Reliability and validity of two instruments designed to assess the walking and bicycling suitability of sidewalks and roads

PURPOSE: Public health professionals hypothesize that when community environments provide suitable walking and bicycling conditions, community members will be more active. Measurement indicators and assessment instruments are needed to evaluate suitability. This study determined the reliability and validity of two instruments to assess the suitability of sidewalks for walking and roads for bicycling. METHODS: Two data collectors used walking and bicycling suitability assessment instruments to collect data on 31 road segments. In addition, three transportation experts used a 7-point Likert response system to subjectively evaluate walking and bicycling conditions for the same segments. Intraclass correlations determined the reliability of each assessment instrument and the reliability of the Likert response system. Pearson correlations (research staff assessments with expert assessments) were calculated to determine the criterion-related validity of the suitability measures. RESULTS: Intercoder reliability (intraclass) correlations for the walking and bicycling assessment instruments were r = .79 and .90, respectively. Intercoder reliability of the experts' Likert response system was r = .73 for the walking form and r = .77 for the bicycling form. Criterion-related validity (Pearson) correlations for the walking and bicycling assessment instruments were r = .58 and .62, respectively. CONCLUSION: Although some variables have lower reliability and validity than is ideal, the walking and bicycling suitability assessment instruments appear promising as instruments for community members and professionals to systematically assess key aspects of the physical environment.     

Psychosocial and environmental factors associated with physical activity among city dwellers in regional Queensland

BACKGROUND: Research has recently adopted the use of social-ecological models in the study of physical activity. Few studies, however, have addressed the influence of the environment on activity using Geographic Information System (GIS)-derived measures of environmental attributes and self-report ratings of other environmental attributes. Even fewer have examined walking behaviors. METHODS: Self-report measures of physical activity, social support, self-efficacy, and perceived neighborhood environment were obtained by means of a Computer-Assisted-Telephone-Interview (CATI) survey of 1,281 residents of Rockhampton, Queensland. Over 94% (1,215) of respondents' residential locations were successfully geocoded into the existing city council GIS database. The self-report data, along with GIS-derived measures, were used to determine the relationships among selected variables of the neighborhood environment for each geocoded location. RESULTS: GIS-derived measures of street connectivity and proximity to parkland, the number of active people in a 1-km radius, and self-reported perceptions of neighborhood cleanliness showed associations with the likelihood of achieving sufficient levels of physical activity when adjusting for selected psychosocial variables. GIS-derived Euclidian distance to footpath networks, number of dogs in 0.8-km radius, network distance to newsagents, and perceptions of footpath condition were significantly associated with the likelihood of participating in any recreational walking. CONCLUSION: Environmental characteristics were found to have differential influences on the two selected measures of physical activity. Aesthetics and safety appear to be important influences of physical activity, whereas proximal footpaths showed increased likelihood of participation in recreational walking. It is proposed that the strength of association between the environmental and physical activity may be improved if future research utilizes a Geographic Information System approach to the study of restricted geographical areas.     

Urban containment policies and physical activity. A time-series analysis of metropolitan areas, 1990-2002

BACKGROUND: Urban containment policies attempt to manage the location, character, and timing of growth to support a variety of goals such as compact development, preservation of greenspace, and efficient use of infrastructure. Despite prior research evaluating the effects of urban containment policies on land use, housing, and transportation outcomes, the public health implications of these policies remain unexplored. This ecologic study examines relationships among urban containment policies, state adoption of growth-management legislation, and population levels of leisure and transportation-related physical activity in 63 large metropolitan statistical areas from 1990 to 2002. METHODS: Multiple data sources were combined, including surveys of urban containment policies, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, the U.S. Census of Population, the National Resources Inventory, and the Texas Transportation Institute Urban Mobility Study. Mixed models were used to examine whether urban containment policies and state adoption of growth-management legislation were associated with population levels of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and walking/bicycling to work over time. RESULTS: Strong urban containment policies were associated with higher population levels of LTPA and walking/bicycling to work during the study period. Additionally, residents of states with legislation mandating urban growth boundaries reported significantly more minutes of LTPA/week compared to residents of states without such policies. Weak urban containment policies showed inconsistent relationships with physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that strong urban containment policies are associated with higher population levels of LTPA and active commuting. Future research should examine potential synergies among state, metropolitan, and local policy processes that may strengthen these relationships.     

