ICU血流感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解ICU血培养分离病原菌的分布及耐药性.方法 回顾性调查2006年1月-2010年1月医院ICU临床血培养病原菌分布特点和耐药性.结果 结果血培养阳性率为18.3％,共获得临床分离病原菌217株,47.9％为革兰阴性杆菌,其中肠杆菌科细菌70株,占32.3％,革兰阳性菌占37.4％,真菌占14.7％;最常见的分离病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,分别占15.6％、13.8％、9.7％;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs检出率分别为47.1％和42.8％,肠杆菌科细菌未发现碳青霉烯类耐药菌株,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)检出率分别为73.3％和78.8％;未发现耐万古霉素葡萄球菌属和肠球菌属.结论 ICU血流感染以革兰阴性菌为主,真菌性感染呈上升趋势;血培养分离株耐药现象普遍.     

血培养常见病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析医院血流感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药性变迁,为临床抗感染的预防与控制提供实验室依据。方法采用自动血培养仪BD9240对血培养瓶进行连续培养监测,全自动微生物分析系统对血标本中分离的病原菌进行鉴定和药敏试验,结果判定按照CLSI 2008标准。结果 2005-2011年共分离病原菌2 762株,其中革兰阳性菌1 296株占47.0%、革兰阴性菌1 387株占50.2%、真菌79株占2.8%;在2 762株非重复分离病原菌中,主要为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌属、铜绿假单胞菌及鲍氏不动杆菌分别占25.92%、20.06%、9.67%、8.73%、7.49%、4.85%及3.33%;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为43.8%和24.3%;肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物仍保持100.00%敏感;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为56.00%占金黄色葡萄球菌和90.80%占凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,未发现耐万古霉素葡萄球菌;检出11株耐万古霉素屎肠球菌,耐药率为8.03%;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率<1.00%,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率<8.00%。结论医院血流感染病原菌主要为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,其次是大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素对革兰阳性球菌有较好的抗菌活性,碳青霉烯类及头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对革兰阴性杆菌有较好的抗菌活性。     

新生儿重症监护室医院感染病原菌特点与耐药性分析

对某院2003-2006年新生儿重症监护室（NICU）医院感染标本培养及药敏试验结果进行统计分析。检出的287株病原菌中，革兰阴性（G^-）杆菌147株（51．22％），以肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌为主；革兰阳性（G^＋）球菌126株（43．90％），以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主；真菌14株（4．88％），以假丝酵母菌为主。70．00％的大肠埃希菌与74．36％的肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶，对青霉素类和头孢菌素类药有较强耐药性；52．08％为耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌，除对万古霉素敏感外，对其他抗菌药物均有不同程度耐药。     

临床常见病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的监测医院临床常见病原菌的分布及耐药性,为指导临床治疗提供依据。方法对2011年7月-2012年6月所分离临床常见病原菌分布及耐药性进行分析,采用Microscan WorkAway 40全自动细菌鉴定/药敏分析仪对病原菌进行鉴定和药敏试验,运用WHONET 5.4对药敏结果进行分析。结果临床分离病原菌1926株,革兰阴性杆菌占49.9%,革兰阳性球菌占25.7%,其中革兰阴性杆菌前5位依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌和鲍氏不动杆菌,革兰阳性球菌前3位为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和肠球菌属;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶检出率分别为45.0%和44.6%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率分别为为45.9%和39.6%;革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南和阿米卡星较敏感,耐药率均<50.0%;革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素和利奈唑胺非常敏感,耐药率为0。结论临床常见病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌和革兰阳性球菌为主,其对常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,必须加强耐药性监测,指导合理用药。     

医院感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的调查医院感染病原菌的分布及耐药趋势,为指导临床用药及控制医院感染提供依据。方法对2004年1月-2005年12月住院患者各类标本中分离出的病原菌,采用自动微生物分析仪ATB Expression及配套试剂进行细菌鉴定和药敏实验。结果共分离病原菌3 066株（真菌除外）;革兰阳性球菌927株（30.2%）,以葡萄球菌属为主,其中耐甲氧西林株分别占金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的69.0%和77.6%,未发现耐万古霉素菌株;革兰阴性杆菌2134株（69.6%）,以铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌多见;30.1%大肠埃希菌和40.1%肺炎克雷伯菌证实产ESBLs;革兰阴性杆菌对碳青酶烯类耐药率最低,其次为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢吡肟,但对部分抗菌药物产生多重耐药。结论医院感染的耐药问题日趋严重,定期进行细菌耐药性监测,对指导临床合理应用抗菌药物,积极有效地控制医院感染具有重要意义。     

2010年度卫生部全国细菌耐药监测报告:血流感染细菌耐药监测

目的 了解血流感染病原菌分布及其耐药性.方法 监测2010年度全国129所医院血标本,来源细菌药敏结果采用CLSI 2010年标准判读,利用WHONET5.6软件进行药物敏感性分析.结果 共获得22 747株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌11 356株,占49.9％,革兰阴性菌11 391株,占50.1％;最常见细菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球及鲍氏不动杆菌;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为46.6％和80.1％,未发现耐万古霉素葡萄球菌;粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素耐药率分别为0.7％和5.0％,未发现耐利奈唑胺肠球菌属;耐青霉素肺炎链球菌检出率为7.0％;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南耐药率为4.6％和9.1％,对美罗培南耐药率为1.4％和5.8％;铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类的耐药率约为20.0％,鲍氏不动杆菌耐药率超过铜绿假单胞菌.结论 2010年度血培养分离细菌耐药现象较为普遍,但较上年度无明显上升趋势.     

