肱骨结节间沟形态在肱二头肌长头肌腱损伤中的作用

目的　提供详尽的肱骨结节间沟形态资料。方法　使用不同地区肱骨 80只 ,将结节间沟分为近侧水平段和远侧垂直段 ,用量角器和卡尺测量二段的长度及其移行处的角度 ;结节间沟的深度和宽度分五个部位测量 ;观察结节间沟的变异和异常。结果　结节间沟近侧段和远侧段的长度及移行处角度分别为 9.4mm、2 9.7mm和 119.9° ;总长度、深度和宽度分别为 39.2mm、0 .7mm和 2 .6mm ;结节上嵴出现率为 11.2 % ,内、外侧骨刺 16 .2 % ,钙化 45 %。结论　肱骨结节间沟的局部形态与肱二头肌长头腱损伤关系密切。     

肱骨近端解剖测量在人工肩关节置换中的意义

目的:为人工肩关节置换治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折、假体设计提供参考数值。方法:对68例成人干燥肱骨标本进行观测分析。结果:肱骨头横径:左侧(40.67±1.90)mm,右侧(40.49±1.36)mm;肱骨头纵径:左侧(44.54±1.31)mm,右侧(43.45±1.48)mm;肱骨头后倾角:左侧(26.59±1.36)°,右侧(26.85±1.61)°;头结节距(肱骨头最高点至大结节最高点的垂直距离):左侧(6.63±1.13)mm,右侧(6.80±1.02)mm;颈干角:左侧(134.320±3.49)°,右侧(135.58±1.50)°。结论:(1)假体头直径在(40～45)mm,后倾角30°左右,假体高度应该高于大肱骨结节6～8mm;(2)人工肩关节置换应该考虑选择适合的假体高度、后倾角度、假体头的大小等,这与患者肩关节功能重建、并发症的发生密切相关。     

Atlas钛缆固定上颈椎的应用解剖

目的:为颈后路寰枢椎Atlas钛缆固定术和相关器械设计提供解剖学依据。方法:在100例中国成人干燥标本上,观察寰椎后弓和枢椎椎板的形态学特点并进行解剖学测量。结果:(1)寰椎后弓较纤弱,横截面呈扇形,内侧面从后上方向内下方倾斜;内侧面宽度:左侧(6.5±1.9)mm,右侧(6.3±1.7)mm;扇形角度:左侧(68±10)°,右侧(71 9)°。(2)枢椎椎板较粗大,上窄下宽,上缘厚度:左侧(4.5±1.3)mm,右侧(4.8±1.4)mm,下缘厚度:左侧(8.1±1.5)mm,右侧(7.8±1.6)mm;椎板高度:左侧(14.3±4.1)mm,右侧(14.5±3.6)mm,内侧面基本垂直,内侧面下缘多形成一骨嵴。结论:(1)寰椎后弓和枢椎椎板穿绕钛缆时宜自上向下操作;(2)设计枢椎椎板穿绕钛缆的引导器械时需考虑到其内侧面的骨嵴。     

翼腭窝神经阻滞相关解剖及其临床意义

目的:探讨翼腭窝神经阻滞相关解剖及其临床意义.方法:在33个干性颅骨标本上对翼腭窝相关孔道和穿刺路径进行解剖观测.应用SPSS17.0分析并比较相关解剖数据.结果:不同穿刺测量法测量翼腭窝的长度,分别为:颧弓下法之侧入法,左侧为(54.87±3.44)mm、右侧为(54.79±2.81)mm;颧弓下法之侧前入法,左侧为(52.90±3.39)mm、右侧为(52.98±2.76)mm;颧骨上法,左侧为(47.59±2.93)mm、右侧为(47.34±3.05)mm.穿刺针与颅骨正中矢状面的角度上述3种方法依次为:左侧(75.5±6.4)°、右侧为(73.4±4.7)°,左侧(83.0±7.1)°、右侧(82.7±5.2)°,左侧(101.4±7.4)°、右侧(101.9±6.6 )°.结论:翼腭窝神经阻滞术以颧骨上法、颧骨下法应用较多.以颧骨上法风险较小,效果较好.     