Residential context, walking and obesity: two African-American neighborhoods compared

We compare walking and obesity rates in two African-American neighborhoods that are similar in urban form but different in level of neighborhood disadvantage. We find higher rates of utilitarian walking in the neighborhood with higher density and disadvantage and more destinations within walking distance. However levels of leisure walking and physical activity were not higher, and rates of obesity were not lower in the non-poor neighborhood with better maintenance, more sidewalks and recreational facilities. Different types of barriers to physical activity reported in the two neighborhoods and the high rates of overweight and obesity in both may explain the findings.     

Walking and bicycling: an evaluation of environmental audit instruments

PURPOSE: This paper reviews existing environmental audit instruments used to capture the walkability and bikability of environments. The review inventories and evaluates individual measures of environmental factors used in these instruments. It synthesizes the current state of knowledge in quantifying the built environment. The paper provides health promotion professionals an understanding of the essential aspects of environments influencing walking and bicycling for both recreational and transportation purposes. It serves as a basis to develop valid and efficient tools to create activity-friendly communities. DATA SOURCES: Keyword searches identified journal articles from the computer-based Academic Citation Databases, including the National Transportation Library, the Web of Science Citation Database, and MEDLINE. Governmental publications and conference proceedings were also searched. STUDY INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA: All instruments to audit physical environments have been included in this review, considering both recreation- and transportation related walking and bicycling. Excluded are general methods devised to estimate walking and cycling trips, those used in empirical studies on land use and transportation, and research on walking inside buildings. DATA EXTRACTION METHODS: Data have been extracted from each instrument using a template of key items developed for this review. The data were examined for quality assurance among three experienced researchers. DATA SYNTHESIS: A behavioral model of the built environment guides the synthesis according to three components: the origin and destination of the walk or bike trip, the characteristics of the road traveled, and the characteristics of the areas surrounding the trip's origin and destination. These components, combined with the characteristics of the instruments themselves, lead to a classification of the instruments into the four categories of inventory, route quality assessment, area quality assessment, and approaches to estimating latent demand for walking and bicycling. Furthermore, individual variables used in each instrument to measure the environment are grouped into four classes: spatiophysical, spatiobehavioral, spatiopsychosocial, and policy-based. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: Individually, existing instruments rely on selective classes of variables and therefore assess only parts of built environments that affect walking and bicycling. Most of the instruments and individual measures have not been rigorously tested because of a lack of available data on walking and bicycling and because of limited research budgets. Future instrument development will depend on the acquisition of empirical data on walking and bicycling, on inclusion of all three components of the behavioral model, and on consideration of all classes of variables identified.     

Correlates of recreational and transportation physical activity among adults in a New England community

BACKGROUND: Promotion of transportation-related physical activity is consistent with current national recommendations. However, few studies have simultaneously examined correlates of recreational and transportation physical activity. METHODS: Surveys were mailed to 1002 adults residing in a Massachusetts suburb. The survey included measures of self-reported recreational and transportation-related physical activity and demographic, cognitive, interpersonal, and environmental variables potentially correlated with activity. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the associations between environmental variables and the two outcomes. RESULTS: Respondents (n = 413) who averaged 51.2 +/- 16.8 years of age reported 132.3 +/- 140.5 min/week recreational physical activity and 142.1 +/- 180.9 min/week transportation activity. Sidewalks (P = 0.02) and traffic (P = 0.01) were each associated with higher levels of recreational physical activity in unadjusted analyses, but in models that controlled for age, self-efficacy for physical activity and family social support for physical activity, these environmental variables were nonsignificant. Three perceived environmental variables (enjoyable scenery, sidewalks, traffic) and one objective environmental variable (distance from home to a community rail-trail) each showed associations (P 相似文献   

