视黄醇结合蛋白和血清胱抑素C以及同型半胱氨酸在糖尿病肾损伤患者中的检测意义

目的：探讨视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）和血清胱抑素C（CysC）以及同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）在糖尿病肾损伤患者中的检测意义。方法随机选取2013年3月~2014年12月117例2型糖尿病患者,根据尿蛋白定量分为A组（尿蛋白<150 mg/24 h）和B组（尿蛋白为150~300 mg/24 h）。选择同期正常体检者56例作为对照组。比较3组患者的RBP、CysC、Hcy水平变化。结果 A、B组患者的RBP、CysC、Hcy水平显著高于对照组（均P<0.05）,随着病情进展,A组患者的RBP、CysC、Hcy水平显著高于B组（均P<0.05）。 A、B组RBP、CysC、Hcy联合检测与RBP、CysC、Hcy各项单独检测比较,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。结论糖尿病患者定期检测RBP、CysC、Hcy,对2型糖尿病患者肾小球滤过功能损害的早期诊断和降低该疾病的发生具有重要意义。     

血清胱抑素C在糖尿病肾功能检测中的意义评价

目的 测定2型糖尿病(T2DM)伴有不同程度肾损害患者血清胱抑素C(CysC)和视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)水平,探讨血清胱抑素C(CysC)和视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)对于早期糖尿病肾损伤的检测意义.方法 免疫透射比浊法测定CysC水平,散射速率比浊法检测血清RBP.同时检测T2DM患者24 h尿微量白蛋白排泄率(UAER),并选择性分成两组,即UAER<30 mg/24 h组、30 mg/24 h＜UAER＜300 mg/24 h组,对照组为正常体检者,进行组间比较.结果 T2dM患者尿微量白蛋白组Scr(99.84±23.97)μmol/L,RBC(61.27±13.80)mg/L,CysC(1.70±0.49)ng/L,与正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),尿白蛋白正常组、尿微量白蛋白组CysC阳性率分别为28.12%、68%.结论 血清胱抑素C是一种反映早期糖尿病肾损伤的理想标志物,随肾功能恶化逐渐升高.     

2型糖尿病患者多项生化指标在肾功能损伤中的诊断价值

目的：探讨同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）、血清胱抑素C（CysC）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）和尿微量白蛋白（U-mAlb）联合检测对糖尿病早期肾脏损伤的诊断价值。方法分别检测122例2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者[尿蛋白阴性（A组）62例,尿蛋白阳性（B组）60例]和健康体检者（NC组）65例的血清Hcy、CysC、HbA1c和U-mAlb的含量。结果 T2DM患者Hcy、CysC、HbA1c、U-mAlb的水平明显高于NC组（P〈0.01）,且B组较A组升高明显（P〈0.01）。结论血清Hcy、CysC、HbA1c与U-mAlb的水平与T2DM患者的早期肾损伤程度密切相关,联合检测对于糖尿病肾病的早期诊断、早期治疗及监测有重要意义。     

2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内中膜厚度与尿蛋白排泄率的相关性

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者颈动脉内中膜厚度(CIMT)与尿蛋白排泄率的关系.方法 167例T2DM患者根据CIMT水平分为两组:A组116例(CIMT＞0.9 mm);B组51例(CIMT≤0.9mm).检测两组CIMT和24-h尿蛋白定量.结果 A组年龄、全血白细胞、血浆纤维蛋白原和24-h尿蛋白定量高于B组(P＜0.05).年龄、糖尿病程、血浆纤维蛋白原和24-h尿蛋白定量与CIMT呈正相关(P＜0.05).24-h尿蛋白定量、年龄是CIMT的独立相关因素(P＜0.05).结论 年龄联合24-h尿蛋白定量可能是T2DM患者CIMT的独立预测因素.     

血清RBP与肾功指标联合检测在糖尿病肾病中的临床价值

目的 探究血清视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)联合肾功指标检测在糖尿病肾病(DN)诊断中的临床价值。方法 根据空腹血糖及尿蛋白的检测,把200例确诊为糖尿病(DM)的患者分为四组,分别为早期DN组、临床期DN组、治疗期DN组、单纯DM组,每组50例。选择50例同期正常体检者为对照组。检测各组血清RBP及肾功指标。结果 血清RBP值在早期DN组为(62.34±25.62)mg/L、临床期DN组为(70.24±25.07)mg/L、治疗期DN组为(63.75±21.67)mg/L,对照组为(41.75±11.47)mg/L,DN组与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。临床期DN组的RBP阳性率>早期DN组的RBP阳性率>治疗期DN组的RBP阳性率。结论 血清RBP联合肾功指标检测有助于糖尿病肾病的早期诊断及预后的判断。     

