Metabolic syndrome and serum homocysteine in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia treated with second generation antipsychotics

There is accumulating evidence for an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in bipolar patients, which is comparable to the prevalence of MetS in patients with schizophrenia. Hyperhomocysteinaemia has emerged as an independent and graded risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is, at the same time, the primary clinical outcome of MetS. The aim of this study was to ascertain if the presence of MetS was associated with hyperhomocysteinaemia in patients with bipolar disorder (N = 36) and schizophrenia (N = 46) treated with second-generation antipsychotics (SGA). MetS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP-III) criteria and the cut-off point for hyperhomocysteinaemia was set up at 15 μmol l^-1. Results of the study indicated that the presence of the MetS is statistically significantly associated with the elevated serum homocysteine in all participants. As hyperhomocysteinaemia has emerged as an independent risk factor for psychiatric disorder and CVD, it could be useful to include fasting homocysteine serum determination in the diagnostic panels of psychiatric patients to obtain a better assessment of their metabolic risk profile.     

免费投药对精神分裂症疗效的一年随访研究

目的评估免费投放抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者的疗效。方法对100例非急性期精神分裂症患者配对后按随机数字表随机分为2组,免费投放组48例和对照组52例。免费投放组由医生定时上门免费发药并巡诊,对照组自行选择普通门诊治疗,随访1年。采用简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）和社会功能缺陷筛选量表（SDSS）评估,同时监测复发、再住院、就业及服药依从情况。结果随访结束时免费投放组BPRS,SDSS评分,复发率、再住院率、就业率均显著优于对照组（P〈0.05）,而且服药依从性更好（P〈0.01）。结论免费投放抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者的疗效优于普通门诊,能减少复发,提高患者的依从性,改善患者的社会功能。     

奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症1年随访

目的了解奥氮平长期治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效、不良反应等。方法采用自然观察研究方法,结合全病程管理模式对研究对象进行1年随访观察。136例符合国际疾病分类第十次修订本(ICD-10)精神分裂症或分裂样精神障碍研究用诊断标准的首发患者纳入研究,给予可变剂量的奥氮平治疗。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估疗效,副反应量表(TESS)评估治疗的不良反应。PANSS减分率≥50%为有效。结果治疗第2个月末有效率为50%(65/129),第3、6、8、12个月末的有效率分别为57%(71/125)、63%(70/69)、71%(73/103)、75%(70/93)。101例治疗有效的患者中随访期间有17例复发。1年末43例脱落,脱落率为31.6%。奥氮平的平均持续治疗时间为(9.7±3.8)个月(1～12个月)。不良反应发生率≥10%的有:体重增加、嗜睡、便秘、口干、静坐不能、震颤、活动减退、头晕、视物模糊等。结论奥氮平长期治疗首发精神分裂症有效,也存在体重增加等不良反应。     

利培酮与奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症的1年随访研究

目的评价利培酮与奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效与不良反应。方法本研究为开放性，平行对照，药物剂量可调整的临床试验。采用自然观察研究方法，结合全病程管理模式对研究对象进行1年随访研究。分别有131例和136例首发精神分裂症患者被分入利培酮组和奥氮平组。利培酮组剂量为3—6mg，平均（3．8±1．3）mg，奥氮平组剂量为10—20mg，平均（12．9±5．6）mg。疗效主要统计指标为阳性和阴性症状评定量表（PANSS）的总分值及有效率，持续治疗时间。PANSS减分率≥50％定义为有效。次要统计指标为复发率、复发时间及药物不良反应。用副反应量表（TESS）评估药物不良反应。结果12月末时，利培酮组有85例患者（64．9％）完成随访，奥氮平组为93例（68．4％），两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。治疗终点利醅酮和奥氮平组有效率分别为62．6％和69．8％，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），随访中其他时点（2、3、6、8个月）两组有效率差异亦无统计学意义。12个月末利培酮组和奥氮平组的复发率（14．5％、12．5％）、持续治疗时间（9．5±3．8月、9．7±3．8月）、复发时间（4．0±2．9月、5．1±2．8月）等差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。不良反应方面，利培酮组锥体外系反应比例高于奥氮平组，奥氮平组体重增加比例高于利培酮组。结论利培酮与奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症1年疗效均好，利培酮组锥体外系反应发生较多，奥氮平组体重增加较多。     

