10Hz重复经颅磁刺激对脑卒中患者不同负荷言语和空间工作记忆的影响

摘要目的：探讨10Hz重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）对脑卒中工作记忆损害患者不同负荷言语和空间工作记忆表现的影响。方法：纳入29例左侧大脑卒中后工作记忆障碍患者随机分为rTMS组（14例）和对照组（15例）,对照组进行假刺激,rTMS组给予10Hz rTMS。分别在干预前和4周后进行数字和空间N-back任务测试、数字广度顺序（DSF）和逆序（DSB）的工作记忆评估,并进行蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）和功能性独立量表（FIM）的评估。结果：两组DSF、数字1、2-back和空间1、2-back任务正确率、MoCA及子测试中注意、记忆、执行功能、FIM总分,以及rTMS组DSB的干预前后差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05）;干预后DSB,数字1、2-back、空间2-back、FIM、MoCA总分以及子测试中记忆、执行功能的组间差异具有显著性意义（P＜0.05）。线性混合效应模型分析中,相较于对照组,rTMS组数字N-back任务改善更易受负荷影响（P＜0.05）。控制年龄等混杂因素以及不同内容工作记忆任务的影响,数字1、2-back任务正确率的改善与FIM的改善呈正相关（P＜0.05）,数字2-back任务和MoCA总分、执行功能的改善呈正相关（P＜0.05）。结论：rTMS可显著增强脑卒中患者言语和空间工作记忆操作能力,并在认知需求更高的言语工作记忆任务操作（2-back）中改善更为明显。另外,rTMS带来较高负荷言语工作记忆的改善与脑卒中患者认知及自理和生存能力的改善相关。     

重复经颅磁刺激对脑卒中后工作记忆障碍的影响

目的:观察重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对脑卒中后工作记忆(WM)障碍的影响。方法:脑卒中后WM障碍患者60例,随机分为观察组和对照组各30例。2组均予常规康复治疗,观察组另予rTMS治疗,2组患者治疗前后分别进行数字顺背/倒背、n-back测试及MRS代谢物测定。结果:治疗前观察组与对照组的数字正背/倒背、n-back及MRS检测神经代谢物的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,对照组除数字正背成绩外,数字倒背、1-back、2-back及NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr结果较治疗前差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组的数字正背、数字倒背、1-back、2-back测试成绩分别为6(5,6)、4(3,4)、18(17,19)、16(16,18)分,治疗前后差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组的NAA/Cr结果为1.40(1.28,1.49),较治疗前差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),Cho/Cr结果为1.34(1.28,1.37),较治疗前差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组的数字倒背、1-back、2-back测试成绩及NAA/Cr与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),2组的数字正背及Cho/Cr差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:rTMS可改善脑卒中后WM功能。     

艾司西酞普兰联合重复经颅磁刺激对脑出血伴抑郁症状患者工作记忆的影响

目的 观察抗抑郁药物艾司西酞普兰联合重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）对脑出血伴抑郁患者工作记忆能力的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将92例脑出血伴抑郁患者分为观察组和对照组,每组46例。2组患者均给予常规治疗及对症处理,同时口服5-羟色胺（5-HT）再摄取抑制剂艾司西酞普兰,观察组在此基础上辅以rTMS治疗。于治疗前、治疗8周后分别采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、简易智力评分量表(MMSE)、威斯康星卡片分类测试（WCST）及汉诺塔测试（TOH）对2组患者进行疗效评定。 结果 治疗前2组患者HAMD、MMSE、WCST及TOH评分组间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;治疗后2组患者HAMD评分、WCST错误率和保持反应率均显著降低（P<0.05）,MMSE评分、WCST概念性水平反应率、完成分类数、TOH准确率、速度及得分均显著升高（P<0.05）,并且观察组上述疗效指标亦显著优于对照组,组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 抗抑郁药物艾司西酞普兰联合rTMS可有效改善脑出血伴抑郁患者受损工作记忆能力,该联合疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

