How mental health literacy and experience of mental illness relate to stigmatizing attitudes and social distance towards people with depression or psychosis: A cross-sectional study

Background Evidence suggests that mental health literacy among the public is low, and stigmatizing attitudes are widespread. So far the effects of anti-stigma campaigns are small, and studies demonstrate that negative attitudes have been quite stable through recent decades. Aims To investigate the relationships between mental health literacy, experience of mental illness and stigmatizing attitudes/social distance towards people with depression or psychosis. Methods A cross-sectional study in which staff members from public services in Sweden (n?=?1027) completed questionnaires covering demographic data, self-reported experience of mental illness, identification of a vignette for depression or psychosis, beliefs about helpful interventions for the illness presented in the vignette, and attitudes and social distance towards people with the illness. Results About 50% of participants could identify depression and less than 40% psychosis. A higher degree of mental health literacy was related to less stigma and social distance but mainly towards people with depression. A similar relationship was shown for having personal or family experience of mental illness and attitudes/social distance. Negative attitudes and social distance were significantly higher in all aspects measured towards a person with psychosis than a person with depression. Conclusions A higher degree of mental health literacy relates to more positive attitudes and less desire for social distance towards people with depression. The differences between depression and psychosis should be taken into account in anti-stigma interventions.     

Stigma and perception of psychological distress and depression in Australian-trained medical students: Results from an inter-state medical school survey

Stigmatisation towards depression has previously been reported amongst medical students from a variety of backgrounds. This study explored personal and perceived stigmas associated with depression, and their relationship with demographics, knowledge of depression, levels of personal stress and history of medical illness amongst Australian-trained medical students. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken amongst students enroled June-to-August 2009 across four Australian medical schools. In total, 1010 students completed the survey, a response rate of 29.6%. Approximately 25% of students reported a past history of depression. Higher stress (K-10 scores) was reported by females and those with a past history of depression. On a scale of 0-to-5, the mean (±S.D.) personal and perceived stigma depression scores were 1.83±1.49 and 4.05±1.42 respectively. In multivariate analysis, higher perceived stigma and K-10 scores, a past history of anxiety and Year 3 of medical school indicated higher personal stigma scores. Perceived stigma was positively associated with K-10 scores, personal stigma scores, and a Caucasian background. Our findings suggest a high level of personal and particularly perceived stigma associated with depression amongst medical students, especially those displaying higher levels of stress. Adequate support and screening for psychological stress may de-stigmatise depression and improve mental health amongst future Australian doctors.     

珠江三角洲某校高中生心理健康状况调查与管理

目的 调查珠江三角洲（简称“珠三角”）某高级中学学生的心理健康状况,分析比较不同性别、年级、文理分科及成绩排名的学生心理健康状况,推进学生心理健康个体化管理。方法 于2019年11月7日-18日采用中国中学生心理健康量表（MSSMHS）对珠三角某中学全校1 917名高中学生的心理健康状况进行测评,比较该校高中生心理健康状况与常模的差异,分析性别、年级、学习成绩等因素与心理健康的相关性。结果 高中生心理异常检出率为31.4%,各因子异常检出率前三者依次为学习压力感（55.3%）、情绪波动性（52.6%）、焦虑（51.6%）,而心理不平衡的异常检出率最低（21.7%）。其中,女生心理异常检出率高于男生（29.2% vs. 33.5%）,文科生心理异常检出率高于理科学生（31.1% vs. 27.5%）,学习成绩排名一般的学生心理异常检出率最高（43.3%）,高一年级学生心理异常检出率最高（36.4%）。结论 珠三角某中学高中生心理健康状况不容乐观,需重点关注高一年级学生、女生以及成绩一般的学生。     

重点中学学生心理健康状况及影响因素分析

目的研究重点中学在校学生心理健康状况及其影响因素。方法对某市4所重点中学的1937名在校初中、高中生，应用中学生心理健康调查表、父母养育方式量表进行调查。结果41．71％的学生存在程度不同的心理健康问题，主要表现为：学习压力、情绪不平衡、适应不良、强迫症状。心理健康问题与母亲拒绝否认、同伴关系、母亲过分干涉、过度保护等诸多因素有关。结论重点中学学生心理健康问题发生率较高，应引起教育界和社会的关注。     

