骨间返动脉为蒂尺骨上段骨膜瓣移位的应用解剖

目的：为尺骨中上段和肱骨下段骨不连提供带血管蒂明膜瓣移位修复的解剖学基础，方法：在３６侧成人上肢标本上，观测了骨间返动脉的走行，分布和吻合，结果：骨间返动脉起始部距尺骨膺咀最突出点的长度为６．８９±１．１３ｃｍ，其动脉外径为１．３７±０．２９ｍｍ骨膜支外径为０．５４±０．２７ｍｍ，骨间返动脉母末支到肘后部与桡侧返动脉 ，桡别墅劝背侧支和中副动脉等构成吻合。结论：以骨间返动脉为蒂的尺骨上段骨膜瓣移闰     

尺侧返血管背侧支尺骨上段骨膜瓣移位术的应用解剖

目的 :为治疗肱骨干骨不连提供一种新的骨膜瓣供区。方法 :在 3 0侧成人上肢标本上解剖观察了尺侧返血管的起始、走行、分支、分布及其与尺侧下副动脉的吻合关系。结果 :尺侧返动脉始于尺动脉上段 ,距肱骨内上髁 (5 .3± 1.0 )cm ,外径 (1.9± 0 .3 )mm ,分出掌侧支和背侧支。背侧支位于尺神经深面 ,沿尺神经沟上行 ,沿途分出 4～ 8支外径在 0 .3～ 1.0mm的骨膜支 ,分布尺骨上段内侧骨面。结论 :以尺侧返血管背侧支为蒂的骨膜瓣逆行移位可修复肱骨中、下段骨不连。     

以第1或第2穿动脉为蒂骨瓣转位重建股骨距的应用解剖

目的：为带血管蒂骨瓣转位重建股骨距提供解剖学依据。方法：３０侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本，对第１、２穿动脉起始、走行、分支分布和骨膜支进行详细的解剖学观察。结果：股深动脉在小转子尖下４．５±１．３ｃｍ、９．３±２．７ｃｍ处分别发出第１、２穿动脉，外径分别为２．８±０．７ｍｍ、２．４±０．６ｍｍ。穿动脉发出１～３支外径在１．０ｍｍ以上的肌骨膜支，分布于股骨后部中上段骨膜。结论：可以第１或第２穿动脉为蒂设计股骨瓣，可转位重建股骨距或修复股骨颈。     

以桡侧返或桡侧副血管为蒂的臂下外侧皮（骨膜）瓣的应用…

在５０侧成人支标本上，解剖观察了臂下外侧皮肤，肢骨下１／３段外侧半的血供，桡侧副动脉为主要营养血管，其背侧支经肱桡肌和桡侧腕伸肌之间，循肱骨外上髁嵴下行，沿余分支分布邻近皮肤，肌肉和肱骨下外侧骨膜，终支抵外上髁附近与桡侧返动脉升相吻合，墨染面积，皮肤１１．０ｃｍ×５．５ｃｍ，骨膜７ｃｍ×４ｃｍ设计臂下外侧皮（骨膜）瓣，以桡侧返血管为蒂逆行修复尺，桡骨中段骨下不连及皮肤缺损，以桡侧副血管蒂顺行修复肱     

第1穿动脉升支大转子骨瓣在股骨颈（距）重建中的应用

目的：报道应用第１穿血管升支大转子骨瓣转位重建股骨颈（距）手术方法。方法：在４０侧成人下肢标本上，解剖观察了第１穿动脉的分支分布情况。结果：股深动脉于小转子尖下方４．５±１．７ｃｍ处发出第１穿动脉，外径为２．８±０．７ｍｍ，第１穿动脉分为升支和降支，升支走向大转子方向，发出外径１．０ｍｍ以上的肌骨膜支，分布于臀大肌下部和大转子等处，并参与十字吻合。自１９９１年始，以第１穿动脉为蒂切取大转子骨瓣转位修复股骨颈和股骨距缺损８例，疗效满意。结论：以第１穿血管为蒂的大转子骨瓣，可用于股骨颈及股骨距缺损的修复与重建     

