胸椎椎弓根应用解剖对椎弓根钉置入方法的影响

目的 通过对标本不同节段胸椎椎弓根形态测量及观察资料进行统计,旨在为胸椎推弓根螺钉技术的临床应用提供形态学参考.方法 成人干燥脊柱尸体骨34具,标本生前无脊柱相关疾病记录,无脊柱外伤历史.脊柱大体形态及X片检查无明显病变及畸形,无严重骨质疏松,无明显骨质缺损.用游标卡尺及角度测量仪对椎弓根形态测量如下指标:椎弓根宽度(PW)、椎弓根高度(PH)、椎弓根后缘皮质到椎体前缘皮质距离、椎弓根间距、椎弓根矢状面夹角、椎弓根-椎板夹角、椎弓根内、外、上、下缘皮质厚度(MCT、LCT、SCT、ICT)、椎弓根内部松质骨高度及宽度(SBW、SBH),并进行统计学处理.结果 PW从T1至T5逐渐减小,之后逐渐增大;椎弓根矢状径自T1至T3逐渐增大,从T4至T6逐渐减小,自T7开始又逐渐增大;椎弓根后缘皮质到椎体前缘皮质距离从T1至T9逐渐增加,T9至T12变化不大,最大距离为T9;椎弓根间距自T1至T6逐渐减小,之后逐渐增加;椎弓根矢状面夹角从T1至T8逐渐减小,T10以下为负角.椎弓根-椎板夹角从T1至T10椎弓根轴线基本与椎板垂直,T11、T12分别与椎板接近垂直.椎弓根拟进钉点T1与T12位于横突中点,T2及T11位于横突根部中上1/3点,余节段位于横突根部上缘,及横突上缘与椎板交界处.椎弓根SCT＞ ICT、SBW与SBH分别与PW及PH变化趋势一致,SBH＞ SBW,MCT＞ SCT.椎弓根轴线与冠、矢状面夹角决定着椎弓根螺钉的进钉方向.结论 上胸椎可将进钉点稍内移,减小矢状面夹角.在下胸椎,进钉点时可适当向外,同时增大进钉时的矢状面夹角.螺钉与冠状面之间夹角可选择椎板来确定螺钉与冠状面之间夹角,还应注意同一节段两侧进钉点间距.     

经皮与开放胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术螺钉置入准确性及安全性比较

目的比较经皮、开放胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术螺钉置入的准确性及安全性。方法将94例需行下胸椎或腰骶椎(T11~S1)椎弓根螺钉内固定术者随机分为经皮组40例及开放组54例,分别行经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定术及开放椎弓根螺钉内固定术。结果经皮组置入椎弓根螺钉166枚,准确率83.7%,开放组置入椎弓根螺钉246枚,准确率85.8%。经皮组及开放组安全率分别为98.8%、93.5%。经皮组准确率及安全率均高于开放组(P<0.05)。结论经皮与开放椎弓根螺钉内固定术的置钉准确性无明显差异,但前者安全性较高。     

经横突上嵴胸椎椎弓根螺钉植入术治疗胸椎骨折疗效观察

目的比较横突上嵴胸椎椎弓根螺钉植入法与传统植钉法植入术治疗胸椎骨折的临床疗效。方法将44例胸椎骨折患者随机分为观察组24例、对照组20例。观察组以横突上嵴为标志确定椎弓根螺钉进钉点植入相应的椎弓根螺钉,对照组以传统椎弓根螺钉植入法植入相应的椎弓根螺钉,术后分别以CR及CT测量螺钉位置及钉道四壁的完整程度,以侧壁穿透率、手术前后胸椎体前缘和后缘高度丢失程度、Cobb角丢失情况判断手术疗效,随访观察有无继发脊髓神经损伤及脊柱畸形等并发症。结果观察组术后椎体前、后缘平均高度、平均Cobb角及椎体侧比穿透率均优于对照组(P均<0.05)。术后随访2年,均未出现血管和神经并发症。结论横突上嵴法确定的胸椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点安全可靠,操作简单,疗效可靠,术后并发症少。     

后路减压椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折26例

目的 观察后路减压椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的效果。方法对同期收治的26例胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者行后路减压椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗,术后观察椎体高度、Cobb角及神经功能（Frankel分级）恢复情况等。结果术后患者椎体高度恢复达70％～100％,Cobb角由术前28°（13°～39°）,降至6°（2°-12°）,24例神经功能恢复至D级和E级;随访无脊髓神经损伤加重表现,无断钉及钉板松动等并发症发生。结论后路减压椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折技术相对完善,解剖清楚,可促进神经功能恢复,且并发症少。     