团体心理干预对初中生自我概念与心理健康的影响

目的 探讨团体心理干预对初中生自我概念与心理健康的影响.方法 采用自我描述问卷和中学生心理健康量表对上海市松江区146名初中生进行测查.将学生随机分为两组,对照组进行学校的常规开展的心理健康课程,实验组在此基础上合并参加每周1次共6次的团体心理辅导.干预后1周对所有的学生再次进行自我描述问卷和中学生心理健康量表的测量.结果 两组被试干预前自我概念与心理健康总均分及各因子分差异均无统计学意义.实验组在干预后自我概念总分、外貌、一般自我、诚实可信、情绪稳定、一般学校情况、与同性关系、与异性关系评分高于对照组,心理健康总均分、敌对、焦虑、情绪不平衡评分低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.对照组干预前后评分结果差异均无统计学意义.实验组干预后自我概念总分、外貌、一般自我、情绪稳定、一般学校情况因子分高于干预前,而心理健康总均分、偏执、敌对、抑郁、焦虑、学习压力、适应不良、情绪不平衡、心理不平衡因子分低于干预前,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 团体心理干预能有效提高初中生自我概念及心理健康水平.     

心理健康状况异常的高中生家庭环境调查

目的 探讨心理健康状况异常的高中生家庭环境特征,为高中生心理健康管理提供参考。方法 纳入佛山市第二中学1 917名高中学生,采用中国中学生心理健康量表（MSSMHS-60）以及自行设计的家庭环境情况调查表对其心理健康状况及家庭环境进行评定,分析心理健康状况异常的高中生家庭环境特征。结果 1 917例高中生MSSMHS-60总评分为（1.83±0.49）分,其中602例（31.40%）心理健康状况异常者MSSMHS-60总评分为（2.40±0.36）分。不同陪伴情况、经济情况、家庭教养方式、父母关系的高中生心理健康状况异常检出率差异均有统计学意义（χ²=16.951、38.142、90.545、59.448,P<0.05或0.01）。Logistic回归分析显示,父母经常争吵是高中生心理健康的危险因素（OR=3.120,P<0.01）。结论 佛山市高中生心理健康状况异常检出率可能较高,父母关系紧张可能是高中生心理健康状况异常的危险因素。     

新冠肺炎疫情复学后高中生心理健康状况调查

目的 了解新冠肺炎疫情复学后高中生的心理健康状况,为其心理干预提供参考。方法 采用分层抽样,以山东省某中学的149名高中生为研究对象,通过症状自评量表（SCL-90）对其进行心理健康状况评估。结果 SCL-90评定结果显示,总评分异常（总评分≥160分）者共57人（38.26%）,阳性项目数异常（阳性项目数≥43项）者共45人（30.20%）。不同性别的高中生SCL-90恐怖因子评分差异有统计学意义（t=-2.139,P=0.034）。不同年级的高中生SCL-90总评分（F=3.262,P=0.041）、焦虑因子（F=4.045,P=0.020）、敌对因子（F=3.598,P=0.030）、精神病性症状因子（F=3.573,P=0.031）评分差异均有统计学意义。两两比较显示,高三年级组与高一年级组SCL-90总评分（t=2.618,P=0.01）、强迫症状因子（t=2.067,P=0.041）、抑郁因子（t=2.513,P=0.013）、焦虑因子（t=2.960,P<0.01）、敌对因子（t=2.910,P<0.01）、精神病性因子（t=2.608,P=0.01）、其他因子（t=2.131,P=0.035）评分差异均有统计学意义。结论 新冠肺炎疫情对高中生的心理健康状况有影响,需要关注女生的恐惧情绪,高年级学生更容易受影响,主要与疫情对学习的影响有关。     

