Bilateral renal rupture in a patient on hemodialysis

This is a case presentation and discussion of a dialysis patient who presented to the surgical service with abdominal pain, hypotension, and tachycardia and in extremis who was found to have a contained retroperitoneal hematoma after rupture of his left kidney. Six months after an uneventful nephrectomy and postoperative recovery he again presented with hypotension and anemia and was found to have a contralateral retroperitoneal hematoma consistent with renal hemorrhage. After unsuccessful angioembolization, the patient underwent a right nephrectomy and recovered without sequelae. Bilateral spontaneous renal rupture is a rare event documented by only a few anecdotal reports in the literature and usually associated with acquired cystic kidney disease. Rupture of renal cysts is relatively common in renal cystic disease but usually presents as asymptomatic hematuria or flank pain. Trauma is the most common cause of renal rupture, but other causes of spontaneous renal rupture are rare and include polyarteritis nodosa and urothelial carcinoma. The diagnosis of acute abdominal pain in the dialysis patient is a challenging differential. While a rare complication the diagnosis of spontaneous renal rupture should not be excluded in a patient presenting with abdominal pain, hypotension, and anemia.     

Spontaneous rupture of renal cell carcinoma: a case report

A 45-year-old man felt sudden pain in the left abdomen while taking a bath. Computed tomography (CT) showed a huge hematoma above the left kidney, which was diagnosed as spontaneous rupture of the kidney. Two months later, several low-density areas were observed in the liver on CT. Suspecting renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with multiple liver metastasis, we performed left radical nephrectomy and partial hepatectomy. A pathological study revealed a small RCC of 2 cm in diameter in the middle of the left kidney. In spontaneous renal rupture secondary to renal tumors, imaging studies such as CT or MRI sometimes fail to demonstrate primary lesions.     

原发性肾血管肉瘤一例报告并文献复习

目的探讨原发性肾血管肉瘤的临床特点、治疗及预后。方法回顾分析1例经病理证实的原发性肾血管肉瘤病例临床资料,结合国内外相关文献对本病进行讨论。结果患者在全麻下行腹腔镜左肾肿瘤根治性切除,术后病理检查证实为肾血管肉瘤,随访至今15个月,肿瘤未复发。结论原发性肾血管肉瘤早期症状不明显,影像学检查对本病的诊断有一定价值,确诊主要依靠病理及免疫组织化学检查。一旦怀疑本病应早期采取手术切除治疗。     

Spontaneous rupture of renal angiomyolipoma

We report a case of renal angiomyolipoma with retroperitoneal hemorrhage treated by enucleation in a 47 year-old male. The mass in the anterior side of the left kidney, revealed by sonography and CT, was diagnosed as angiomyolipoma with a retroperitoneal hematoma caused by its spontaneous rupture. Removal of hematoma and enucleation of the tumor were performed after the diagnosis. Diagnosis and treatment of ruptured renal angiomyolipoma are discussed.     

Primary renal angiosarcoma

Primary renal Angiosarcoma is a rare neoplasm and only 24 cases have been reported in specialized literature. We describe a case of primary renal angiosarcoma in a patient presenting with hematuria, palpable abdominal mass, left flank pain and anemia. A computerized tomography of the abdomen with contrast medium showed a tumor with 15 cm diameter, in the upper pole of the left kidney, with a low-density central area, suggesting necrosis or hemorrhage. Diagnosis was given in a morphologic base and proven by an immunohistochemical study. Primary renal angiosarcoma should be included among differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal hematoma and hemorrhagic renal tumors.     

Spontaneous rupture of the kidneys in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

During the recent 5 years we had 29 patients with hemorrhagic fever and renal syndrome complicated by a spontaneous kidney rupture. This complication occurred during an anuric period in 18 patients and within the first 24 hours of restored diuresis in 11 patients. Major clinical presentations of the kidney rupture were deterioration of lumbar and abdominal pains, meteorism and symptoms of an internal bleeding. Palpation revealed hematoma at the site of the ruptured kidney, tension of the anterior abdominal wall and symptomatic peritoneal irritation. Diagnosis of spontaneous kidney rupture in hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome (HFRS) relies on clinical, laboratory and ultrasound studies. Additional studies are plain urography and retroperitoneal diagnostic puncture of the affected site. Conservative therapy was given to 11 patients with erythrocyte counts of 3 x 10(12)/l or higher. The treatment was operative in 18 patients. Indications for surgery were progressive anemia, a palpable retroperitoneal hematoma and symptomatic peritoneal irritation. All patients underwent evacuation of blood clots and ligation of the renal ruptures. In the authors' opinion, renal decapsulation and pyelostomy are useful in this condition. Bilateral involvement and severe renal failure are contraindications for nephrectomy in HFRS. It may be used only as a last resort in life-threatening bleeding.     