血清超敏C-反应蛋白与胱抑素C检测对2型糖尿病肾病的检测意义

目的检测并比较2型糖尿病（T2DM）及T2DM伴有糖尿病肾病（DN）患者血清超敏C-反应蛋白（CRP）及胱抑素C（Cysc）的水平变化,探讨联合检测对DN诊断的意义。方法依据24h尿蛋白的定量将90例T2DM患者分为3组,每组30例。A组：正常糖尿病肾病组（尿微量白蛋白定量UmALB〈30mg/24h）;B组：早期糖尿病肾病组（尿微量白蛋白定量UmALB≥30mg~300mg/24h）;C组：临床糖尿病肾病（DN）组（尿微量白蛋白定量UmALB〉300mg/24h）;健康体检的（NC组）正常人对照组30例,分别计算各组的血清hs-CRP、CysC均值,并进行统计学分析。结果 A、B、C组血清hs-CRP及CysC水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;B、C组血清hs-CRP及CysC水平均高于A组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,C组血清hs-CRP及CysC水平均高于B组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论血清hs-CRP与CysC检测对2型糖尿病肾病早期诊断及病情监测具有重要的临床价值。     

CysC与β2-MG联合检测诊断老年糖尿病早期肾病的意义

目的:探讨血清胱抑素C(CysC)与β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)联合检测在诊断老年糖尿病早期肾病中的临床价值。方法:将老年糖尿病患者按24h尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)分为2组,即单纯糖尿病组(DM)和糖尿病早期肾病组(DN),分别测量2组患者血清CysC、β2-MG、肌酐(Cr)水平和阳性率,并将结果与正常老年人(对照组)进行比较。结果:血清CysC、β2-MG水平DN组、DM组明显高于对照组(P<0.01),DN组高于DM组(P<0.05)。3组血Cr水平无显著性差异(P>0.05)。DN组CysC、β2-MG及二者联合检测的阳性率高于DM组和对照组(P<0.05),DN组血清CysC、β2-MG检测阳性率显著高于血Cr的阳性率(P<0.05)。结论:联合检测血清CysC、β2-MG对提高老年糖尿病早期肾病的诊断有重要的临床参考价值,可作为老年糖尿病早期肾病的筛查指标。     

厄贝沙坦联合达格列净治疗糖尿病肾病伴大量蛋白尿的临床效果

目的 探讨厄贝沙坦联合钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂达格列净治疗糖尿病肾病伴大量蛋白尿患者的临床效果。方法 将80例糖尿病肾病伴大量蛋白尿患者随机均分为观察组和对照组。在常规治疗基础上，对照组口服厄贝沙坦150 mg,观察组口服达格列净10 mg和厄贝沙坦150 mg。采用乳胶增强免疫透射比浊法检测24-h尿蛋白和血清胱抑素C(CysC)水平，全自动生化分析仪检测血清白蛋白(Alb)、SCr和BUN水平，酶循环法检测同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平，记录两组临床治疗总有效率以及不良反应发生情况。结果 与治疗前相比，两组治疗后24-h尿蛋白、SCr、BUN、CysC和Hcy水平降低，Alb水平升高(P<0.05),并且观察组变化更加明显(P<0.05)。观察组临床治疗总有效率高于对照组(92.5%vs.75.0%)(P<0.05)。观察组与对照组不良反应总发生率比较无统计学差异(15.0%vs.10.0%)(P>0.05)。结论 厄贝沙坦联合达格列净治疗糖尿病肾病伴大量蛋白尿患者的临床效果显著，能有效降低24-h尿蛋白水平，改善肾功能，延缓疾病进展，且安全性较高。     

血清胱抑素、视黄醇结合蛋白、尿微量白蛋白检测对原发性高血压肾病的早期诊断价值

目的探讨血清胱抑素(CysC)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)及尿微量白蛋白(MALB)联合检测对原发性高血压肾病的临床诊断价值。方法 120例原发性高血压肾病患者按尿蛋白定量分为两组,另选非高血压病100例作为对照组。测定三组血清CysC、RBP及尿MALB。结果高血压A组患者血清CysC、RBP及尿mALB水平均高于对照组;高血压B组患者血清CysC、RBP及尿mALB均明显高于高血压A组和对照组;并且血清RBP的异常率明显高于血清CysC、尿mALB。结论血清CysC、RBP及尿mALB均是原发性高血压病早期肾损害的敏感指标,三项联合检测有助于早期诊断原发性高血压肾病。     

同型半胱氨酸与脑钠肽联合检测对糖尿病肾病的早期诊断价值

目的分析血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)和脑钠肽(BNP)对糖尿病肾病的早期诊断价值。方法选择2016年10月—2017年10月于医院确诊的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者90例作为研究对象,参照尿微量白蛋白(UmALB)水平分级,分为A、B、C三个组别,各组30例。另选取健康查体者100例为对照组,比较血清Hcy、BNP单项指标及两项指标联合检测的阳性检出率。分析血清Hcy、BNP水平与UmALB水平的相关性。结果 A、B、C组血清Hcy、BNP及UmALB水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05);UmALB浓度分级增加,A、B、C组患者血清Hcy、BNP、UmALB及CysC水平逐级递增(P<0.05);C组检测指标检出阳性人数显著高于A、B组(P<0.05),且C组联合检测阳性率显著高于单项指标检测(P<0.05);Pearson相关系数评价A、B、C组患者的血清Hcy、血浆BNP水平与UmALB浓度存在明显正相关(r=0.657,0.689,P均<0.05)。结论血清Hcy、BNP水平检测有助于DN早期诊断,且两项指标联合检测对DN早期诊断具有较高参考价值。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.