子宫动脉栓塞术在剖宫产后子宫大出血的临床应用

目的：探讨子宫动脉栓塞术治疗剖宫产后子宫大出血的临床疗效。方法对74例剖宫产后因宫缩乏力、胎盘粘连植入发生的子宫大出血（难治性产后出血）患者应用改良Seldinger技术行双侧子宫动脉造影并注入明胶海绵颗粒行栓塞术，其中5例疑胎盘植入患者栓塞前先行化疗药物MTX灌注。结果子宫动脉栓塞术后，72例患者子宫出血量明显减少，患者仅有轻微疼痛和不同程度的发热，无严重并发症，保留了生殖功能,2例患者栓塞术后仍有活动性阴道流血，行次全子宫切除术。结论子宫动脉灌注栓塞术具有止血迅速、患者创伤小、痛苦少等优点，是治疗剖宫产后子宫大出血的有效方法。     

介入化疗栓塞在瘢痕妊娠综合治疗中的价值

目的探讨双侧子宫动脉化疗栓塞在剖宫产术后瘢痕妊娠（CSP）综合治疗中的临床价值。方法回顾性分析我院2009年6月至2011年12月临床确诊为CSP的10例患者,2例为刮宫术中出现阴道大出血经保守治疗不佳急诊行介入治疗,其余8例为预防性双侧子宫动脉化疗栓塞,采用Seldinger技术,导管插至双侧子宫动脉内,灌注杀胎药后再用明胶海绵颗粒栓塞双侧子宫动脉。结果 2例阴道出血的急症患者介入治疗后出血症状即可停止,10例患者均在介入治疗后48h行清宫术,术中出血量10～70ml,平均出血量约30ml,组织病理学为坏死的绒毛或蜕膜组织,术后血β-HCG下降到正常。结论双侧子宫动脉化疗栓塞治疗CSP,能有效控制和预防出血,减少清宫术的出血量,降低了危险性,保留患者子宫,是治疗CSP安全有效的方法。     

介入栓塞子宫动脉治疗产后大出血58例临床分析

目的探讨子宫动脉栓塞术在治疗产后大出血的临床疗效和治疗安全性评价。方法通过对本院2008年1月至2011年11月由于各种原因导致的产后大出血患者58例,其中35例采取双侧子宫动脉动脉栓塞术,23例采取单侧子宫动脉动脉栓塞术,评估术后的临床疗效。结果 58例患者中其中35例双侧子宫动脉动脉栓塞一次栓塞成功率100%,23例采取单侧子宫动脉动脉栓塞术21例一次栓塞后立即止血,有效率91.3%.。结论子宫动脉介入栓塞术在产后大出血具有止血迅速、疗效显著、安全性高的特点,临床上建议进一推广运用。     

超选择性子宫动脉栓塞术在剖宫产后大出血中的应用

目的 探讨超选择性子宫动脉栓塞术在行剖宫产术后发生大出血患者中的临床疗效.方法 选择2007年7月～2010年3月行剖宫产术后发生子宫大出血的24例患者,经产科常规方法不能有效控制子宫出血,采用血管内介入技术栓塞子宫动脉止血.结果 22例患者经超选择性插管栓塞子宫动脉后均能有效止血,同时保留了子宫及生理功能,术中术后均未发生并发症.2例患者经血管内介入栓塞后3h内再次发生大出血,1例经再次超选择血管内栓塞后成功止血,1例直接切除子宫.结论 超选择性子宫动脉插管栓塞术是治疗剖宫产术后大出血的有效治疗方法,其具有创伤小、疗效好、止血迅速可靠的特点,能够在挽救产妇生命的同时保留子宫及其生理生育功能,其安全性和疗效均较高,若血管内介入术后不能有效止血,可再次行血管内介入栓塞或者切除子宫.     

子宫动脉灌注化疗加栓塞术治疗宫颈妊娠及切口妊娠

目的：探讨子宫动脉灌注化疗加栓塞术治疗宫颈妊娠及剖宫产后切口妊娠的临床效果。方法宫颈妊娠患者9例,剖宫产后切口妊娠8例患者,采用Selding方法,经皮股动脉穿刺,放置患者双侧子宫动脉内并注射甲氨蝶呤、5-Fu,再使用明胶海绵颗粒对双侧子宫动脉进行栓塞。结果1例因急性大出血行急诊介入治疗,阴道流血即行停止。9例宫颈妊娠患者均在予以子宫动脉栓塞术后3～8 d行人工流产术,术中出血量10～30 mL;全部患者血β-HCG术后均明显下降;8例剖宫产后切口妊娠患者术后3～12 d行彩色多普勒检查,证实胎芽胎心消失,未再行处理。介入治疗术后无严重并发症发生。结论子宫动脉灌注化疗加栓塞术治疗对宫颈妊娠及剖宫产后切口妊娠患者既能快速诊断、及时止血、又有良好的治疗效果,同时保留了子宫的完整和其生育功能。     

