采用细菌内毒素检查是可行的。     

盐酸氯丙嗪注射液细菌内毒素检查法的实验研究

目的 研究盐酸氯丙嗪注射液对细菌内毒素检查实验的干扰情况，并建立其细菌内毒素检查的质量标准。方法 参照《中国药典》2005年版二部附录XIE细菌内毒素检查法进行实验．应用两个生产厂家的鲎试剂对两个厂家的盐酸氯丙嗪注射液进行干扰试验研究。结果 盐酸氯丙嚷注射液对细菌内毒素检查有干扰作用，但通过盐酸三羟甲基氨基甲烷（Tris）缓冲液（pH7．2）稀释可消除干扰。结论 该制剂可以用细菌内毒素检查法（凝胶法）代替兔热原检查法控制其产品质量。     

盐酸多巴胺注射液细菌内毒素检查方法的研究

目的:建立盐酸多巴胺注射液中细菌内毒素检查的鲎试剂法。方法:根据《中国药典》2005年版二部细菌内毒素检查法,采用2个不同厂家生产的鲎试剂对盐酸多巴胺注射液通过调节pH值及稀释倍数等方法进行干扰试验和细菌内毒素检查。结果:盐酸多巴胺注射液pH值调至7.0、稀释至600倍即最大不干扰浓度为0.0167mg·mL-1时,对鲎试剂与细菌内毒素的凝集反应无干扰作用。6批样品中细菌内毒素限值为15 EU·mg-1。结论:采用鲎试剂法控制盐酸多巴胺注射液的细菌内毒素是可行的。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.