On the prognostic relevance of ego-psychopathology in schizophrenia: A 2.5-year follow-up

Summary Based on a calibration sample comprising 552 schizophrenic patients, ego-psychopathology was modelled in terms of three empirical scales. For this purpose, a special assessment instrument (EPIS) had been designed which measures the phenomena of self-experience in psychotic individuals. Within the scope of these investigations, a 2.5-year follow-up study was carried out with 85 schizophrenic patients. The principal goal of this study was to test the predictive power of typical patterns of self-experience with respect to social functioning. In order to analyse the homogeneity of the data multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis was employed. The results derived from the initial interview suggested a partitioning of the population into two extreme groups termed, according to our model, high-risk and low-risk cases. The predictive power of ego-psychopathology with regard to the social situation was then tested by comparing the outcome of both groups after 2.5 years. The analyses yielded no indication that there is a strong relationship between ego-psychopathology and social adaptation. Only a tendency could be found suggesting that subjects with few ego-psychopathological disturbances have a better occupational behaviour.This study was supported by the Swiss National Fund Foundation (project no. 3200-009314)     

Time to rehospitalization in patients with schizophrenia discharged on first generation antipsychotics, non-clozapine second generation antipsychotics, or clozapine

Rehospitalization is an important outcome of drug effectiveness in schizophrenia. In this study, the hypothesis that clozapine and some second generation antipsychotics (SGA) were superior to first generation antipsychotics (FGA) in preventing rehospitalization of patients with schizophrenia discharged from a university hospital in Brazil was tested. A retrospective observational study was conducted designed to evaluate time to rehospitalization of patients with schizophrenia discharged on a regimen of oral FGA, depot FGA, risperidone, olanzapine and amisulpride, other SGA, or clozapine, during a three-year follow-up period. Risk factors associated with rehospitalization were examined. Of the 464 patients with schizophrenia discharged from hospital, 242 met criteria for study entry. Higher rehospitalization rates were observed in patients treated with depot FGA (30%), risperidone (30%) and other SGA groups (28.5%), respectively. Clozapine was significantly associated with lower rehospitalization risk compared with risperidone. The risk of rehospitalization in patients on olanzapine and amisulpride, and oral FGA, was similar to that of patients in use of clozapine. These results however, are limited by the heterogeneity of illness severity across the groups.     

首次发作精神分裂症患者出院服药情况1年调查

目的 了解首次发作(以下简称首发)精神分裂症患者出院服用抗精神病药的特点.方法 对137例首发精神分裂症患者出院后的服药情况进行问卷式跟踪随访调查1年,并比较服用第1代抗精神病药患者(64例)和第2代抗精神病药患者(73例)的差异.结果 首发精神分裂症患者服药依从性随时间推延逐渐降低,与所服药物类型无关.第1代抗精神病药组出院后第1、3、6、12个月的停药率分别为0%、7%、18%、50%,第2代抗精神病药组的停药率依次为3%、11%、21%、55%,2组各时点的差别无统计学意义.第1代抗精神病药锥体外系不良反应明显多于第2代抗精神病药,随访第12个月时分别为30%、7%, χ2=12.310,P<0.01.而后者在随访第12个月时出现内分泌系统不良反应比例(40%)高于第1代抗精神病药(5%)(χ2=13.433,P<0.05).结论 如何提高首发精神分裂症长期维持治疗的依从性是精神卫生服务的重要内容.     