骨质疏松腰椎椎弓根螺钉方向对内固定稳定性的影响

目的 初步探讨常用的椎弓根螺钉置入方法对骨质疏松椎体中螺钉稳定性的影响.方法 从尸体中获取6节腰椎椎体经DEXA和QCT检测骨密度值,证实为骨质疏松后在计算机导航下按随机分组的方法向12个椎弓根中置入不同方向的椎弓根螺钉,使用MTS-858生物力学仪脊柱力学测试平台进行±250 N的循环负荷疲劳测试,记录负荷循环中的螺钉位移,计算系统的刚度系数并进行对比分析.结果 Magerl法在负荷循环中的位移明显高于Krag法和尾向法(P<0.01);Magerl法的松动程度也明显大于Krag法和尾向法(P<0.01).结论 对于骨质疏松患者的腰椎后路椎弓根螺钉内固定手术,常用的螺钉平行上终板的技术不能提供最好的生物力学稳定性.     

经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定联合椎体成形术治疗高龄胸腰椎压缩骨折的临床观察

目的 评估经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定联合椎体成形术治疗高龄骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折的临床疗效.方法 201 1年2月至2012年10月,使用经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定联合椎体成形术治疗23例无神经功能损伤的高龄骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折.术前、术后1d、术后3 m、术后6 m、术后12 m和术后18 m分别对患者进行VAS疼痛评分,通过测量CT矢状位图像获得骨折椎体前缘、中间的椎体高度,并测量伤椎局部矢状位Cobb角.结果 所有患者获得随访,随访时间18～36 m（平均22 m）.患者术后第1天VAS评分和末次随访VAS评分较术前均有明显下降（P＜0.05）.术后第1天伤椎前缘和中间的高度较术前明显增大（P＜0.05）,矢状位Cobb角则由术前（16.5±4.7）°显著下降至（5.7±3.2）°（P＜0.05）.术后随访过程中,给予康复训练指导,发现椎体前缘和中间高度以及Cobb角均无明显变化（P＞0.05）.随访过程中,未发现压缩椎体以及相邻椎体新发骨折出现.结论 经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定联合椎体成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折效果满意,可以防止椎体高度再次丢失和相邻椎体新发压缩性骨折.     

30例爆裂型、脱位型腰椎骨折手术效果分析

目的提高爆裂型、脱位型腰椎骨折的手术疗效及安全性。方法对30例爆裂型、脱位型腰椎骨折取后路椎弓根螺钉系统复位固定、全椎板切除椎管减压及植骨融合术治疗,根据CT测定的椎体旋转角度确定螺钉置入角度,个体化置钉。结果术后近远期疗效满意,椎管面积扩大,神经症状改善。结论后路椎弓根螺钉系统复位固定、全椎板切除椎管减压及植骨融合术治疗严重爆裂型和骨折脱位型腰椎骨折疗效确切,术中应根据旋转角度确定螺钉置入角度。     

经口前路寰枢椎复位钢板系统枢椎固定螺钉拔出强度的实验研究

目的对经口前路寰枢椎复位内固定钢板系统（TARP）枢椎螺钉进行固定螺钉拔出力实验,为螺钉固定方式的选择提供依据。方法 6例枢椎新鲜标本分别采用椎体、前路椎弓根及关节突螺钉固定,在生物力学实验机上通过传感器测定固定螺钉的最大拔出力并进行统计学分析。结果枢椎前路椎弓根螺钉拔出力（593.14±97.77）N,强于枢椎椎体和关节突螺钉,枢椎关节突螺钉拔出力（469.94±73.32）N,强于枢椎椎体螺钉（395.15±75.07）N（P均〈0.05）。结论 TARP系统枢椎螺钉固定采用前路椎弓根及关节突固定优于枢椎椎体固定,固定安全可靠。临床应用尤以枢椎前路椎弓根螺钉固定为最佳。     