Utilitarian bicycling: a multilevel analysis of climate and personal influences

BACKGROUND: Increasing utilitarian bicycling in urban areas is a means to reduce air and noise pollution, increase physical activity, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. We investigated the impact of individual- and city-level characteristics on bicycling in Canadian cities to inform transportation and public health policies. METHODS: The study population included 59,899 respondents to the 2003 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) living in cities with populations greater than 50,000. In 2005, data on individual characteristics were drawn from the CCHS, and city-level climate data from Environment Canada records. Separate multilevel logistic regression models were developed for the general (nonstudent) and student populations. RESULTS: The proportion of the urban population reporting bicycling in a typical week was 7.9%, with students cycling more than nonstudents (17.2% vs 6.0%). In the general population, older age, female gender, lower education, and higher income were associated with lower likelihood of cycling. More days of precipitation per year and more days of freezing temperatures per year were both associated with lower levels of utilitarian cycling (odds ratios [ORs] for every 30-day increase in precipitation=0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.74-0.94, and for every 30-day increase in freezing temperatures OR=0.91, 95% CI=0.86-0.97). There was less variation in the proportion of students who cycled by age and income, and only the number of days with freezing temperatures influenced bicycling. CONCLUSIONS: Bicycling patterns are associated with individual demographic characteristics and the climate where one lives. This evidence might be useful to guide policy initiatives for targeted health promotion and transportation infrastructure.     

Association between neighborhood walkability and GPS-measured walking,bicycling and vehicle time in adolescents

ObjectivesTo investigate relations of walking, bicycling and vehicle time to neighborhood walkability and total physical activity in youth.MethodsParticipants (N=690) were from 380 census block groups of high/low walkability and income in two US regions. Home neighborhood residential density, intersection density, retail density, entertainment density and walkability were derived using GIS. Minutes/day of walking, bicycling and vehicle time were derived from processing algorithms applied to GPS. Accelerometers estimated total daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Models were adjusted for nesting of days (N=2987) within participants within block groups.ResultsWalking occurred on 33%, active travel on 43%, and vehicle time on 91% of the days observed. Intersection density and neighborhood walkability were positively related to walking and bicycling and negatively related to vehicle time. Residential density was positively related to walking.ConclusionsIncreasing walking in youth could be effective in increasing total physical activity. Built environment findings suggest potential for increasing walking in youth through improving neighborhood walkability.     

Moving to policy-amenable options for built environment research: The role of micro-scale neighborhood environment in promoting walking

BackgroundAltering micro-scale features of neighborhoods (e.g., the presence and condition of benches, sidewalks, trees, crossing signals, walking paths) could be a relatively cost-effective method of creating environments that are conducive to physical activity. The Virtual Systematic Tool for Evaluating Pedestrian Streetscapes (Virtual-STEPS) was created to virtually audit the microscale environment of cities using Google Street View (GSV). The objective of this study was to evaluate the collective influence of items from the Virtual-STEPS tool on walking outcomes (utilitarian walking and walking for leisure), while accounting for self-selection of walkers into walking-friendly neighborhoods.MethodsAdults (N = 1403) were recruited from Montreal and Toronto from neighborhoods stratified by their level of macro-scale walking-friendliness and walking rates. The micro-scale environment of 5% of street segments from the selected neighborhoods was audited using the Virtual-STEPS tool and a micro-scale environment score was assigned. The scores were then linked to each respondent from the survey. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to model the relationship between the micro-scale environment score and odds of both utilitarian walking (i.e., walking for purpose such as to go shopping or go to work or school) and walking for leisure for at least 150 min per week, while accounting for environmental and demographic covariates as well as self-selection.ResultsMicro-scale neighborhood features were associated with elevated odds of walking for leisure (OR: 1.14, CI: 1.04–1.25). The association between micro-scale neighborhood features and walking for utilitarian purposes was, however, inconclusive (OR: 1.01, CI: 0.90–1.13). On the other hand, macro-scale walk-friendliness was associated with elevated odds of walking for utilitarian purposes (OR: 2.01, CI:1.42–2.84) and the association between macro-scale features and leisure walking was inconclusive (OR: 1.02, CI: 0.78–1.34).ConclusionsOur results imply that micro-scale features of neighborhoods collectively promote leisure walking but not necessarily utilitarian walking, even after accounting for self-selection. In contrast, macro-scale features may collectively promote utilitarian walking, but not leisure walking. Micro scale features of neighborhoods fall within the budget of local jurisdictions and our results suggest that jurisdictions that improve micro-scale features may expect increased leisure walking in populations.     

Perceived neighborhood environment and walking for specific purposes among elderly Japanese

Background

Recent research has revealed the importance of neighborhood environment as a determinant of physical activity. However, evidence among elderly adults is limited. This study examined the association between perceived neighborhood environment and walking for specific purposes among Japanese elderly adults.

Methods

This population-based, cross-sectional study enrolled 1921 participants (age: 65–74 years, men: 51.9%). Neighborhood environment (International Physical Activity Questionnaire Environmental Module) and walking for specific purposes (ie, transportation or recreation) were assessed by self-report. Multilevel logistic regression analyses with individuals at level 1 and neighborhoods at level 2 were conducted to examine the association between environment and walking, after adjustment for potential confounders.