经桡动脉至冠状动脉插管的应用解剖

目的:为经桡动脉至冠状动脉插管提供应用解剖学基础。方法:在40侧成人上肢标本及50例成人心标本上观测与冠状动脉造影术有关的解剖结构。结果:桡动脉干长(210.8±23.4)mm,体表投影位于肱骨髁间连线中点远侧(22.4±2.6)mm与桡、尺骨茎突连线外侧1/4处的连线,远侧端内径为(1.9±0.5)mm。左、右冠状动脉干长分别为(9.9±3.5)mm和(5.7±3.1)mm,内径分别为(4.1±0.9)mm和(3.1±0.8)mm。冠状动脉向上方开口者与升主动脉侧壁远侧端的夹角左侧(76%)为(123.00±8.20)°,右侧(58%)为(109.30±11.10)°;向下方开口者其夹角左侧为(72.00±12.20)°,右侧为(65.00±13.50)°。结论:桡动脉穿刺针的方向应与其体表投影方向一致,导管的大小以5 F为宜;导管进入冠状动脉干的长度不宜过深;还应根据冠状动脉的开口方向调整导管的角度,并注意桡动脉和冠状动脉口的变异。     

背阔肌腱下滑囊炎的应用解剖研究

目的    为临床诊治背阔肌腱下滑囊炎提供应用解剖学基础。  方法　20侧成人肩关节标本（右11侧、左9侧），对背阔肌腱下滑囊及与其邻近易误诊的解剖结构进行观测。  结果　背阔肌腱下滑囊位于肱骨结节嵴间沟底、肱骨小结节嵴、大圆肌附着部与背阔肌腱止点之间。肱骨结节间沟可分为肱骨大、小结节间沟和大、小结节嵴间沟，确定该滑囊的上下位置，即从肱骨小结节最高点至背阔肌腱下滑囊上端距离为（27.43±4.71）mm，可以确定该滑囊的上下位置，背阔肌腱下滑囊的内外位置关系，从肱二头肌长头腱内侧缘距背阔肌腱下滑囊中点为（8.12±1.23）mm，可以确定该滑囊的内外位置关系。背阔肌腱下滑囊的相关数据，在肱骨结节嵴间沟上、下高度为（36.5±4.79）mm，中点宽度为（8.62±1.83）mm。背阔肌腱下滑囊周围易发生炎症的有肱二头肌长头腱滑液鞘、大圆肌腱下滑囊、喙突下滑囊、胸大肌骨管等。  结论　本研究为背阔肌腱下滑囊的诊疗提供了形态学依据。     

国人女性距状沟形态及侧差的三维MRI研究

目的 探讨国人女性距状沟在MRI图像上的形态、大小及其侧差。 方法 对40例女性志愿者头部进行高分辨率MRI扫描,获取横断面图像,用Brainvisa软件对其三维重建后,自动测量距状沟的沟深、沟宽和沟长。用SPSS软件对结果进行统计学分析,比较左右侧的差别。 结果 在正中矢状面上,距状沟后部分为分叉型（32.50%）、单峰型（25.00%）、平坦型（16.25%）、S型（15.00%）、双峰型（7.50%）和其他型（3.75%）6种类型。距状沟后部在正中矢状面上的位置可分为偏下（72.50%）、中间（21.25%）、偏上（6.25%）3种情况。女性距状沟的沟深左侧为(15.24±2.67)mm,右侧为(16.97±3.25)mm;沟宽左侧为(3.14±0.91)mm,右侧为(3.19±0.83)mm; 沟底长左侧为(86.47±16.85)mm, 右侧为(83.62±17.10)mm;沟顶长左侧为(70.52 ±12.40)mm, 右侧为(64.90±15.17)mm。女性距状沟沟深右侧明显大于左侧 (P< 0.001）,沟宽和沟长差别无统计学意义。距状沟末端转到大脑半球外侧面的超过半数（52.75%）。禽距的出现率为7.75%。 结论 女性距状沟的沟深右侧明显大于左侧。用三维重建的方式研究结构复杂的距状沟是一种很好的方法。     