中学生自我意识与心理健康状况相关因素研究

目的探讨中学生自我意识水平、心理健康状况及其相关因素。方法被试从青岛市两所高中、三所初中以班为单位整群抽取,采用自编一般资料问卷、Piers—Harris儿童自我意识量表（PHCSS）、症状自评量表（SCL-90）进行测查。结果研究组的自我意识量总分高于中国城市常模（P〈0．01）：低自我意识组的SCL-90总分及各项目分高于正常范围组（P〈0．001）,正常范围组的SCL-90总分及各项目分高于自我意识组（P〈0．001）;逐步回归分析结果显示,除了SCL-90及学习成绩等因素外,与自我意识水平有关的其他因素有：学习兴趣、家庭民主程度、母亲受教育程度、家庭和睦;与满足／幸福有关的其他因素有：母亲及父亲职业、学习兴趣、家庭和睦。结论入组学生的自我意识水平较好;自我意识与心理健康存在相关性;在儿童自我意识发育期,家长及学生应注意,培养学习兴趣、营造民主和睦的家庭氛围、提高自身的文化素质。     

School mental health early interventions and academic outcomes for at-risk high school students: a meta-analysis

The current educational policy context in the United States necessitates that school-based programs prioritize students' academic outcomes. This review examined the quantitative research on school mental health (SMH) early interventions and academic outcomes for at-risk high school students. Seven articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. All articles were examined according to study design and demographics, early intervention characteristics, and outcomes. Of the studies included, most were conducted in urban settings, involved the implementation of group-based early intervention strategies, and monitored GPA as a distal academic outcome. Counselors were frequent implementers of these early interventions. A meta-analysis found no statistically significant effect on the academic outcomes most commonly assessed in the studies (i.e., GPA, attendance, and discipline). Findings suggest the need for more rigorous research in this area. Implications for SMH early intervention research and practice are discussed.     

Effects of a classroom-based educational resource on adolescent mental health literacy: A cluster randomised controlled trial

Evidence suggests that poor mental health literacy is a key barrier to help-seeking for mental health difficulties in adolescence. Educational programs have shown positive effects on literacy, however, the evidence base remains limited and available studies have many methodological limitations. Using cluster Randomised Control Trial (RCT) methodology, the current study examines the impact of ‘HeadStrong’, a school-based educational intervention, on mental health literacy, stigma, help-seeking, psychological distress and suicidal ideation. A total of 380 students in 22 classes (clusters) from 10 non-government secondary schools was randomised to receive either HeadStrong or Personal Development, Health and Physical Education (PDHPE) classes. Participants were assessed pre- and post-intervention, and at 6-month follow-up. Literacy improved and stigma reduced in both groups at post-intervention and follow-up, relative to baseline. However, these effects were significantly greater in the HeadStrong condition. The study demonstrates the potential of HeadStrong to improve mental health literacy and reduce stigma.     

Stigmatizing attitudes and social perception towards mental illness among Moroccan medical students

ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore medical students’ attitudes, social perception, and knowledge towards mental illness and identify the associated factors.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in the Medical Faculty of Fez. A representative sample of 420 Moroccan students from the first to the seventh years was selected randomly during the academic year (2018/2019). They completed the Mental Illness Clinicians Attitudes scale (MICA) and a self-questionnaire exploring sociodemographic data, the university course, social perception and knowledge towards mental illness, and the potential consideration of psychiatry as a career.ResultsThe average age of participants was 21.73 years (SD ± 2.60), and 72.4% (n = 304) of respondents were female (M/F gender ratio = 0.39). The participants held stigmatizing attitudes and negative social perceptions towards mental illness, as indicated by the high score of the MICA scale (mean = 57.24; SD ± 9.95). Females (p = 0.02) and married students (p = 0.02) showed significantly more tolerant attitudes. The attitudes of students (p = 0.37) who completed the psychiatry clerkship were slightly more favorable (p = 0.15). There was no significant difference in attitudes according to the level of study (p = 0.06). Students with a lower socioeconomic level tended to be less stigmatizing (p = 0.08). The assessment of knowledge about mental illness among students objectified major gaps. A total of 17.9% (n = 75) considered psychiatry as a career.ConclusionThe attitudes of medical students in this study were stigmatizing, and this should without delay motivate Moroccan research, educational and health authorities to investigate further scientific research in this area to address these attitudes and remedies.     