Predicting prognosis in patients with first-episode psychosis using auditory P300: A 1-year follow-up study

ObjectiveTo clarify the role of auditory P300 in predicting prognosis in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) during a 1-year follow-up.MethodsAuditory P300 of 24 patients with FEP and 24 matched healthy control (HC) participants were measured at baseline. The clinical status of the FEP patients was assessed at baseline and reassessed after 1 year. P300 amplitudes and latencies among the groups were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to assess the predictive value of P300 in patients with FEP during the 1-year follow-up.ResultsAuditory P300 amplitudes were significantly smaller in FEP patients than HCs. Higher baseline P300 amplitudes at CPz significantly predicted better improvements in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total, positive, and general scores, as well as in the Global Assessment of Functioning and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.ConclusionsP300 may predict improvements in symptoms, functional status, and overall psychiatric status in patients with FEP.SignificanceWe first show that P300 amplitude at baseline predicts symptomatic and functional improvements after 1 year of treatment in patients with FEP. This finding may aid in effective interventions from the beginning of a psychotic episode to improve subsequent outcomes in clinical practice.     

精神分裂症院内康复措施及其疗效的一年随访

目的　探讨院内康复措施对精神分裂症患者的作用。方法　将 12 4例精神分裂症住院患者随机分为措施干预组和对照组 ,每组各 6 2例。在抗精神病药治疗的同时 ,对干预组施以小组工作制、院内职业康复的两种技能训练 ,共 10周。出院后随访 1年。用简明精神病评定量表 (BPRS)、住院病人护士观察量表 (NOSIE 30 )、社会功能缺陷筛选量表 (SDSS)和就业率等进行评估。结果　 (1)与入组时比较 ,住院期间干预组NOSIE 30各因素的变化值从住院的第 2周开始至第 10周均优于对照组(均P <0 0 1) ,且增分和减分的幅度逐渐增大。 (2 )出院时点与随访最后时点评分差值的比较 ,干预组的SDSS分 [(4 0± 2 7)分 ]、NOSIE 30积极因素分 [(- 2 4 8± 4 9)分 ]和消极因素分 [(8 9± 3 6 )分 ]均显著优于对照组 [分别为 (- 3 9± 1 9)分、(5 2± 5 0 )分和 (- 19 5± 5 9)分 ;均P <0 0 1～P <0 0 0 1];(3)干预组的复发率 (10 %)、再住院率 (3%)和再就业率 (4 1%)皆优于对照组 (分别为 6 9%、5 6 %和 13%,P =0 0 0 0 )。结论　院内康复措施对控制精神分裂症患者的病情、提高社会功能和再就业率 ,以及降低复发率和再住院率具有重要的作用。     

用药态度对精神分裂症患者治疗依从性和症状影响的1年随访研究

目的探讨精神分裂症整合治疗(心理社会干预合并药物治疗)的疗效,分析不同干预方式中用药态度对治疗依从性和精神症状的影响,探讨整合治疗疗效机制。方法 2012年至2015年间纳入170例精神分裂症患者,随机分为整合治疗组(86例)和常规药物治疗组(84例),整合治疗组给予常规药物治疗合并心理社会干预,常规药物治疗组仅给予常规药物治疗,入组3个月、6个月和12个月随访,分别采用用药态度量表(drug attitude inventory,DAI)、自知力问卷(self-awareness inventor,SAI)—治疗依从性量表、阳性和阴性症状量表(positive and negative syndrome scale,PANSS)评估用药态度、治疗依从性、临床精神病性症状。结果随访12月时,整合治疗组PANSS阳性症状和一般精神症状量表减分、DAI和SAI治疗依从性增分均高于药物治疗组(均P0.05),整合治疗组药物依从率高于药物治疗组(72.1%vs.45.2%,P0.01)。常规药物治疗组PANSS总分减分与DAI的增分呈正关联(β=0.31,P=0.02),且治疗依从性的改善中介二者之间的关系(β=0.18,P=0.18);而整合治疗组患者中,未发现DAI增分与PANSS总分减分之间的相关关系(P0.05),SAI—治疗依从性的增分与PANSS量表的阳性症状量表减分(r=0.31,P=0.01)和一般精神症状量表的减分(r=0.36,P0.01)呈正相关。结论本研究表明常规药物治疗组中,用药态度通过提高治疗依从性来改善精神性症状,整合治疗症状改善与治疗依从性改善有关,与用药态度可能无关。     