肱骨远端的解剖观测与肱骨假体的设计

目的:为临床肱骨远端假体的设计与安放提供相关数据。方法:测量120块(男35对、女25对)成人干燥肱骨远端相关结构,对所测得结果用SPSS软件处理。结果:(1)肱骨远端前倾角和肱骨滑车外旋角,男女分别为(35.78±5.12)°、(36.33±5.06)°和(5.35±1.13)°、(5.55±1.22)°。(2)内上髁至外上髁最大宽度、滑车最内侧缘至小头最外侧缘宽度、肱骨滑车和肱骨小头宽度男女分别为(58.92±4.03)、(55.75±3.85);(45.34±3.15)、(42.18±3.01);(24.82±1.74)、(21.78±1.51)和(17.69±1.23)、(16.39±1.21)mm。(3)肱骨滑车和肱骨小头最大矢径男女分别为(23.35±2.06)、(23.13±2.15)和(19.47±1.38)、(19.13±2.19)mm。男女之间和左右之间各测量数据无显著性差异(P>0.05)。个体间有较大差异。结论:肱骨远端各项目的测量值,可供设计与安放肱骨假体提供解剖参数。     

股骨粗线的形态学观测

关于股骨粗线的形态学研究,就作者所能查到资料国内文献尚未见专题报道,为了充实国人解剖学资料,本文用长春地区出土的。未作性别鉴定的成人股骨680例(左361、右319),对股骨粗线的有关形态结构进行了观察和测量,结果如下。一、股骨粗线的分型根据股骨粗线的形态所见,将其分为四型。1.沟型:中央凹陷,两边隆起形成浅沟者135例,占19.85±1.53%,其中左侧74例(10.88±1.19%),右侧61例(8.97±1.10%)。2.嵴型:呈嵴状隆起者328例,占47.94±1.92%,其中左侧180例(26.47±1.69%),右侧146例(21.47±1.57%)。3.粗涩线型:由一些形状不同,大小不等的细小结节状隆起组成者7例,占1.03±0.38%,其中左侧2例(0.29%0.20%),右侧5例(0.74±0.32%)。4.混合型:出现上述三型中的二型或三型者212例,占31.18±1.77%,其中左侧105例(15.44±1.32%),右侧107例(15.74±1.39%)。     

喉、甲状腺手术的应用解剖

目的:为颈前部手术提供相关血管、神经的形态学依据.方法:在16具32侧成人头颈部标本上解剖观测喉和甲状腺的血管和神经的走行及分布.结果:甲状腺左、右叶平均长度分别为(49.5±8.2)、 (50.1±7.8) mm,有锥形叶者7例,占43.7%;16例中有1例甲状腺最下动脉(出现率为6.3%);甲状腺上动脉与喉上神经伴行,甲状腺下动脉与喉返神经相交叉.喉上动脉入喉处在甲状软骨上角的前下方左侧为(13.91±2.83) mm,右侧为(14.96±2.56) mm,两侧差异有统计学意义;喉上神经喉内支入喉处在甲状软骨上角前下方左侧为(11.80±3.42) mm,右侧为(12.24±2.68) mm;喉下神经在甲状软骨下角后下方入喉,距离甲状软骨下角左侧(5.38±1.56) mm,右侧(5.69±1.77) mm,两侧差异有统计学意义.结论:熟悉喉、甲状腺血管、神经的应用解剖学是有效预防甲状腺手术并发症的基础     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitude of the synaptic reactions of the snail under voltage clamping conditions

The influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitudes of summary excitatory postsynaptic currents arising in identified giant parietal neurons in response to rhythmic stimulation of the intestinal nerve was investigated in a preparation of the isolated CNS of the common snail in order to identify the possibility of the participation of the postsynaptic element in synaptic plasticity. It was demonstrated that, at a greater value of the transmembrane potential, the decrease in the amplitudes of the postsynaptic currents which have been induced by rhythmic stimulation takes place more rapidly. It was also demonstrated that at a higher frequency of stimulation of the nerve, the effect of the influence of the membrane potential level on the dynamics of the synaptic reactions is more prominent. The data obtained may be regarded as an argument in favor of the possibility of the participation of the post-synapse in plasticity. This study was partially supported by the Russian Basic Research Fund (project No. 94-04-12209). Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 171–179, January–February, 1995.     

Effect of the conditions of adaptation of the optic analyzer to the function of the thermoreceptors of the human skin

Summary A discussion is presented of the effect produced by light stimulation applied to the optic analyzer alone on the function of the temperature analyzer. The cutaneous-temperature analyzer was kept on constant illumination and temperature. The light effects from the retinal photoreceptors on the cutaneous thermoceptor system led to reflex changes of the functional rate of the latter. Conditions of the optic analyzer of light adaptation caused reflex adjustment of cold receptors as to heating. Dark adaptation of the eyes changed the functional state of the cold receptors, corresponding to their adjustment to low temperatures.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 1964