带血管蒂下颌骨瓣转位上颈椎融合术的应用解剖

目的：为上颈椎植骨融合术提供带血供骨瓣转位的应用解剖基础。方法：在３０侧成人头颈标本上，对颏下动脉的走行、分支及分布进行观测，并在标本上进行摹拟术式设计；②测量３０块成年干燥下颌骨有关数据。结果：①颊下动脉恒定由面动脉在下颌骨下级附近发出，起始外径为１．８±０．４ｍｍ、长度２．５±０．５ｃｍ，沿下颌骨下缘前行，在正中线处与对侧同名动脉吻合，沿途发出皮支、肌支、腺支及骨膜支等。其中下颌骨膜支２～５支，外径０．３±０．１ｍｍ，供骨面积为２．６ｃｍ×５．４ｃｍ。结论：可以面动脉为蒂带颏下动脉设计下颌骨瓣转位行上颈椎植骨融合的术式。     

股骨前面血供分布特点与骨膜（骨）瓣设计

目的：为股骨干骨折骨不连、骨缺损设计骨膜（骨）瓣修复术式提供解剖学基础。方法：在４０侧成人下肢标本上，对股骨前面骨膜血管的来源、走行、分支、分布及其吻合进行观测，并在标本上进行摹拟术式设计。结果：股骨前面骨膜血供，来自股外侧肌支、股中间肌支、膝降动脉、膝上外动脉、股动脉和股深动脉肌间隔支呈节段性分布的肌骨膜支和骨膜支。肌骨膜支外径１．４～１．７ｍｍ，长度１．７～５．６ｃｍ；骨膜支外径０．４～０．６ｍｍ，长度１．２～１．５ｃｍ。骨膜血管多呈向下或水平走行，达骨膜后分出升支、降支及吻合支，相互吻合成网。结论：可以节段骨膜支为蒂设计股骨前面骨膜瓣，修复股骨干骨折骨不连、骨缺损     

旋股外侧血管横支大转子骨瓣修复股骨中上段的解剖及应用

目的：为股骨干骨缺损、骨折骨不连修复提供新的手术方法，方法：在４０侧标本上对旋股外侧动脉横支进行解剖学观察，设计了以该血管为蒂大转子骨瓣转位修复股骨干中、上段及股骨头颈部骨折、骨缺损。结果：该动脉外径２．５ｍｍ，长度５．１ｃｍ，在股外侧肌深面和外缘发出２～４支外径在０．４～１．１ｍｍ的骨膜支到大转子前外侧，供应范围３．５ｃｍ×２．０ｃｍ×３．５ｃｍ。结论：以旋股外侧动脉横支为蒂大转子骨瓣移位修复股骨中段或上段骨缺损具有可行性，临床应用１５例，疗效满意。     

大转子区筋膜骨膜血管分布及其临床意义

目的：为股方肌蒂大转子筋膜骨膜骨瓣移位术提供解剖学基础。方法：在３４侧下肢标本上对大转子区筋膜和骨膜的形态特点及其血供进行了解剖学观察。结果：大转子区筋膜较厚,分浅、深两层,与臀大肌筋膜和大转子骨膜通过疏松结缔组织相连。筋膜和骨膜的动脉来源为多源性,来自旋股内侧动脉深支、臀下动脉大转子支、第１穿动脉升支、旋股外侧动脉升支和横支。它们在大转子形成广泛的吻合。旋股内侧动脉深支管径为１．７±０．５ｍｍ,长３．３±０．７ｃｍ,其筋膜支和骨膜支是大转子的主要营养血管。臀下动脉大转子支管径１．４±０．５ｍｍ,长５．２±０．８ｃｍ,常与旋股内侧动脉深支吻合。结论：带筋膜血管的骨膜骨瓣比不带筋膜的骨膜骨瓣血供丰富。根据大转子区筋膜和骨膜的血管分布特点,可设计带筋膜血管的股方肌蒂大转子骨膜骨瓣。     