An examination of sleep health,lifestyle and mental health in junior high school students

The factors that influence sleep health and mental health in junior high school students' lifestyles was examined. The proportion of students who replied that they feel bad in the morning, and who do not have breakfast was significantly higher in poor sleepers. The proportion of students who regularly take exercise was significantly lower among poor sleepers. Compared with good sleepers, poor sleepers had a higher number of illnesses and their General Health Questionnaire score was worse. The study's results suggest that sleep health is closely related to both physical and mental health, and that habits such as exercise, and regular sleeping and eating, are important for maintaining and improving students' sleep health.     

汶川地震后绵竹市高中学生心理健康状况及其相关因素研究

目的探讨地震后灾区高中学生心理健康、社会支持状况及相关因素。方法对随机抽样选择的816例绵竹市高中学生分别采用一般情况调查表、事件影响量表修订版（IES—R）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）、领悟社会支持量表（PSSS）及症状自评量表（SCL-90）进行测量。结果（1）绵竹市高中学生PTSD发生率为13．11％;（2）绵竹市高中学生SCL-90各项指标分值（躯体化及人际关系敏感除外）远远大于常模组（P〈0．05）;（3）绵竹市高中学生SSRS各项指标分值低于常模组（P〈0．05）,而PSSS各项指标中,领悟社会支持总分、家庭支持、其他支持分值高于常模组（P〈0．05）;（4）绵竹市高中学生IES—R分值与地震当时的主观感受（r=0．36,P〈0．05）、亲人的受伤情况（r=0．21,P〈0．05）、朋友及同学的受伤情况（r=0．18．P〈0．05）、家庭财产损失情况（r=0．11,P〈0.05）呈正相关;（5）IES—R分值与SCL-90各项指标（躯体化、人际关系敏感除外）均成正相关（P〈0．05）。（6）IES—R分值与PSSS中领悟社会支持总分（r=-0．09,P〈0．05）、朋友支持（r=-0．09,P〈0．05）、其他支持（r=-0．09,P〈0．05）呈负相关。结论与正常人群比较,绵竹市高中学生地震后的心理健康水取较差;他们较正常人群对社会支持的领悟更敏感;有效的社会支持及对社会支持的感受可降低PTSD发生率。     

四川省德阳市中小学生心理健康现状调查研究

目的 通过调查四川省德阳市中小学生心理健康现状,初探中小学生心理健康服务模式,实现维护中小学生心理健康的工作思路.方法 采用心理健康诊断测验量表（MHT）对2 030名中小学生进行问卷调查,并对不同性别、地域和年龄的学生心理问题检出率进行比较.结果 德阳市中小学生中学习焦虑（46.8％）、过敏倾向（19.8％）、身体症状（16.8％）、自责倾向（12.9％）等问题表现突出.其中农村学生比城市学生存在更多心理问题倾向,而女生也比男生存在更多心理问题倾向.结论 中小学生对学习焦虑的心理较普遍,其中地域、性别、年龄对学生心理健康存在影响.中小学生心理健康需要维护和引导,需要我们医务工作者、学校、家庭及社会共同关注.     

Estimated prevalence of mental disorders and the desire for social distance—Results from population surveys in two large German cities

The study is focused on two research questions: What are the public's estimates of the prevalence of depression, schizophrenia, bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa? What is the relationship between the estimated prevalence of the mental disorders and the public's desire for social distance?     