腹腔镜手术治疗肾破裂出血

目的 探讨肾破裂出血行腹腔镜手术的可行性.方法 本组2例均为左肾破裂出血,1例出血后7 d手术,1例出血后当天手术,均行后腹腔镜肾切除术.结果 2例手术均成功,手术时间100～120 min,出血量200～300 mL.术后恢复好,无并发症.结论 应用腹腔镜治疗肾破裂出血是可行的.     

伴有肾静脉瘤栓的左肾癌全腹腔镜根治术

目的：探讨左肾癌并肾静脉瘤栓患者行经后腹腔途径全腹腔镜左肾痛根治术的可行性。方法：3例左肾癌伴左。肾静脉瘤栓患者均在全麻下行经后腹腔全腹腔镜左肾癌根治术：术中放置4个穿刺套管针,游离腹主动脉和肾动脉后,用Hem—o-lok结扎切断肾动脉,于肾静脉近下腔静脉处用Hem-o-lok结扎切断肾静脉,完整切除。肾脏及瘤栓。结果：3例手术均获得成功,术后恢复良好,5灭出院。病理检查分别诊断为肾透明细胞癌2例,嫌色细胞癌1例。术后随访1～3个月,未见肿瘤复发和转移。结论：对选择性左肾癌并肾静脉瘤栓患者行经后腹腔全腹腔镜左。肾癌根治术完全可行。     

Hemodialysis case in which RCC was identified after disappearance of perirenal hematoma following spontaneous renal rupture treated by transcatheter arterial embolization

A 55-year-old man who had been undergoing hemodialysis for 9 years visited our institution after the sudden onset of severe left flank pain. He presented with hypotension and was admitted immediately because computed tomography (CT) revealed a massive perirenal hematoma. Renal arteriography showed contrast media leakage at the lower branch of the left renal artery, and spontaneous renal rupture was diagnosed. Five months after the bleeding was stopped by selective transcatheter embolization of the branch of renal artery, CT showed an enhanced mass at the upper pole of left kidney and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was suspected. Radical nephrectomy was performed, the pathological diagnosis was clear cell carcinoma, and the man has not experienced recurrence within 36 months after the surgery. RCC did not appear to be the cause of the original hemorrhage because there was a small residual hematoma in the middle of the renal parenchyma that was separated from the RCC. In cases of spontaneous renal rupture, re-evaluation by imaging studies is mandatory after disappearance of perirenal hematoma because imaging studies at the time of the rupture sometimes do not reveal the cause of the hemorrhage.     

Non-traumatic retroperitoneal hemorrhage from renal adenoma]

A 37-year-old woman presented to our hospital with the chief complaints of stroke and sudden onset of pain in the left flank. An abdominal ultrasonogram showed a solid tumor and abdominal CT revealed a tumor 3 cm in diameter and a capsule with a heterogeneous interior at the left lower pole of the kidney. This tumor was accompanied by retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Selective left angiogram showed an avascular tumor with an artery entering the region surrounding the tumor itself. Based on the above mentioned findings, rupture of a renal angiomyolipoma was suspected. However, renal cancer could not be ruled out. Surgery was performed. At operation, a frozen section showed no malignancy, and partial nephrectomy was performed. The tumor measured 3.0 x 3.5 x 3.5 cm, and had a capsule that was 3 mm thick; its interior was filled with brown necrotic tissue mixed with red-brown coagulated blood. The histological diagnosis was a tubulo-papillary renal adenoma, but since the inside of the tumor had undergone extensive necrosis a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma could not be excluded. A renal adenoma manifesting clinical symptoms is rare, and this case of pain caused by retroperitoneal hemorrhage is the first to be reported in Japan. It is difficult to diagnose renal adenoma by preoperative imaging and intraoperative frozen section examination. Diagnosis is considered to be difficult in some cases even when examining permanent specimens. Therefore, the type of surgery used in affected patients should also be investigated in the future.     