经病椎置入短椎弓根螺钉后路内固定融合术治疗多椎体结核临床疗效观察

目的 探讨经病椎置入短椎弓根螺钉后路内固定融合术治疗多椎体结核的可行性.方法 收集2010年7月至2012年7月首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院收治的2个及2个以上椎体骨质破坏并完成随访的全部32例患者,均行手术并术后明确诊断为脊柱结核.术前神经功能分级按美国脊柱损伤协会（ASIA）神经功能分级,其中A级2例、B级1例、C级7例、D级14例、E级8例.行经病椎短椎弓根螺钉内固定,比较术前、术后2周及术后18个月的Cobb角的变化;根据日本骨科协会（JOA）评分评价手术的优良率;观察其术前及术后的神经功能恢复情况及术后并发症.对术前、术后2周及术后18个月Cobb角及JOA评分采用配对资料t检验,以P＜0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果 32例患者均完成至少2年期随访,2年随访期内结核均无复发,无脓液及窦道形成,无螺钉置入病椎相关的并发症.术后2周复查Cobb角明显变小,由术前的（19.8±6.1）°降至术后的（7.8±3.1）°（t＝9.9,P＝0.00）;18个月时随访无明显丢失,Cobb角由术后2周的（7.8±3.1）°变为末次随访的（8.8±4.3）°（t＝1.2,P＝0.09）.JOA评分由术前的（8.7±6.3）分增加至18个月随访的（25.2±2.8）分,获得明显改善（t＝13.6,P＝0.00）,末次JOA总优良率为75.0％（24/32）.术后ASIA分级D级7例,E级25例.结论 经病椎置入短椎弓根螺钉固定不仅能够对治疗多椎体脊椎结核取得满意的效果,而且能减少患者术后Cobb角丢失,提高舒适度,值得推广.     

后路半椎体切除加椎弓根螺钉固定治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形

目的观察后路一期半椎体切除、椎弓根螺钉内固定术矫正半椎体所致先天性脊柱侧后凸的疗效。方法采用后路一期半椎体切除、椎弓根螺钉固定治疗治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸21例。结果本组术后冠状面Cobb角平均矫正率70.30%;矢状面Cobb角平均矫正率74.60%。所有患儿躯干平衡良好,未发现失代偿现象。围手术期并发症包括伤口愈合不良1例,无神经系统并发症。结论后路半椎体切除椎弓根螺钉固定是治疗半椎体所致先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的理想术式。     

术前X线及CT测量在个体化置钉治疗胸腰椎骨折中的应用研究

目的 提高后路经椎弓根内固定术治疗胸腰椎骨折的安全性和有效性。方法 术前经X线及CT测量椎弓根横径、间距、椎体前、后高、患椎后凸角度、矢状面及水平面椎弓根螺钉置入角、钉道深度、残余椎管面积及椎管面积理论值，用SAS软件进行统计学处理。结果 T10～L5之间椎弓根横径、间距、钉道深度、TSA节段性差异较大。SSA离散程度最大。手术置钉位置良好，角度及深度适中。术前、术后椎体高度压缩度、后凸角、椎管面积改善，随访结果满意。结论 术前X线、CT测量有助于判断胸腰椎骨折的类型和损伤程度，可为术前选择螺钉直径提供依据，有助于个体化置钉，从而提高后路经椎弓根内固定的安全性和有效性。     

椎弓根e角和椎弓钉道水平偏角对比的临床意义

分别在标本组，对照组和实验组的CT片上测量术前及术后椎弓根螺钉钉道的水平偏角，与解剖学的椎弓根e角数据比较，并进行统计学处理。结果：多椎和上腰椎椎弓钉道的水平偏角均＞e角，下腰椎椎弓钉道的水平偏角均＜e角，椎弓根e角不能作为椎弓根螺钉钉道的水平夹角，椎弓根的轴线一般也不能作为椎弓根螺钉通道的轴线，两者对比有较大差异。根据其差异和特点，使用水平偏角仪指导临床操作，能有效地提高椎弓根螺钉的打入质量。     

脊柱椎弓根角度定位器的研制及临床应用

成功研制一种简易的椎弓根角度定位器。术前能在 Ｘ 线片及 Ｃ Ｔ 片上测量出置钉椎的矢状角和水平角,以及椎弓根的长度和横径;术中在定位器上可调出相应的角度,于椎弓根上钻出合适长度及角度的孔,使置钉更精确,以克服置钉失误带来的危险。经 ５６ 例临床应用,取得了较满意的结果。     