Results

Access to exercise facilities, social environment, and aesthetics were associated with total neighborhood walking. Odds ratios (95% CI) were 1.23 (1.00–1.51), 1.39 (1.14–1.71), and 1.48 (1.21–1.81), respectively. Regarding walking for specific purposes, social environment and aesthetics were consistent correlates of both transportation walking and recreational walking. Environmental correlates differed by specific types of walking and by sex. Transportation walking significantly correlated with a greater variety of environmental attributes. Sex differences were observed, especially for transportation walking. Bicycle lanes, crime safety, traffic safety, aesthetics, and household motor vehicles were significant correlates among men, while access to shops, access to exercise facilities, and social environment were important among women.

Conclusions

Specific environment–walking associations differed by walking purpose and sex among elderly adults. Social environment and aesthetics were consistent correlates of both transportation walking and recreational walking. Improving these environmental features might be effective in promoting physical activity among elderly Japanese.Key words: physical activity, transportation, recreation, policy     

Perceived environments as physical activity correlates and moderators of intervention in five studies

PURPOSE: Few studies have explored how relationships of perceived environment and physical activity vary across different activity domains and populations. This question was explored in five physical activity intervention trials funded by the National Institutes of Health Behavior Change Consortium. DESIGN: Observational. SETTINGS: San Francisco peninsula, California (N = 94); Eugene, Oregon (N = 122); Atlanta, Georgia (N = 256); Kingston, Rhode Island (N = 109); Memphis, Tennessee (N = 64). SUBJECTS: Ethnically diverse community adults ages 18 to 85 years. MEASURES: The Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale and CHAMPS physical activity questionnaire. Response rate among those invited to complete these measures was 90%. RESULTS: Cross-sectional pooled signal detection analysis indicated that people who reported living in neighborhoods with more attractive scenery and ease of walking were more likely to meet national physical activity recommendations (67%) compared with those without these neighborhood attributes (36%; chi2 = 13.04, p = .0003). Within-site multiple regression identified two additional variables--seeing others when walking and encountering loose dogs that make it difficult to walk--as correlates across multiple sites and activity domains (i.e., minutes of weekly moderate or more vigorous activity, walking for errands, walking leisurely) (incremental R2 = 2.0-7.5; p < .05). Analyses of covariance suggested that traffic safety might be particularly important in facilitating or impeding physical activity in response to a formal intervention (for traffic-arm assignment interactions, F = 3.8-7.0, p < or = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Relationships between perceived environments and physical activity may differ depending upon population groups and activity domains and merit investigation by using stronger prospective designs.     

Personal, social and environmental determinants of educational inequalities in walking: a multilevel study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the contribution of personal, social and environmental factors to mediating socioeconomic (educational) inequalities in women's leisure-time walking and walking for transport. METHODS: A community sample of 1282 women provided survey data on walking for leisure and transport; educational level; enjoyment of, and self-efficacy for, walking; physical activity barriers and intentions; social support for physical activity; sporting/recreational club membership; dog ownership; and perceived environmental aesthetics and safety. These data were linked with objective environmental data on the density of public open space and walking tracks in the women's local neighbourhood, coastal proximity and street connectivity. RESULTS: Multilevel modelling showed that different personal, social and environmental factors were associated with walking for leisure and walking for transport. Variables from all three domains explained (mediated) educational inequalities in leisure-time walking, including neighbourhood walking tracks; coastal proximity; friends' social support; dog ownership; self-efficacy, enjoyment and intentions. On the other hand, few of the variables examined explained educational variations in walking for transport, exceptions being neighbourhood, coastal proximity, street connectivity and social support from family. CONCLUSIONS: Public health initiatives aimed at promoting, and reducing educational inequalities in, leisure-time walking should incorporate a focus on environmental strategies, such as advocating for neighbourhood walking tracks, as well as personal and social factors. Further investigation is required to better understand the pathways by which education might influence walking for transport.     