Anatomic considerations in extraperitoneal approach to radical nephrectomy

The interrelationship between the lateral and posterior portions of the peritoneum and Gerota's fascia allows them to be separated from each other, permitting ready visualization of the major renal vessels. The posterior relationship between Gerota's fascia and the transversalis fascia overlying the more posterior psoas muscle can be used to advantage in exposing the renal vessels posteriorly. That the fascial layers defining the retroperitoneal spaces might therefore be used in dissecting the renal hilum and vessels in the performance of radical nephrectomy prompted the present investigation. Twenty patients underwent this approach for radical nephrectomy for varying stages of renal cell carcinoma involving either upper, mid, or lower portion of right or left kidney. Postoperative recovery appeared to be shortened because of the lesser interval of ileus than had previously been encountered using a transperitoneal approach. Despite the minimal manipulation of the kidney prior to ligation of the renal vessels, there was no apparent increased tumor dissemination as detected clinically, and experimentally there appeared to be no increase in tumor cells in the venous effluent. Operative time, blood loss, and postoperative complications were comparable to those reported for the transperitoneal approach. This means of performing radical nephrectomy, based on the relationship of fascial layers in the retroperitoneum thus appeared to lend itself to easier dissection as well as lesser postoperative ileus and corresponding shorter hospital stays.     

Spontaneous rupture of a hydronephrotic kidney during pregnancy

Acute abdominal pain during pregnancy can be of urologic origin. Hydronephrosis of pregnancy can be complicated by symptomatic renal colic, pyelonephritis, and secondary renal abscess formation. In this report, rupture of a hydronephrotic kidney with retroperitoneal urinoma formation was treated by retroperitoneal drainage and internal ureteral diversion until a term delivery was achieved. However, if severe renal hemorrhage accompanies renal rupture, surgical exploration of the kidney with partial or complete nephrectomy may be necessary.     

后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术的临床应用

目的探讨后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术的可行性、安全性及临床疗效。方法2003年3月至2008年2月行后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术52例。男29例,女23例。年龄24～78岁,平均年龄57岁。右侧27例,左侧25例。无痛性全程肉眼血尿8例,其余44例为超声体检发现。肿瘤的大小1.5cm×1.8cm～8.7cm×9.2cm,平均3.6cm×4.3cm。肿瘤位于肾上极19例,肾中部15例,肾下极18例。52例均行CT检查,19例行MRI检查。术前临床分期：T1N0M05例,T2N0M045例,T3aN0M02例。结果52例均获成功,无中转开放手术患者,有13例腹膜破裂,有6例术后肩部隐痛,有4例切口皮下气肿,患者均在短期恢复。术后均无使用镇痛剂。手术时间90～230min,平均152min;出血量50～200ml,平均120ml;术后住院时间6～9d,平均7.5d。术后病理报告：肾透明细胞癌49例,囊性肾细胞癌2例,肾颗粒细胞癌1例。随访6～36个月,平均15个月,未见肿瘤复发。结论后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术安全可行、疗效肯定。     

后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术的临床应用

目的 探讨后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术的可行性、安全性及临床疗效.方法 2003年3月～2008年2月行后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术52例.男29例,女23例.年龄24～78岁,平均年龄57岁.右侧27例,左侧25例.无痛性全程肉眼血尿8例,其余44例为超声体检发现.肿瘤的大小1.5cm×1.8cm～8.7cm×9.2cm,平均3.6cm×4.3cm.肿瘤位于肾上极19例,肾中部15例,肾下极18例.52例均行CT检查.19例行MRI检查.术前临床分期:T1NOM05例,T2NOM045例,T3aNOM0 2例.结果 52例均获成功,无中转开放手术患者,有13例腹膜破裂、有6例术后肩部隐痛、有4例切口皮下气肿,病人均在短期恢复.术后均无使用镇痛剂.手术时间90～230min,平均152min;出血量50～200ml,平均120ml;术后住院时间6～9天,平均7.5天.术后病理报告:肾透明细胞癌49例,囊性肾细胞癌2例,肾颗粒细胞癌1例.随访6～36个月,平均15个月,未见肿瘤复发.结论 后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术安全可行、疗效肯定.     