24例妇产科大出血患者行子宫动脉栓塞治疗的临床疗效分析

目的探讨子宫动脉栓塞术在急性妇产科大出血治疗中的疗效及安全性、实用性进行分析。方法通过我院近四年来,急性妇产科大出血或有大出血风险的病例24例其中已出现大出血病例19例,包括产后或流产术后出血10例,子宫恶性癌症出血4例,子宫肌瘤出血5例,有大出血风险的预防栓塞5例,包括胎盘前置2例,宫颈妊娠1例,瘢痕妊娠2例。经股动脉插管,使用cook公司生产的5F子宫动脉导管,选择性插管至双侧子宫动脉或髂内动脉,行动脉造影明确子宫血管情况,以500umPVA颗粒及明胶海绵条栓塞。部分病例经子宫动脉灌注甲氨喋呤。结果插管成功率100%。19例大出血病例栓塞后活动性出血停止,手术成功,平均3d后阴道内完全无流血。5例预防性栓塞患者,栓塞后行引产术及清宫术,1例发生大出血,4例未发生大出血。死亡0例。结论子宫动脉栓塞术在急性妇产科大出血治疗的临床应用中,具有手术创伤小、止血疗效快速肯定、且并发症少,对妇产科大出血是一种有效的治疗措施,对有大出血风险的病例预防应用可降低大出血或死亡的风险。     

子宫瘢痕处妊娠的临床分析

目的 探讨剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕处妊娠的临床诊断及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析2010年2月-2012年2月收治的106例剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕处妊娠患者的临床资料.结果 采取甲氨蝶呤（MTX）治疗患者治疗成功率为87.8%（36/41）,行清宫术治疗患者成功率为62.5%（20/32）,行双侧子宫动脉栓塞术患者成功率为76.0%（19/25）,行子宫瘢痕缝补术联合子宫切开取胚术患者治疗成功率为100%（4/4）,行子宫切除术患者均出现大出血症状.结论 超声诊断是诊断剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕处妊娠的首要手段,手术方法的选择应依据患者的病情进行选择,清宫术易引起大出血,应禁止盲目使用.     

双侧子宫动脉栓塞术在子宫大出血治疗中的应用

目的分析双侧子宫动脉栓塞术在子宫大出血中的治疗效果。方法对我院发生的妇产科大出血中患者10例,行双侧子宫动脉栓塞术。结果10例患者术后阴道大出血立即停止,有（或）无少量阴道出血,止血有效率达100%。术后仅有发热、疼痛等轻微并发症。结论双侧子宫动脉栓塞术治疗子宫大出血,具有创伤小、手术时间短、止血速度快、并发症少等优点,是一种值得广泛推广的微创治疗方法。     

双侧子宫动脉栓塞术治疗妇产科急性大出血的临床价值评价

目的：对双侧子宫动脉栓塞术在治疗妇产科急性大出血的临床价值进行评价。方法对于本院2012年6月~2013年12月收治的24例妇产科急性大出血患者展开研究，对于患者采用改良式的Seldinger穿刺技术进行双侧子宫动脉造影和栓塞术，使用明胶海绵颗粒栓塞患者的子宫动脉远端，使用明胶海绵条或者是弹簧圈栓塞患者子宫双侧动脉主干。对于恶性肿瘤患者同时采用微导管及时进行灌注化疗。对所有的患者手术之后进行1~3个月的随访。结果24例患者临床治愈的有20例，治愈率为83.33%；有效的有3例，有效率为12.5%；无效的有1例，无效率为4.17%。结论双侧子宫动脉栓塞术能够有效的治疗妇产科急性大出血，对于降低大出血给患者生命带来的威胁发挥着重要的作用，值得在临床上得到广泛的推广和应用。     

双侧子宫动脉灌注栓塞预防子宫瘢痕妊娠刮宫大出血的效果

目的探讨双侧子宫动脉栓塞治疗在预防子宫瘢痕妊娠刮宫大出血的临床应用价值。方法收集我院收治的62例子宫瘢痕妊娠患者的资料，按照人院顺序平均分为观察组和对照组。对照组采用常规手术方法，观察组行双侧子宫动脉灌注栓塞术，术中采用Seldinger’s技术穿刺右股动脉，置入5F鞘及眼镜蛇导管，导管分别插入子宫动脉，双侧子宫动脉分别注入甲氨蝶呤25mg后注入吸收性明胶海绵颗粒栓塞子宫动脉。结果对照组治愈21例、无效10例，总有效率为67．7％；治疗组治愈29例、无效2例，总有效率为93．5％，观察组较对照组差异有统计学意义。结论双侧子宫动脉栓塞术在预防子宫瘢痕妊娠刮宫中大出血是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.