多元化治疗对首发精神分裂症患者疗效及认知功能改善的对照研究

目的探讨多元化治疗对首发精神分裂症患者疗效及认知功能改善的效果。方法将80例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组40例（接受多元化治疗）和对照组40例（仅接受药物治疗）,共干预12周。在基线及治疗后第12周末分别进行阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）、韦氏成人智力量表（WAIS．RC）、韦氏记忆量表（WMS）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）及治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表（TESS）测定以评定疗效及不良反应。结果治疗后第12周末研究组PANSS总分、WCST的总测验数、持续错误数、随机错误数评分显著低于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,WAIS—RC的语言智商量表、操作智商量表、总智商量表、WMS总分评分显著高于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。两组TESS评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论多元化治疗可明显改善首发精神分裂症患者的精神症状及认知功能,安全性较高。     

Long-term outcomes in chronically hospitalized geriatric patients with schizophrenia: retrospective comparison of first generation and second generation antipsychotics

INTRODUCTION: Some groups have reported the longitudinal course of elderly poor outcome schizophrenic patients to be characterized by progressive decline in cognitive functions and functional capacity. Although many of these patients experience minimal reduction of psychotic symptoms, there may be beneficial effects of antipsychotic treatments on cognitive functions and functional capacity. METHODS: This naturalistic study compared the longitudinal course of psychotic symptoms, cognitive functions and functional impairment in geriatric schizophrenic patients treated with first generation (N=97) or second generation (N=78) antipsychotic medications. Mixed effects linear regression analyses were used to examine the effects of treatment (first generation vs. second generation antipsychotic), time and treatment x time. RESULTS: Cognitive functions (Mini Mental State Examination time effect estimate=-.41, p<.001; ADAS-L Cog time effect estimate=.64, p<.001) and self-care skills (ADAS-L Self-Care time effect estimate=.65, p<.001) declined over time for the subject group as a whole and this decline was not modified by treatment with second generation antipsychotics relative to first generation antipsychotics. Similarly, second generation antipsychotic treatment produced no effect on the progressive worsening of negative symptom over time. CONCLUSION: This long-term naturalistic study of poor outcome geriatric patients with schizophrenia did not find atypical antipsychotics to produce any differential protective effect relative to typical antipsychotics on the long-term manifestations of symptoms, cognition and self-care in poor outcome geriatric schizophrenic patients.     

Predictors of symptomatic remission in patients with first-episode schizophrenia: A 16 years follow-up study

Objective

Recent views on schizophrenia outcome and treatment suggest that symptomatic remission is possible, and a definition of remission has been proposed by the Remission in Schizophrenia Working Group (RSWG).This study evaluated whether patients who achieved remission after several years of illness (R) showed psychopathological differences at the onset of their disorder compared to non-remitted (NR) patients.

Method

Forty-eight patients with first-episode schizophrenia were evaluated with the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) both at the onset of illness and after a mean period of 16 years. Patients were defined as R or NR according to the RSWG criteria.

Results

Eighteen patients (37.5%) were classified as R at follow-up. At onset, R patients showed a lower illness severity, less severe negative and general psychopathology symptoms compared to NR. Furthermore, they underwent fewer psychotic episodes than NR over the course of follow-up. Remission was predicted by lower severity of negative and general psychopathology symptoms at onset and by lesser number of psychotic episodes during follow-up.

Conclusions

The symptomatic remission may be a viable outcome in schizophrenia, particularly for patients with a mild illness and less severe negative symptoms at onset and with few psychotic episodes over time.     