伴焦虑的初中生父母养育方式与人格研究

目的：调查初中生焦虑状况及其影响因素。方法：用儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表（SCARED）、父母养育方式问卷（EMBU）、艾森克人格问卷（少年版）、应对方式问卷,对上海市杨浦区一所中学288名11-14岁学生进行调查。结果：焦虑组与对照组在出生时情况、家庭结构、是否独生子女方面差异均存在显著性（P均〈0.05）。两组在应对方式,自责,幻想,退避,合理性,解决问题,求助,父亲惩罚、严厉,拒绝、否认,过分保护;母亲过分干涉,惩罚,情感温暖、理解,人格精神质,神经质,掩饰各因子差异均存在显著性（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。相关分析发现广泛性焦虑与母亲的过分干涉,过分保护,精神质明显正相关,学校恐怖与自责、精神质明显正相关;广泛性焦虑与掩饰程度、分离性焦虑与幻想明显负相关。结论：初中生有明显的焦虑情绪,父母养育方式,个性,应对方式是焦虑的影响因素。     

迁移因素与上海外来初中生自尊、抑郁的关系

目的探讨迁移相关因素对上海外来学生自尊、抑郁水平的影响。方法采取整群方便抽样方法抽取上海浦东一所中学初中部612名在校学生作为研究对象,使用自编的一般人口学问卷、迁移因素调查问卷、自尊量表、流调用抑郁自评量表进行问卷调查。结果 （1）25.8%外来学生来沪时间不足3年,3.7%经常感受到歧视,55.0%对上海和老家都表示喜欢,40.5%对未来感到不确定。（2）自豪感、对转学政策的态度与抑郁水平呈负相关（P〈0.01）,转学政策对学习的影响、歧视感受、融入态度与抑郁水平呈正相关（P〈0.01）;自豪感、本地话掌握程度与自尊水平呈正相关（P〈0.01）,融入态度、歧视感受与自尊水平呈负相关（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。（3）歧视感受、对上海话有自豪感、上海话重要程度、上海话掌握程度进入自尊的回归方程（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;歧视感受、对上海有自豪感、政策影响学习进入抑郁的回归方程（P〈0.01）。结论迁移因素与外来学生自尊、抑郁水平密切相关,歧视感受、对上海的自豪感是预测其自尊、抑郁水平的重要因素。     

Attitudes of medical students towards persons with mental disorders: A comparative study between Japan and Thailand

This study was conducted at three universities, two in Japan and one in Thailand, in order to elucidate the effects of medical education, especially with regard to contact experience on medical students' attitudes toward persons with mental disorders. Questionnaires, which included the Attitudes Towards Disabled Persons Scale (ATDP) and the Contact with Disabled Persons Scale (CDP), were distributed to 1st year students prior to the commencement of their medicine/psychiatry studies and distributed to 6th (or 5th) year students who had completed their psychiatric curriculum. The ATDP scores were lower for 6th year students at all universities, suggesting that post-education students had a more unfavorable attitude than pre-education students. Thai students indicated more unfavorable attitudes than did the Japanese students. Three factors were extracted from the ATDP scale and termed: negation of character, negation of ability and affirmation of normality. Four factors from the CDP scale were extracted and labeled intimate contact experience, ordinary contact experience, unpleasant contact experience and pleasant contact experience. Greater negative attitudes of post-education students than pre-education students were thought to attribute mainly to an increase in factor score of negation of ability and this result was correlated with an increase in factor score of ordinary contact experience in post-education students. Of the three ATDP factor scores, the higher score of Thai students for negation of character contributed to their overall unfavorable attitude scores. The cross-national similarities and differences of students' attitudes towards and contact experience with mentally disordered persons were discussed from the viewpoint of medical education.     

A survey of junior high school students' sleep habit and lifestyle in Okinawa.

A survey was made of the sleep and lifestyle activity patterns of 3754 students from 14 different junior high schools on Okinawa Island. The survey showed that bedtimes became progressively and significantly later as students ascended to higher grades, resulting in adolescent sleep debt. The later adolescents retired to sleep, there appeared significantly greater numbers suffering from insufficient sleep, who found difficulty in waking up, who arose later in the mornings, and who failed to eat breakfast. The study indicated that along with later bedtimes, staying up late resulted in deterioration of sleep health, poor dietary habits and feeling ill, contributing to sleepiness during class.