术中CT导航和单纯术中CT扫描辅助下颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定技术的对比研究

目的探讨使用术中CT导航和单纯术中CT扫描辅助下进行下颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的临床效果。方法总结诊断为颈椎病、颈椎外伤、颈椎肿瘤而行CT辅助颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的65例老年患者的临床资料。根据术中是否采用CT导航将患者分为术中CT导航组和术中非CT导航组。术后进行经椎弓根螺钉水平的CT平扫,观察椎弓根螺钉置入的精确性。对2组椎弓根螺钉置钉的准确率、翻修率、置钉时间和术中CT的扫描数据进行比较。结果术中CT导航组椎弓根螺钉的穿破率和平均置钉时间显著低于非CT导航组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。2组病例均未出现明显的神经、血管损伤并发症。在2组中均没有因内置物位置不佳而行二次手术的病例。结论术中CT导航系统辅助进行颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定是可行的,能够显著提高后路颈椎椎弓根螺钉置钉的精确性,同时医护人员无X射线暴露。     

Feasibility of C2 Vertebra Screws Placement in Patient With Occipitalization of Atlas: A Tomographic Study

Occipitalization of atlas (OA) is a congenital disease with the possibility of anomalous bony anatomies and the C2 pedicle screw insertion is technically challenging. However, there are no existing literatures clarified the dimensions and angulations of the C2 pedicles, lamina and lateral masses for screw insertion in patients with OA. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the morphometric features of C2 for screw placement in OA to guide the use of surgical screws.Measurements of the OA patients on the computer tomography (CT) images including lamina angle, length and thickness, pedicle angle, length and thickness, and lateral mass thickness and length of the axis vertebra. The OA patients data were compared with age and gender matched cohort of randomly selected patients in a control group without OA. The picture archiving and communication system was used for all patients who had received cervical CT scanning between January 2001 and January 2015. Measurements were performed independently by 2 experienced observers who reviewed the CT scans and recorded the patients with OA. Statistical analysis was performed at a level of significance P < 0.05.A total of 73 patients (29 males and 44 females) were eligible to be included in the OA group. In most of the measurements the pathological cohort had significantly smaller values compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In the OA group, only 45% of the pedicles and 88% of the lamina had thicknesses bigger than 3.5 mm. Both groups had all pedicle and lamina lengths bigger than 12 mm. Regarding the length of the lateral mass, no value was bigger than 12 mm in the OA group, whereas 40% of the values in the control group were bigger than 12 mm. The average pedicle and laminar angles were 37° and 49° in the patients with OA, respectively.The variable anatomy in patients with OA needs to be taken into account when performing spinal stabilization as the C2 bony architectures are significantly smaller than normal. Anatomically, translaminar screw is a more viable option in comparison with pedicle screw for C2 fixation in OA. Nevertheless, the suitability should be fully assessed prior to surgery.     

C臂X线导航与CT导航系统引导胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术应用对比观察

目的 对C臂X线导航和CT导航系统辅助下行胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的精确性及手术时间进行对比观察。方法c臂x线导航和CT导航系统辅助下分别植入98枚及104枚椎弓根螺钉,记录手术时间;术后进行经椎弓根水平的CT扫描,按Richter分类法评估螺钉位置。结果用C臂x线导航者螺钉植入优良率为96．9％,手术时间为（75．0±15．0）min;用CT导航者分别为100．0％（P〉0．05）和（101．5±21．0）min（P〈0．01）。结论C臂x线导航和cT导航系统辅助下行胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉植入均是安全可行的,且精确度高;与C臂X线导航手术相比,CT导航操作相对复杂,需时间较长。     

Anatomical study of the ideal cortical bone trajectory in the lumbar spine

Background:To explore the ideal trajectory of lumbar cortical bone trajectory screws and provide the optimal placement scheme in clinical applications.Methods:Lumbar computed tomography (CT) data of 40 patients in our hospital were selected, and the cortical vertebral bone contour model was reconstructed in three dimensions (3D). Depending on the different regions of the screw through the entrance and exit of the pedicle, 9 trajectories were obtained through combinational design: T-Aa, T-Ab, T-Ac, T-Ba, T-Bb, T-Bc, T-Ca, T-Cb, and T-Cc. Cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screws with appropriate diameters were selected to simulate screw placement and measure the parameters corresponding to each trajectory (screw path diameter, screw trajectory length, cephalad angle, and lateral angle), and then determine the optimal screw according to the screw parameters and screw safety. Then, 23 patients in our hospital were selected, and the navigation template was designed based on the ideal trajectory before operation, CBT screws were placed during the operation to further verify the safety and feasibility of the ideal trajectory.Results:T-Bc and T-Bb are the ideal screw trajectories for L1–L2 and L3–L5, respectively. The screw placement point is located at the intersection of the inner 1/3 vertical line of the superior facet joint and the bottom 1/3 horizontal line of the outer crest of the vertebral lamina (i.e., 2–4 mm inward at the bottom 1/3 of the outer crest of the vertebral lamina). CBT screws were successfully placed based on the ideal screw trajectory in clinical practice. During the operation or the follow-up period, there were no adverse events.Conclusion:CBT screw placement based on the ideal screw trajectory is a safe and reliable method for achieving effective fixation and satisfactory postoperative effects.     