Morphology of the lateral superior temporal gyrus in neuroleptic nai;ve patients with schizophrenia: relationship to symptoms

Objective: The superior temporal gyrus (STG) is a large structure in the temporal lobe with multiple sub-regions that are structurally and functionally distinct. This study evaluates the structural morphology of a specific sub-region of the STG, the anterior and posterior portions of the lateral aspect of the STG. Furthermore, relationships between the morphology of these regions and symptoms of the illness were explored. Method: Regions of cortex were consecutively traced on a set of serial coronal slices in 25 male neuroleptic naïve patients with first episode schizophrenia and 25 age-matched healthy volunteers. Regional gray matter volumes were calculated and compared, and their correlations with three symptom dimensions were explored. Results: The left anterior STG had a significant inverse correlation with psychotic symptoms, whereas the right posterior STG had a significant positive correlation with negative symptoms. These findings were confirmed by a follow-up analysis using extreme groups. There was no significant correlation between any region and disorganized symptoms. Conclusions: These findings suggest that abnormalities in the lateral side of the STG may be associated with both psychotic and negative symptoms through different pathophysiological mechanisms.     

2006年我国十省市抗精神病药处方方式的现况调查

目的 调查2006年我国10省市抗精神病药处方方式;分析4年间我国抗精神病药处方方式的变化趋势.方法 按照作者2002年的调查方法,选择10省市41所精神疾病专科医院或综合医院精神科的5898例精神分裂症门诊和住院患者,于2006年5月22-28日使用自制修订的调查问卷进行精神分裂症处方方式的现况调查.结果 (1)5898例患者中,门诊患者为2716例(46.0%);住院患者为3182例(54.0%);男3041例(51.6%),女2803例(47.5%),缺失54例数据.(2)99.1%的患者接受了抗精神病药治疗,使用频率在前7位的药物依次为:氯氮平(31.7%),利培酮(30.5%),舒必利(14.5%),氯丙嗪(10.8%),奋乃静(9.2%)、喹硫平(7.2%),氟哌啶醇(5.8%).换算为氯丙嗪等效剂量后,住院患者平均药物剂量显著高于门诊患者.(3)72.7%的患者使用第2代抗精神病药治疗;第1代抗精神病药的使用频率为38.3%;6.19%的患者接受了长效药物治疗.(4)75.6%的患者接受了单一非长效抗精神病药治疗;24.4%的患者联合使用2种或2种以上抗精神病药.(5)54.1%的患者联合了抗胆碱能药、苯二氮革类、β-受体阻断剂、抗抑郁药和心境稳定剂,主要用于控制不良反应或增效治疗.结论 第2代抗精神病药已经成为我国治疗精神分裂症的主流药物,反映出精神分裂症治疗理念和治疗技术的进展.     

精神分裂症患者生活质量研究进展

精神分裂症是严重危害人类健康的最常见的重性精神疾病之一.随着医学模式的转变及健康观念的不断完善,精神分裂症的治疗目标不仅仅是缓解症状、降低复发率,更重要的是促进个体在躯体、心理、社会功能诸多方面达到良好状态,即注重患者生活质量的改善.     

Effects of antipsychotics on prepulse inhibition of the startle response in drug-na?ve schizophrenic patients.

BACKGROUND: Disturbances in sensorimotor gating measured by prepulse inhibition of the startle response (PPI) have frequently been reported in medicated and unmedicated schizophrenia spectrum patients and in their relatives, suggesting that the deficit represents a stable vulnerability marker for schizophrenia. Clinical data on the effects of antipsychotics on PPI disturbances are scarce, but from preclinical studies, antipsychotics have been shown to influence PPI. To differentiate pathogenetic mechanisms from drug related effects, longitudinal clinical studies on the effect of antipsychotic treatment on PPI in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenic patients are needed. METHODS: First-episode schizophrenic patients never previously medicated with antipsychotics were examined at inclusion and after 3 months of treatment with the atypical antipsychotic compound, risperidone, or the typical drug, zuclopenthixol. Healthy controls were used as a comparison group. RESULTS: The results confirm deficits in PPI in drug-naive first-episode patients. No effect of antipsychotic treatment on PPI dysfunction was observed in any of the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: The data are the first to show the possible effect of treatment with antipsychotic drugs on PPI disturbances in a longitudinal study of drug-naive schizophrenic patients. The data do not support any influence of treatment with antipsychotic drugs on sensorimotor gating deficits. Instead, the results point to the impairment in PPI as a stable vulnerability indicator.     

