微创经皮肾镜和大通道经皮肾镜治疗肾结石的疗效比较

目的:比较微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术(MPCNL)和大通道经皮肾镜碎石取石术(PCNL)治疗肾结石的疗效.方法:对108例肾结石患者分别行MPCNL和大通道PCNL治疗,时结石大小、手术时间、预计出血量、术后血红蛋白下降以及一期结石取尽率进行比较.结果:所有108例手术均获得成功.均采用单一通道,无穿刺失败,无胸膜、腹腔脏器、肾蒂血管损伤,无术中、术后大出血发生,所有病例均未输血.大通道PCNL组术中出血量显著高于MPCNL组,但手术时间、术前与术后血红蛋白下降值以及一期清石率无显著差异.结论:MPCNL和大通道PCNL治疗肾结石的疗效相当,但小通道出血较少.     

经皮肾微造瘘取石术结合体外震波碎石治疗复杂性肾结石

目的探讨经皮肾微造瘘取石术(PCNL)结合体外震波碎石(ESWL)治疗复杂性肾结石的临床效果。方法对54例复杂性肾结石患者采用经皮肾微造瘘取石术,结合一次或多次ESWL治疗。结果经皮肾微造瘘取石术结合一次ESWL治疗后结石清除率为74%,二次ESWL治疗后结石清除率88.8%,三次ESWL治疗后结石清除率为92.5%。结论经皮肾微造瘘取石术结合一次或多次ESWL治疗复杂性肾结石安全、有效值得临床推广应用。     

经皮肾镜取石术后大出血的治疗

目的 分析经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)后大出血的原因及治疗方法.方法 对该科接受经皮肾镜取石术后大出血的10例患者资料进行回顾性分析.结果 肾旋转不良并肾结石2例,马蹄肾肾结石1例,肾结石并肾积脓2例,孤立肾肾结石2例,肾鹿角形结石、肾铸形结石3例.其中,4例有肾脏开放手术史.10例患者均输血600～1400mL.其中1例开放手术止血,8例在数字减影血管造影(DSA)下高选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗,2～4d尿液转清,1例选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗术后5 d再次并发大出血而改开放手术.随访6～12个月,无肾出血复发,肾功能及血压正常,无发生术后肾功能较前损伤加重情况.结论 选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗术是治疗经皮肾镜取石术后大出血的首选方法,安全、有效.     

经皮肾微造瘘治疗肾切开取石术后复发肾结石

目的总结经皮肾微造瘘术治疗肾切开取石术后复发性肾结石的疗效与安全。方法回顾分析2004年10月￣2005年10月肾切开取石术后复发性肾结石病人87例,其中单独性肾盂结石36例,下盏结石4例,多发性结石31例,铸型结石16例,单侧65例,双侧12例,均行经皮肾微造瘘取石。结果平均住院时间10d,手术时间(2±0.98)h,取净率87.5%,输血率3.4%。结论经皮肾微瘘治疗肾切开取石术后复发的肾结石是一种安全、有效、可重复的方法。     

微创经皮肾造瘘取石术46例

目的为探讨微创经皮肾造瘘取石术的临床疗效。方法对46例肾输尿管上段结石患者采用微创经皮肾造瘘取石术治疗的结果进行总结分析。结果其中肾结石38例,输尿管上段结石8例,结石取净率85.7%(39/46),平均住院时间9 d,无术中、术后并发大出血,无死亡病例。结论微创经皮肾造瘘取石术具有安全、创伤小、出血少、恢复快等优点,值得基层医院推广。     

大小通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾小结石疗效的比较

目的分析使用小通道经皮肾镜取石术(16～18F)与大通道经皮肾镜取石术(24～30F)治疗小于2cm的肾结石的手术数据,比较两者在小结石治疗中的效果及安全性。方法总结分析69例经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗小于2cm肾结石病例,其中41例采用小通道经皮肾镜取石术,28例采用大通道经皮肾镜取石术。结果两组病例年龄及结石情况无明显差异。两组均成功完成手术,未出现严重并发症。小通道组手术前后血红蛋白浓度变化为(12.24±17.09)g/L,而大通道组为(21.52±19.91)g/L,小通道及大通道组手术时间分别为(111.60±36.59)min及(122.52±41.39)min,以上两组数据均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。取净率小通道组为82.9%,大通道组为82.1%。结论使用小通道经皮肾镜取石术与大通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗小于2cm的肾结石效果无显著差异,小通道经皮肾镜取石术出血量更稳定,较为安全。     