新生儿重症监护病房感染流行菌及其耐药性分析

目的研究新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)细菌的种类分布及其耐药情况。方法对NICU 1259例新生儿备种体液标本进行培养、分离、鉴定和药敏分析。结果1892份标本培养共分离病原菌549株，总阳性率为29．0％。其中革兰阳性球菌259株，以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占优势，其次为金黄色葡萄球菌；革兰阴性杆菌265株，以肺炎克雷伯杆菌居多，大肠埃希菌次之。970份血标本共检出病原菌15种232株，以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占优势。革兰阳性球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、苯唑西林及红霉素、头孢他定、头孢噻吩等具有较高耐药性，而对万古霉素、替考拉宁、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、克林霉素等的敏感性较高；革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、羟氨苄／克拉维酸仍具有很高的敏感性，而对庆大霉素、头孢他定、头孢哌酮、头孢噻肟、氨苄西林等的耐药率较高。NICU中检出率较高的病原菌中，凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、克林霉素、环丙沙星较为敏感，而对青霉素类及其它头孢菌素类的耐药率很高；肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌仅对碳青霉烯类、氨基糖甙类以及喹诺酮类少数抗菌药物敏感，而对第三代头孢菌素耐药率很高。结论凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌等是NICU中检出率最高的几种病原菌。     

1632份痰标本病原菌分布及药敏结果分析

目的了解本院痰标本中分离的病原菌分布及其耐药情况，以指导临床合理使用抗生素。方法收集本院2006年1月-2007年11月痰标本，进行常规细菌及真菌培养，分离菌株应用湖南长沙天地人生物有限公司细菌鉴定仪进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验。结果1632份标本中分离出病原菌1182株，其中细菌901株，占76．2％，真菌281株，占23．8％；分离出的细菌革兰阴性杆菌784株，占87．0％；革兰阳性菌117株，占13．0％。检出率最高的细菌依次是铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、沙雷菌属、凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌、产酸克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。药敏结果显示，对抗生素的多重耐药现象严重，临床分离出的主要菌株对美洛培南、万古霉素、磷霉素、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、左氟沙星、强力霉素、阿米卡星、头孢吡肟敏感率较高。结论痰培养的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主，多重耐药现象严重。为减少细菌耐药率的增加和产酶菌株的流行，临床医生应高度重视合理使用抗生素。     

Mohnarin 2011年度报告:血流感染细菌构成及耐药性

目的 了解我国血流感染患者细菌的分布及耐药性,指导临床使用抗菌药物.方法 采用纸片法、MIC法或E-test法测定细菌药物敏感性,使用WHONET5.6软件进行分析,对卫生部全国细菌耐药性监测网(Mohnarin)所属49所三级甲等医院2011年1月1日-12月31日分离的血及骨髓培养菌株进行分析.结果 共分离细菌10 783株,包括革兰阳性菌5389株占50.0％、革兰阴性菌5374株占49.8％和厌氧菌20株占0.2％;其中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌分离最多,共3098株占28.7％,其次为大肠埃希菌2066株、克雷伯菌属1018株、金黄色葡萄球菌828株和肠球菌属730株,分别占19.2％、9.4％、7.7％和6.8％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为50.8％和67.4％,未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺金黄色葡萄球菌;粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌中分别有0.5％和3.7％对万古霉素耐药,0.6％和3.1％对替考拉宁耐药;监测到利奈唑胺耐药的粪肠球菌1株及屎肠球菌7株;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs的检出率分别为69.0％和48.0％,耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的主要肠杆菌科细菌明显增加;成人葡萄球菌属对喹诺酮类药物的耐药率明显高于儿童.结论 我国血流及骨髓感染细菌以葡萄球菌属、大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属最多见;血、骨髓培养大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的阳性率高,肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药率增加.     

烧伤病房患者感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析烧伤病房患者感染的病原菌分布及其耐药性，为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2003—2006年从烧伤感染患者的各类标本中分离出的病原菌，采用纸片扩散法（K-B法）进行药物敏感试验，对病原菌耐药率进行分析。结果分离出的1325株病原菌中，革兰阴性（G-）杆菌846株，占63．85％，主要为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌；革兰阳性（G＋）球菌464株，占35．02％，主要为金黄色葡萄球、肠球菌属和表皮葡萄球菌；真菌15株，占1．13％，主要为白色假丝酵母菌；病原菌抗药性强；耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球（MRSA）检出率为82．12％；肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌的超广谱肛内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检出率分别为60．71％和41．89％。结论烧伤病房患者感染的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主，主要致病菌常为多药耐药，加强其病原菌分布及耐药率监测，可指导临床合理用药和减少多药耐药菌产生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.