2006年我国十省市抗精神病药联合用药情况调查及其影响因素分析

目的 调查2006年我国10个省市精神分裂症患者抗精神病药联合用药的现状,并初步研究其影响因素.方法 按人均国民生产总值,将各省分为5个经济发展等级,以一定的抽样比例,选择10个省市的41所精神病专科医院或综合医院精神科的5898例精神分裂症住院患者和门诊患者,于2006年5月22-28日使用自制调查问卷进行抗精神病药治疗现况调查.结果 (1)4306例(73.0％)患者单独使用1种抗精神病药,其中74例(1.2％)单独使用长效抗精神病药,1237例(21.0％)患者单独使用第1代抗精神病药,2995例(50.8％)患者单独使用第2代抗精神病药,1541例(26.1％)患者联合使用≥2种抗精神病药.联合用药患者中,291例(4.9％)联用长效抗精神病药与非长效抗精神病药,1250例(21.2％)联用≥2种非长效抗精神病药,其中159例(2.7％)联用≥2种第1代非长效抗精神病药,741例(12.6％)联用第1代与第2代抗精神病药,350例(5.9％)联用≥2种第2代抗精神病药.(2)联合用药组震颤、静坐不能、嗜睡、便秘、流涎、口干、体位性低血压、体质量改变、肝功能变化等不良反应的发生比例显著高于单一用药组(P＜0.05).(3)Logistic回归分析结果显示,门诊或住院治疗、所在地区、年龄、病程(总病程和本次病程)、就诊次数、阴性症状、情感症状、思维奔逸、言语活动增多、攻击以及疾病的严重程度可能为使用联合用药方式的影响因素(P＜0.01).结论 当前我国精神分裂症患者使用抗精神病药以单一用药为主,联合用药方式发生不良反应的风险更高,应当掌握联合用药的适应证;联合用药方式受到多种因素的影响.     

Screening for diabetes using monitoring guidance in schizophrenia patients treated with second-generation antipsychotics: a 1-year follow-up study

Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) tend to induce weight gain, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus. For those reasons, patients treated with SGAs should receive appropriate monitoring to avoid morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease. We conducted a one-year follow-up study using Japanese blood glucose monitoring guidance in schizophrenia patients treated with SGAs to evaluate the detection capability of the guidance in real clinical settings and to assess the importance of longitudinal monitoring. This retrospective cohort study included schizophrenia patients receiving at least one SGA, who were enrolled during June 2008-January 2009 at multiple sites and who had both baseline data and follow-up monitoring data at month 12. After one-year follow-up, the probable diabetes type (fasting blood glucose is higher than 125 mg/dL, casual blood glucose is higher than 179 mg/dL, or glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb_A1c) is greater than 6.4%) was detected in 30 (8%) of the patients, and the pre-diabetes type (fasting blood glucose is 110-125 mg/dL, or casual blood glucose is 140-179 mg/dL, or Hb_A1c is 6.0-6.4%) in 65 (17.4%) out of the total of 374 patients. During the follow-up period, 1.5% of patients had advanced from the normal (fasting blood glucose is less than 110 mg/dL, casual blood glucose is less than 140 mg/dL, or Hb_A1c is less than 6.0%) to probable diabetes type and 42.4% had progressed from the pre-diabetes to probable diabetes type. Predictive factors for worsening of the diabetic state were a family history of diabetes, and high serum total-cholesterol and triglyceride levels at baseline. Not only cross-sectional baseline screening but also longitudinal follow-up screening is important to detect glucose abnormalities in patients treated with SGAs.