经皮肾穿刺微造瘘取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效和安全性观察

目的研究经皮肾穿刺微造瘘取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效和安全性。方法选取某院自2015年1月至2016年10月泌尿外科收治的60例复杂性肾结石患者,根据治疗方式不同分为对照组和观察组,各30例,对照组采用常规肾切开取石术治疗,观察组采用经皮肾穿刺微造瘘取石术治疗,比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、结石清除率及不良反应发生率。结果观察组的手术时间和术中出血量均低于对照组,不良反应发生率6.67%明显低于对照组的26.67%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组的结石清除率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经皮肾穿刺微造瘘取石术治疗复杂性肾结石结石清除率高、不良反应发生率低,疗效显著。     

大通道联合微通道经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗复杂性肾结石

[目的]探讨大通道联合微通道经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效及安全性.[方法]自2007年4月至2011年9月采用大通道联合微通道经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗复杂性肾结石460例520侧.[结果]平均手术时间90 min,结石处理时间72 min,结石清除率86.4％；162例189侧需建立微通道处理残余结石.随诊1～3个月,无严重手术并发症.[结论]大通道联合微通道经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗复杂性肾结石高效、安全、结石清除率高.     

腔内技术治疗复杂性肾结石残留结石

目的 提高复杂性肾结石的治疗水平。方法 收治32例复杂性肾结石患者，采用输尿管硬镜在术中从肾窦内肾孟切口，术后从肾造瘘口取肾内残留结石。结果 32例患者1次取净结石28例，术后经肾造瘘口取净肾内残留结石2例，2次手术结石总取净率87．5％，手术平均120min，平均住院12d。结论 复杂性肾结石术中和术后配合输尿管硬镜取石可有效处理残留结石。     

B超引导下经皮肾微造瘘钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石132例报告

目的 探讨B超引导下经皮肾微造瘘钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的临床疗效.方法 2007年3月～2008年11月采用B超引导下经皮肾微造瘘钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石132例,并对手术方法及并发症进行分析.结果 126例患者1次穿刺成功建立经皮肾微通道,6例因穿刺或扩张通道时出血明显,及时结束手术.一期结石清除率为57.6%(76/132),二期碎石22例,13例残石大小0.5～1.2 cm者辅以ESWL治疗、21例结石大小≤0.4 cm者经体位排石等保守治疗排净.平均手术时间106min,手术出血量平均60mL,输血3例.术后低、中度发热者13例,高热者3例.术后平均住院7.5d.结论 B超引导下经皮肾微造瘘钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石操作方法安全,疗效可靠.     

Epidemiology of renal recovery after acute renal failure

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recovery of renal function after acute renal failure is an important clinical determinant of patient morbidity. Herein, the epidemiology of renal recovery after acute renal failure will be described, along with potential predictive factors and interventions. RECENT FINDINGS: Renal recovery has been variably defined, most often as recovery to independence from renal replacement therapy. A recent consensus definition for acute renal failure has been published and included provisions for defining renal recovery. Renal recovery to renal replacement therapy independence occurs in the majority by hospital discharge and peaks by 90 days. All of older age, female sex, co-morbid illnesses, especially chronic kidney disease, and late initiation of renal replacement therapy or conventional intermittent renal replacement therapy have been coupled with non-recovery. Analysis of the literature suggests several interventions may influence recovery. SUMMARY: The prognosis is generally good for recovery after acute renal failure. Most patients will be independent of renal replacement therapy by 90 days. Additional research is necessary, however, to understand recovery rates not only to independence from renal replacement therapy, but also to complete and partial recovery. Future studies need to consider the health economic implications for survival and non-recovery. Finally, questions on the role of various interventions require characterization in randomized controlled trials to determine how they may influence renal prognosis.     