股动脉直接骨膜支为蒂的股骨下段骨膜瓣的应用解剖

目的：为治疗股骨中段骨不连、骨缺损提供一种新的骨膜瓣供区。方法：在４１侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上，解剖观测了股动脉直接骨膜支的起始、走行、分支分布和吻合。结果：股动脉直接骨膜支在距股骨内收肌结节上方９．４１±１．９ｃｍ处发自股动脉外侧壁，其起始部外径为１．１１±０．３５ｍｍ。直接骨膜支在股骨下段前面距内收肌结节上方３．１±１．２ｃｍ处与膝降动脉关节支的横支构成恒定吻合，并发分支分布于股骨下段前、内侧面与股骨内髁。结论：以股动脉直接骨膜支为蒂的股骨下段前、内侧面骨膜瓣移位可用于修复股骨中段骨不连与小范围骨缺损     

Unique case of trifurcation of the brachial artery: its clinical significance

The variability of the arteries in the upper extremity is considerable. This case is a report of a trifurcation of the brachial artery that divided into radial, ulnar, and superior ulnar collateral arteries high in the arm; the length of the brachial artery was only 4.9 cm. Because the upper extremity is a frequent site of injury, various surgical and invasive procedures are performed in this region; consequently, it is of utmost importance to be aware of arterial variations. For some medical procedures, there may be an increased risk of complications because of variant vessels; however, for other procedures, they may be beneficial. In addition to presenting a detailed anatomic study of the case, the clinical significance of the variation has been addressed.     

Superficial ulnar artery terminating in a normal ulnar artery

Routine dissection of the left upper limb of an 86-year-old male cadaver showed a superficial ulnar artery that anastomosed with the ulnar artery. The superficial ulnar artery arose from the third part of the axillary artery, coursed distally over the flexor muscles of the forearm, and terminated by anastomosing with the ulnar artery in the distal third of the forearm. Arterial and neural variations were also observed on the contralateral side. The presence of a superficial ulnar artery is important clinically when raising forearm flaps in reconstructive surgery.     

Variant origin of the ulnar artery

Axillary origin of the ulnar artery was observed during an angiographic examination of the upper extremity. The ulnar artery originated from the axillary artery at the level of the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries. No additional anomalies were observed. Accurate knowledge about unusual patterns of the arteries of the upper extremities is important in order to be aware of hidden hazards during diagnostic and therapeutic preparations. Clin. Anat. 11:62–64, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The superficial ulnar artery: Development and surgical significance

The upper limbs of 72 formalin-fixed human cadavers were examined by dissection for arterial anomalies. In one subject, the ulnar artery was noted to be a branch of the second part of the axillary artery on both right and left sides. It ran a superficial course in the arm, crossed the elbow immediately subjacent to the median cubital vein, and continued its course in the forearm in a subcutaneous position. In the hand it played a dominant role in the formation of the superficial palmar arch. The anomalous ulnar artery was of a smaller caliber than both the radial and common interosseous arteries. Although superficial ulnar arteries have been reported in the literature, the combination of bilateral superficial ulnar arteries originating from the axillary arteries appears to be rare. The developmental and surgical significance of the findings are discussed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

An unusual variation of the superficial ulnar artery

Anomalous superficial ulnar arteries were found bilaterally during routine dissection of the upper limbs of a 60-year-old male cadaver. In the left arm, the superficial ulnar artery originated from the axillary artery. It crossed the median nerve anteriorly and ran anteromedial to this nerve and the brachial artery. The superficial ulnar artery was also rudimentary and gave rise to only a narrow muscular branch to the biceps brachii. In the hand, it anastomosed with the radial artery, completing the superficial palmar arch. The radial artery was larger than usual and the deep palmar arch was formed only by the radial artery. In the right arm, the superficial ulnar artery originated from the brachial artery at the level of the inter-epicondylar line. Additionally there were “inverse palmaris longus muscles” bilaterally. This was a rare case in which the superficially ulnar artery originated from a different source on each side accompanied by anomalies of the palmar arches on one side.     