A rare case of upper ureter rupture: ureteral perforation caused by urinary retention

Perforation of the ureter is a rare condition that causes a series of problems including retroperitoneal urinoma, urosepsis, abscess formation, infection, and subsequent renal impairment. There are causative factors that induce ureteric rupture, including malignancy, urinary calculi, idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, recent iatrogenic manipulation, external trauma, degenerative kidney conditions, urography with external compression, and spontaneous causes. We report a rare case of ureteric rupture caused by urinary retention. The patient was treated with temporary percutaneous drainage and antibiotics. The present case illustrates that urinary retention can induce not only bladder rupture, but also ureteric rupture. It is thus of paramount importance to effectively manage patients with voiding problems.     

自发性肾破裂

目的提高自发性肾破裂的诊治效果。方法对１９例自发性肾破裂进行回顾性分析。结果Ｂ超检查１９例，ＣＴ检查１３例。肾包膜下积血３例，对症治疗痊愈。肾周及肾旁出血１６例，其中肾癌４例，肾错构瘤７例，肾结石１例，肾炎及传染性疾病致肾脏肿大破裂４例。结论Ｂ超、ＣＴ是最有价值的检查手段，根据病因确定治疗方案，急性期不能明确病因及凝血机制障碍者可定期随访观察。     

A case of spontaneous rupture of infectious renal cyst with difficulty in diagnosis

A 27-year-old gravida was referred to an other hospital complaining of left lumbago and pyrexia, and she was diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis. Left lumbago increased and magnetic resonance imaging of abdomen demonstrated a low intensity area like hematoma around the left kidney. Then the patient was transported to our hospital under the diagnosis of high-risk graviditas. She was performed cesarean section. High-grade inflammation still continued after the operation and computerized tomography revealed the increase of high density area. We performed angiography of the left kidney for hemostasis, but the tumor in the left renal upper pole revealed hypovascularity. We started medication of imipenem/cilastatin sodium (IPM/CS). Inflammation and pyrexia did not improve until we changed antibiotics from IPM/CS to amikacin sulfate. Seven days after that high density area around the left kidney disappeared and a renal cyst was recognized by computerized tomography for the first time. Finally, the current case was diagnosed as spontaneous rupture of infectious renal cyst.     

Spontaneous rupture of the renal pelvis in a female patient with defect of the uterus and hypoplasia of the vagina: a case report

A 17-year-old woman consulted our clinic with the complaint of gross hematuria and lower abdominal pain. Blood examination showed severe anemia and renal failure. Emergent hemodialysis and blood transfusion were performed. CT scanning revealed left retroperitoneal hematoma, right severe hydronephrosis and loss of uterus shadow. Under diagnosis of left renal rupture, left nephrectomy and removal of retroperitoneal hematoma were performed. The area of rupture in the left renal pelvis was identified on its posterior wall. Postoperatively renal function did not improve and periodic hemodialysis has been done.     

Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma: a case report

The A.A. present a case report of retroperitoneal spontaneous hematoma and put in evidence the difficulties in making an etiopathogenetic diagnosis of spontaneous renal cyst rupture. The patient was a 72 years old man admitted to the hospital in emergency for a painful ipogastric syntomatology and biliary vomit. The ecography showed a distanced gallbladder and the endoscopy evidenced a duodenal stenosis with compression of the gastric posterior wall, so that we were initially directed towards a pancreatic tumor even if the modest increase of the serum bilirubinemy and mostly the fact that direct component was almost normal, gave us strong doubts. The spiral TC gave finally the diagnosis of retroperitoneal hematoma and the presence of a bilateral polycystic kidney with several subcapsular cyst, let us suggest, as well as the anamnestic report of a physical stress, a renal origin of the bleeding. A wild literature review did not evidence other similar cases, but the ecclusion of other possible causes of retroperitoneal hematoma, suggested this conclusion.     

Cystic local recurrence of renal cell carcinoma after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in a hemodialysis patient

Although local recurrence of renal cell carcinoma after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is sometimes reported, cystic local recurrence of renal cell carcinoma has rarely been reported. We report the case of a 59‐year‐old man with hemodialysis who developed cystic local recurrence of renal cell carcinoma accompanied by acquired cystic disease of the kidney in the retroperitoneal space after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. A cystic tumor of 5.1 cm in diameter occurred in the left retroperitoneal space 15 months after left laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, and enlarged to 7.2 cm in diameter with enhanced mass along the wall of the cyst 36 months after surgery. The cystic tumor was removed and showed local recurrence of renal cell carcinoma on pathological examination.