经颅磁刺激与经颅直流电刺激的比较

对经颅磁刺激和经颅直流电刺激技术在基本原理、安全性、脑功能检测、临床应用治疗方面进行比较,以便于合理地选择和有效利用这两种方法。     

经颅电刺激在脑卒中康复中的应用研究进展

脑卒中作为我国成人死亡和致残的首位病因,降低其致残率是国民经济和社会发展的迫切需求,急需探索康复治疗新技术破解脑卒中带来的沉重负担。经颅电刺激技术通过非侵入性的直流、交流、脉冲、随机电刺激等调节皮质兴奋性和节律特性,是调控人脑可塑性的前沿研究热点。经颅电刺激主要包括经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）、经颅交流电刺激（tACS）、经颅脉冲电刺激（tPCS）和经颅随机噪声刺激（tRNS）,且刺激参数及个体间差异是影响其疗效的关键因素。本文主要从经颅电刺激技术的作用特点、神经生理机制、临床研究证据及应用挑战和未来发展方向等4个方面系统性地介绍了该技术在脑卒中后功能障碍康复中的研究进展。本次文献回顾发现,绝大部分证据（7个系统性评价和1个临床指南）均支持tDCS对脑卒中后运动、认知及言语等功能障碍的康复有益,但tACS、tPCS和tRNS尚处于无法确认其康复疗效的探索性研究阶段。展望未来,该领域急需基于精准的“患者个体画像”以及最优刺激参数和靶点开展国际多中心循证研究,以明确这项技术的康复获益及适宜的应用对象。     

γ频段经颅交流电刺激的临床康复应用及机制研究

经颅交流电刺激（tACS）是一种非侵入性神经调控技术。大部分神经、精神类疾病患者均存在脑内γ脑电活动异常,采用γ频段tACS（γ-tACS）可直接作用于目标脑区,调节脑电γ活动。本文就γ-tACS在不同脑功能障碍中的应用机制、安全性作一综述,旨在为γ-tACS的技术应用及相关研究提供参考。     

经颅交流电刺激治疗脑卒中的研究进展

经颅交流电刺激(tACS)作为一种无创脑刺激技术具有一定优势, 能影响大脑神经细胞电活动的同步化和去同步化, 这些优势将使tACS在临床研究中更具潜力。本文对近年来tACS的作用机制、安全性及其在脑卒中的临床应用进行综述, 总结归纳目前研究中存在的问题, 并进行展望。     

多靶区经颅直流电刺激对健康成年人工作记忆-姿势控制双任务表现的影响

目的 探究多靶区经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)和单靶区tDCS对健康成年人工作记忆-姿势控制双任务表现的影响,并比较两种刺激方案的调控效果。     

经颅交流电刺激对缺血性脑卒中大鼠rs-fMRI的影响

目的:建立缺血性脑卒中大鼠右侧大脑中动脉阻塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)模型,观察经颅交流电刺激(transcranial alternating current stimulation,tACS)干预对缺血性脑卒中大鼠行为学及静息态功能性磁共振成像(resting-s...     

经颅交流电刺激在失眠障碍中的应用研究进展

我国约45.5%的人存在不同程度的睡眠问题, 其中失眠障碍是最常见的一种睡眠问题。经颅交流电刺激(tACS)是一种非侵入性电刺激疗法, 有研究表明, tACS是一种治疗失眠障碍(ID)的可行办法。本文旨在通过对tACS在ID中的临床应用、治疗机制、研究局限性和未来展望等方面进行综述, 以期为ID的临床治疗提供参考。     

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation at Alpha Frequency Reduces Pain When the Intensity of Pain is Uncertain

Alpha activity directly before pain onset has been implicated in pain experience with higher prestimulus alpha associated with lower reported pain. However, expectations about pain intensity also seem to affect prestimulus alpha activity. To date, evidence for a relationship between alpha activity and pain experience has been largely correlational. Transcranial alternating current stimulation at alpha frequency (alpha tACS) permits direct manipulation of alpha activity and therefore an examination of the potential causal relationship between alpha activity and pain. We investigated whether somatosensory alpha tACS could reduce pain experience and whether this was influenced by uncertainty about pain intensity. In a within-subjects design, perceived pain intensity and unpleasantness were assessed in 23 participants during alpha tACS and sham stimulation. Visual cues preceding the pain stimulus were used to manipulate uncertainty. A significant tACS × Uncertainty × Stimulus intensity interaction was found for reported pain intensity (F_2,44?=?4.50, P?=?.017, partial η²?=?.17) and unpleasantness (F_1,22?=?4.78, P?=?.040, partial η²?=?.18). Pain experience during the application of somatosensory alpha tACS was significantly lowered compared with sham stimulation, but only when the intensity of an upcoming stimulus was uncertain.