Effect of lung volume reduction surgery on bony thorax configuration in severe COPD.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Hyperinflation in patients with severe COPD is associated with an increased anteroposterior (AP) rib cage diameter. We sought to determine whether bilateral lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) affects bony thorax configuration. DESIGN: Prospective of clinical data collection before and after LVRS. SETTING: Tertiary-care university medical center. PATIENTS: We measured multiple AP and transverse thoracic diameters, by using plain chest roentgenograms (CXRs) in 25 patients (11 men, 14 women), and thoracic CT scans in 14 patients (7 men, 7 women), preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. A subgroup of 7 patients (reference data) also had CXR thoracic diameter measurements made, using films obtained previously within a year of their presurgical evaluation. Another subgroup of 10 patients had CT scan measurements also made 12 months postoperatively. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: CXR dimensions were taken at the level of the manubrium sterni (M) and thoracic T7 and T11 levels. CT dimensions were taken at T4, T6, T8, and T10 levels. At each level, left (L), midsagittal (C), and right (R) AP and maximal transverse diameters were measured. The sum of the three AP diameters (Total) was used for calculations. Patients also underwent tests such as spirometry, lung volumes, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, 6-min walk distance (6MWD), and transdiaphragmatic pressures during maximum static inspiratory efforts (Pdimax sniff) measured before and 3 months after LVRS. Patients were (mean +/- SD) 58+/-8 years old, with severe COPD and hyperinflation (FEV1, 0.68+/-0.23 L; FVC, 2.56+/-7.3 L; and total lung capacity [TLC], 143+/-22% predicted). After LVRS, AP diameters were reduced at thoracic level T7 (from 24.2+/-2.0 cm to 23.3+/-2.2 cm, p = 0.0002), and transverse diameters were reduced at T7 (from 26.8+/-1.9 cm to 26.4+/-1.7 cm, p = 0.001) and T11 (from 29.9+/-2.2 cm to 29.5+/-2.2 cm, p = 0.03), as measured using the CXR. In contrast, thoracic diameters were similar in subjects with CXRs before LVRS and within 1 year before evaluation. CT-measured AP diameters were significantly reduced 3 months after LVRS at T6, (from 48.8+/-6.0 cm to 46.7+/-5.4 cm, p = 0.02), T8 (from 54.2+/-7.0 cm to 52.3+/-6.5 cm, p = 0.004), and T10 (from 53.8+/-7.5 cm to 51.2+/-8.0 cm, p = 0.001), but not at T4. These AP diameter reductions directly correlated with the postoperative reductions in TLC and residual volume, and also with the increases in Pdimax sniff and 6MWD after LVRS. The reduction in AP diameters at thoracic levels T8 and T10 seen 3 months after LVRS remained stable at 12-month follow-up, whereas those measured at T6 lost statistical significance. CT-measured transverse diameters were unchanged at all levels after LVRS. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that LVRS decreases mid-to-lower AP rib cage diameter as assessed by CXR and thoracic CT. Although transverse diameters were reduced on CXR, the magnitude was small and was not confirmed with CT. After LVRS, AP diameter reductions are most likely the result of reduction in lung volume, and they are associated with improvements in diaphragm strength and exercise endurance.     

A case report of rheumatoid arthritis patient with thoracic myelopathy]

The authors report a 39-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis associated with myelopathy at the thoracic level. X-ray films of thoracic spine showed scoliosis which had its apex at T6. Myelography demonstrated incomplete block at the level of T6. Computerized tomogram revealed destruction of left pedicle of the sixth thoracic vertebra and dislocation of the sixth rib into the spinal canal which compressed cord at T6 level. Hemi-laminectomy at T5-T7 level and decompression were performed. Pathological investigations of soft tissue around the cord and dura mater showed infiltration of small round cells. We concluded that the synovitis of costo-transverse joint or costovertebral joint led to the destruction of the pedicle. As a result, dislocation of the rib, scoliotic deformity and thoracic myelopathy occurred.