济南铁路职工通勤方式及时间与超重肥胖、高血脂、脂肪肝关系

目的 了解山东省济南地区铁路职工通勤方式及时间与超重肥胖、高血脂、脂肪肝之间的关系,为制定相应干预措施提供科学依据。方法 于2014年3-6月采用分层随机整群抽样方法在济南铁路局抽取1 850名20~59岁铁路职工进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测。结果 通勤方式为私人交通、步行、自行车、公共交通的职工超重肥胖检出率分别为38.7%、18.5%、33.6%、31.0%,高血脂检出率分别为11.6%、4.6%、10.3%、10.1%,脂肪肝检出率分别为25.5%、13.0%、19.4%、19.3%;多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,在调整了性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、月平均收入、吸烟、饮酒、每周锻炼时间、每日业余时间内静态时间、每日睡眠时间、每日通勤时间等混杂因素后,与通勤方式为私人交通相比,步行是超重肥胖的保护因素（OR=0.44,95%CI=0.25~0.77）,骑自行车是脂肪肝的保护因素（OR=0.63,95%CI=0.43~0.95）;在调整了除每日通勤时间外的其他混杂因素后,与非活跃的通勤相比,步行时间≤1 h （OR=0.47,95%CI=0.25~0.86）和>1 h （OR=0.32,95%CI=0.10~0.99）、骑自行车时间≤1 h （OR=0.61,95%CI=0.40~0.94）、公共交通时间≤1 h （OR=0.46,95%CI=0.28~0.76）是超重肥胖的保护因素,公共交通时间≤1 h （OR=0.33,95%CI=0.12~0.97）是高血脂的保护因素,骑自行车时间≤1 h （OR=0.57,95%CI=0.35~0.95）和公共交通时间≤1 h（OR=0.45,95%CI=0.24~0.84）是脂肪肝的保护因素。结论 活跃的通勤方式可以降低超重肥胖、高血脂、脂肪肝发生的风险。     

Who,when, and how much?: Epidemiology of walking in a middle-income country

BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Walking, an inexpensive and accessible activity, is protective against unhealthy outcomes. Little data on walking practices are available outside developed countries. This study estimated the prevalence and correlates of compliance with physical activity recommendations through leisure-time and all-domain (combined leisure time, commuting, and work-related) walking in individuals aged > or =20 years in a southern Brazilian city. METHODS: Data from two population-based surveys carried out in 2002 and 2003 in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, were compared and analyzed in 2004. Multistage sampling procedures were undertaken in both surveys. Compliance with physical activity recommendations was defined as > or =150 minutes/week of walking during the previous week, although other cut-off points were estimated. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used in both studies. RESULTS: Samples comprised 3182 (2002 study) and 3100 (2003 study) individuals. Nonresponse rates were 5.6% and 3.5%, respectively. Both prevalence and correlates of leisure-time and all-domains walking were markedly different. Compliance with physical activity guidelines (> or =150 minutes/week) through walking was 40.6% (all domains) and 15.0% (leisure time). Poor and uneducated participants had a lower likelihood of walking than higher-income and more educated people, particularly in leisure time. Walkers were also more likely to practice other vigorous and moderate-intensity activities. CONCLUSIONS: Although the results derive from a single Brazilian city, they are likely to be relevant to similar environments/locales in middle-income countries, where the obesity epidemic is rapidly increasing. Due to the low levels of walking detected, particularly during leisure time, healthcare professionals are encouraged to recommend walking to their patients.     

Association between passively collected walking and bicycling data and purposefully collected active commuting survey data—United States, 2019

Commercially-available location-based services (LBS) data derived primarily from mobile devices may provide an alternative to surveys for monitoring physically-active transportation. Using Spearman correlation, we compared county-level metrics of walking and bicycling from StreetLight with metrics of physically-active commuting among U.S. workers from the American Community Survey. Our strongest pair of metrics ranked counties (n = 298) similarly for walking (rho = 0.53 [95% CI: 0.44–0.61]) and bicycling (rho = 0.61 [0.53–0.67]). Correlations were higher for denser and more urban counties. LBS data may offer public health and transportation professionals timely information on walking and bicycling behavior at finer geographic scales than some existing surveys.     