Identifying and Engaging Neuronal Oscillations by Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized,Crossover, Double-Blind,Sham-Controlled Pilot Study

Chronic pain is associated with maladaptive reorganization of the central nervous system. Recent studies have suggested that disorganization of large-scale electrical brain activity patterns, such as neuronal network oscillations in the thalamocortical system, plays a key role in the pathophysiology of chronic pain. Yet, little is known about whether and how such network pathologies can be targeted with noninvasive brain stimulation as a nonpharmacological treatment option. We hypothesized that alpha oscillations, a prominent thalamocortical activity pattern in the human brain, are impaired in chronic pain and can be modulated with transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). We performed a randomized, crossover, double-blind, sham-controlled study in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) to investigate how alpha oscillations relate to pain symptoms for target identification and whether tACS can engage this target and thereby induce pain relief. We used high-density electroencephalography to measure alpha oscillations and found that the oscillation strength in the somatosensory region at baseline before stimulation was negatively correlated with pain symptoms. Stimulation with alpha-tACS compared to sham (placebo) stimulation significantly enhanced alpha oscillations in the somatosensory region. The stimulation-induced increase of alpha oscillations in the somatosensory region was correlated with pain relief. Given these findings of successful target identification and engagement, we propose that modulating alpha oscillations with tACS may represent a target-specific, nonpharmacological treatment approach for CLBP. This trial has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03243084).

Non-invasive brain stimulation for the lower limb after stroke: what do we know so far and what should we be doing next?

Background: Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is promising as an adjuvant to rehabilitation of motor function after stroke. Despite numerous studies and reviews for the upper limb, NIBS targeting the lower limb and gait recovery after stroke is a newly emerging field of research. Purpose: To summarize findings from studies using NIBS to target the lower limb in stroke survivors. Methods: This narrative review describes studies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, paired associative stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation with survivors of stroke. Results: NIBS appears capable of inducing changes in cortical excitability and lower limb function, but stimulation parameters and study designs vary considerably making it difficult to determine effectiveness. Conclusions: Future research should systematically assess differences in response with different stimulation parameters, test measures for determining who would be most likely to benefit and assess effectiveness with large samples before NIBS can be considered for use in clinical practice.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Stroke is a leading cause of disability, often resulting in dependency in activities of daily living and reduced quality of life.

• Non-invasive brain stimulation has received considerable interest as a potential adjuvant to rehabilitation after stroke and this review summarizes studies targeting the lower limb and gait recovery.

• Non-invasive brain stimulation can be used to modulate excitability of lower limb muscle representations and can lead to improvements in motor performance in stroke survivors.

• Non-invasive brain stimulation for gait recovery needs further investigation before translation to clinical practice is possible.

     

A Comparison of Ventricular Arrhythmias Induced with Programmed Stimulation Versus Alternating Current

In patients undergoing implantation and testing of the implantable cardio-verter defibrillator (ICD), alternating current (AC) may be used to induce ventricular tachyarrhythmias in a prompt, safe, and efficient manner. These arrhythmias have been previously reported to be similar to those induced during programmed electrical stimulation (PES). We compared the ventricular tachyarrhythmias induced by both methods in 14 patients: 8 male, 6 female; mean age 61 years; coronary disease in 10, cardiomyopathy in 4; mean ejection fraction 31%. The presenting arrhythmia was nonsustained ventricuiar tachycardia (VT) in four, sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (SMVT) in five, ventricular fibrillation (VF) in four, and unknown in one patient with syncope. PES (single, double, triple extrastimuli; burst pacing) and AC (1–2 sec application) stimulation via right ventricular endocardial electrode catheter was performed off antiarrhythmic drugs in the nonsedated state. PES induced SMVT in nine, polymorphic VT in two, and VF in three. AC induced VF in all patients. Although AC can reliably induce ventricular tachyarrhythmias during de/ibrillation threshold and ICD testing, there is poor correlation to PES induced tachyarrhythmias.