急性肾功能损伤与衰竭生物标志物

急性肾功能损伤（ARI）与急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）是加强医疗病房（ICU）的常见疾病．ICU中80％的ARF由急性肾小管损伤所致，而非肾小球或间质性病变引起。其死亡率较高，寻找敏感性和特异性较好的ARI或ARF生物标志物，对早期诊断、治疗和改善预后有着重要意义。本文介绍和评估了ARI或 ARF生物标志物的研究现状。并展望了其未来的前景。[第一段]     

Biomarkers of acute renal injury and renal failure

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a frequent problem in the intensive care unit and is associated with a high mortality. Early recognition could help clinical management, but current indices lack sufficient predictive value for ARF. Therefore, there might be a need for biomarkers in detecting renal tubular injury and/or dysfunction at an early stage before a decline in glomerular filtration rate is noted by an increased serum creatinine. A MEDLINE/PubMed search was performed, including all articles about biomarkers for ARF. All publication types, human and animal studies, or subsets were searched in English language. An extraction of relevant articles was made for the purpose of this narrative review. These biomarkers include tubular enzymes (alpha- and pi-glutathione S-transferase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, Ala-(Leu-Gly)-aminopeptidase, and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase), low-molecular weight urinary proteins (alpha1- and beta2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, adenosine deaminase-binding protein, and cystatin C), Na+/H+ exchanger, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cysteine-rich protein 61, kidney injury molecule 1, urinary interleukins/adhesion molecules, and markers of glomerular filtration such as proatrial natriuretic peptide (1-98) and cystatin C. These biomarkers, detected in urine or serum shortly after tubular injury, have been suggested to contribute to prediction of ARF and need for renal replacement therapy. However, excretion of these biomarkers may also increase after reversible and mild dysfunction and may not necessarily be associated with persistent or irreversible damage. Large prospective studies in human are needed to demonstrate an improved outcome of biomarker-driven management of the patient at risk for ARF.     

肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤和肾癌的螺旋CT诊断

目的 分析探讨肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤和肾癌的螺旋CT征象.方法 回顾性分析205例临床肾肿瘤病例的螺旋CT征象.其中肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤63例,肾癌142例(小肾癌21例),增强扫描146例.结果 肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤特征性的病理表现为内含脂肪,强化较均匀;肾癌平扫大部分呈混杂密度,不均匀强化;小肾癌病例强化后大部分呈快进快出表现.结论 肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤和肾癌螺旋CT表现具有一定特征性,增强扫描至关重要.     

Preservation of renal function in chronic renal failure.

Mechanisms of progression of chronic renal failure (CRF) have been well documented in the rat but may not be relevant in man. Factors which may modify clinical CRF include underlying disease, diet, hypertension, intercurrent events, and adverse or beneficial effects of drug therapy. It has been argued that progression in many forms of renal disease is inexorable below a certain level of renal function. In other diseases, eg primary malignant hypertension, analgesic nephropathy, function frequently improves in both the short and long term with appropriate management. Thus knowledge of the nature of the underlying disease is essential in assessing progression. The value of diet in preserving renal function has been debated, particularly the relative roles of protein and phosphate control. In our own unit, a prospective randomized study showed a benefit of protein restriction. Development of accelerated hypertension is an important cause of progression of renal disease and clinical and experimental evidence supports the view that non-accelerated hypertension is also a factor in progression, amenable to treatment. Various intercurrent events may accelerate progression and function may be lost permanently following sepsis, urinary tract obstruction, renal arterial or venous obstruction, hypotension and in some cases pregnancy. Numerous drugs can have deleterious effects on the kidney. The possibility that converting enzyme inhibitors might preserve renal function is attracting attention but in view of their side effects their place in therapy should be determined by prospective controlled studies in which the above factors are carefully considered.     

Ruptured renal angiomyolipoma presenting as renal colic

The case of a patient with acute onset of flank pain and hematuria is presented. Initial therapy was directed toward relief of pain believed to be caused by renal colic. It was not until the patient developed atypical features that the true diagnosis, ruptured renal angiomyolipoma, was discovered. The case and discussion emphasize the need to carefully consider a complete differential diagnosis when evaluating patients with flank pain and hematuria who have atypical clinical features or an atypical course.     

Ultrasonographic determination of renal mass and renal volume.

Volumes and surface areas of 45 kidneys were determined ultrasonographically in vivo before autopsy and in a water bath phantom after autopsy by means of both the ellipsoid and the stepped section methods. Comparison of results revealed that renal volume may be determined by the simplest method, the ellipsoid method, with sufficient accuracy for clinical use. Results also revealed that renal mass expressed in grams may be directly obtained from renal volume expressed in milliliters, but mass in grams was found to correlate better with renal surface area than with renal volume. A formula relating renal mass to both volume and surface area was developed from regression analysis of the data and was found to provide a more precise estimate of renal mass than does mass computed from either volume or surface area alone.