Association between neighborhood active living potential and walking

This paper examines the association between neighborhood active living potential and walking among middle-aged and older adults. A sample of 2,614 (61.1% women) persons aged 45 years or older and living in one of 112 census tracts in Montreal, Canada, were recruited between February and May of 2005 to participate in a 20-minute telephone survey. Data were linked to observational data on neighborhood active living potential in the 112 census tracts and analyzed through multilevel modeling. Greater density of destinations in the census tract was associated with greater likelihoods of walking for any reason at least 5 days per week for at least 30 minutes (odds ratio = 1.53, 95% confidence interval: 1.21, 1.94). Associations were attenuated but remained statistically significant after controlling for socioeconomic, health, lifestyle, and other physical activity characteristics. Sensitivity analyses showed that associations were robust across smaller and larger volumes of walking. No associations were found between dimensions of neighborhood active living potential and walking for recreational reasons. The authors conclude that a larger number and variety of neighborhood destinations in one's residential environment are associated with more walking and possibly more utilitarian walking among middle-aged or older adults.     

Association of environmental factors to meeting physical activity recommendations in two South Carolina counties

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to examine associations between environment and policy factors and physical activity. DESIGN: A random-digit-dialed, cross-sectional telephone survey was administered. SETTING: The setting was a two-county area of eastern South Carolina. SUBJECTS: Before weighting, the sample included 1936 adults; 36.9% African-American, 63.1% white, and 60.1% women. The age group distribution was 28.8% 55+ years, 39.3% 35-54 years, and 31.9% 18-34 years of age. The response rate was 62.9%. MEASURES: Six physical activity questions (2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey [BRFSS]) were used to create a dischotomous variable, "meets/does not meet recommendation for moderate or vigorous physical activity." Self-report items assessed knowledge, presence, and use of recreational facilities; presence of environmental and worksite supports; perceived safety; condition of sidewalks; and quality of street lighting. RESULTS: Linear and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Unadjusted odds for meeting the recommendation were significantly greater for well-maintained sidewalks (OR = 1.90); safe areas for walking/jogging (OR = 1.39); knowledge of routes for bicycling (OR = 1.38) and walking/jogging (OR = 1.32); and worksites with sports teams (OR = 1.53), exercise facilities (OR = 1.33), flexible time for exercise (OR = 1.33), and preventive checkups (OR = 1.26). Among persons who met the recommendation, means were greater for number of known walking/jogging routes (p = .04); number of known bicycling routes (p < .01); number of days per month uses tracks, trails, routes, pathways (p < .01); and number of days per month uses outdoor recreation areas (p < .01). CONCLUSION: The results support an association between level of physical activity and environmental and policy factors in two southeastern counties in South Carolina. Limitations of the study include self-reported data and cross-sectional design.     

中国南方中青年体力活动能量消耗研究

目的研究中国南方中青年常见体力活动的能量消耗。方法通过问卷调查和体格检查筛选出轻体力活动健康中青年64名,采用k4b2便携式心肺功能测定仪测量其基础代谢和七项体力活动(慢走、快走、慢跑、骑自行车、上下楼梯和看电视)的耗氧量(VO2)和二氧化碳生成量(VCO2),用微量凯式定氮法测量24小时尿氮,利用Weir公式计算其能量消耗量。结果各项体力活动平均能量消耗量(kJ·h-1·kg-1)分别为:慢走14.77±2.47,快走22.18±3.68,慢跑41.34±7.32,骑自行车18.41±3.89,上楼梯26.11±4.18,下楼梯13.68±2.89,看电视5.06±1.09;男性各项体力活动能量消耗量均高于女性(P<0.05)。结论体力活动能量消耗差异较大,看电视为低强度体力活动,骑自行车、上下楼、慢走及快走为中强度体力活动,慢跑为高强度体力活动。     

The prevalence of selected physical activities and their relation with coronary heart disease risk factors in elderly men: the Zutphen Study, 1985

Physical activity patterns and their relation with coronary heart disease risk factors are described for a representative sample of 863 Dutch men, 65-84 years old, who participated in the 1985 survey of the Zutphen cohort of the Seven Countries Study. Cross-sectional results revealed a median total of reported physical activity of about 1 hour and 20 minutes per day; only 5.8% reported no physical activity. The percentage of participation and total weekly time spent in physical activity decreased as age increased; the decrease was less pronounced for walking, bicycling, gardening, and doing odd jobs than for sports, hobbies, and work. Statistically significant mean differences were found among quartiles of total weekly physical activity for both total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol); however, only the differences for HDL cholesterol remained significant (p = 0.045) after adjusting for potential confounders. Statistically significant regression coefficients (p less than 0.05) were found for the independent association between walking and total cholesterol and between gardening and total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure, after adjusting for confounders. Total weekly physical activity and specific activities, e.g., gardening and walking, demonstrated generally favorable associations with cholesterol and systolic blood pressure.