The potential complications of open carpal tunnel release surgery to the ulnar neurovascular bundle and its branches: A cadaveric study

This study investigated the ulnar artery and the ulnar nerve and its branches in the palm to assess how frequently they may be at risk of damage during open carpal tunnel release surgery. Twenty‐one formalin‐embalmed cadaveric hands were dissected, and the proximity of the ulnar neurovascular bundle to two different lines of incision, the 3rd and 4th interdigital web space axis and the ring finger axis, was assessed and compared. It was found that an incision in the latter (ring finger) axis put the ulnar artery at risk in 12 of 21 specimens, whereas an incision in the former axis (3rd/4th interdigital web space) put the ulnar artery at risk in only two specimens. In 15 hands at least one structure (the ulnar artery or a branch of the ulnar nerve) was at risk in the ring finger axis compared to only seven hands in the axis of the 3rd/4th interdigital web space. We conclude that the ulnar artery and branches of the ulnar nerve are at increased risk of damage with an incision in the axis of the ring finger. The importance of using a blunt dissection technique under direct vision during surgery to identify and preserve these structures and median nerve branches is emphasized. Clin. Anat. 23:545–551, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The superficial ulnar artery: incidence and calibre in 95 cadaveric specimens

The superficial ulnar artery (SUA) is an anatomical variation of the upper limb vasculature with a prevalence of 0.7-9.4% in the population. The importance of this variant is that it may be cannulated inadvertently by an unsuspecting physician, leading to possible ischemia of the hand. With the growing use of radial forearm flaps, the surgeon needs to be aware of its presence during surgery and be able to adapt the procedure accordingly. The aims of the study focus on the incidence and calibre of the SUA. Ninety-five cadaveric limbs were dissected and the calibre of the different arteries measured. Four SUAs (4.2%) were found, all in male cadavers. Two of these were from the same cadaver. Measurements of the calibre of the vessels showed that the SUA was smaller than the ulnar artery. Of the limbs dissected, 4.2% had an SUA, which is a similar prevalence to other studies in Western Europe. It is most commonly found in males, unilaterally and in the right upper limb. It is extremely rare to experience consequences from intra-arterial cannulation and the SUA may have more of a beneficial role in reconstructive fasciocutaneous forearm flaps.     

Bilateral case of superficial ulnar artery originating from axillary artery

During the dissection of an 86-year-old male human cadaver, superficial ulnar arteries were found in both upper limbs. These arteries branched from the axillary arteries. In the left arm, the artery crossed ventral to the medial root of the median nerve before running towards the medial part of the arm. The persistence of the median artery was noted. In the right arm, the ulnar artery had a common origin with the subscapular artery. It crossed anterior to the lateral root of the median nerve and then, in the arm, ran alongside the anterolateral aspect of the median nerve, near the biceps brachii muscle, which was supplied by this superficial ulnar artery. Then the artery crossed the median nerve and the brachial artery. The embryology, incidence and clinical relevance of this anatomical variation are discussed. So this was a rare case where the ulnar arteries originated from the axillary artery on both sides, but then followed different courses in the arm and, on the right side, the superficial ulnar artery partly supplied the biceps brachii muscle.     

Superficial ulnar artery originating from the brachial artery and its clinical importance

Summary We found a left superficial ulnar artery in the cadaver of a Japanese woman. This anomalous vessel originated from the brachial artery at a site 55 mm distal to the inferior border of the teres major muscle and medial to the median nerve, ran downward and medially superficial to the forearm flexor muscles, and then downward to enter the hand. It formed superficial and deep palmar arches with the radial artery. The clinical importance of the anomalous ulnar artery is discussed.

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Artère ulnaire superficielle naissant de l'artère brachiale. Importance clinique

Résumé Nous avons trouvé une artère ulnaire superficielle gauche sur le cadavre d'une japonaise. Cette artère ulnaire anormale naissait de l'artère brachiale, 55 mm distalement au bord inférieur du m. grand rond et médialement au n. médian, se dirigeait distalement et médialement, courrait superficiellement aux mm. fléchisseurs de l'avant-bras, puis atteignait la main. Elle formait les arcades palmaires superficielle et profonde avec l'artère radiale. L'importance clinique cette artère ulnaire anormale est discutée.

     

Superficial ulnar artery originating from the brachial artery and its clinical importance

We found a left superficial ulnar artery in the cadaver of a Japanese woman. This anomalous vessel originated from the brachial artery at a site 55 mm distal to the inferior border of the teres major muscle and medial to the median nerve, ran downward and medially superficial to the forearm flexor muscles, and then downward to enter the hand. It formed superficial and deep palmar arches with the radial artery. The clinical importance of the anomalous ulnar artery is discussed.