胎儿窘迫对新生儿神经行为的影响及其预后的初步研究

目的测定宫内窘迫的新生儿神经行为及其幼儿期的智能发育,以探讨宫内窘迫与新生儿神经行为表现和预后的关系。方法新生儿期用新生儿神经行为２０项指标测定,２岁时用改良的韦克斯勒量表测定其智力发育。结果宫内窘迫新生儿６０例（窘迫组）与正常新生儿６０例（对照组）比较,测定总分之间差异有极显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）,窘迫组中４１例无窒息者与对照组比较,差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）,窘迫组中１９例有窒息者与对照组差异更为显著（Ｐ＜０．００１）,急性窘迫３８例与慢性窘迫２２例之间也有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。幼儿２岁时智力测试显示,３８例急性窘迫儿与对照组无统计学差异,而２２例慢性窘迫儿与对照组相比差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论胎儿窘迫可影响新生儿的神经行为能力,对幼儿期的智力发育也有一定影响,尤以慢性宫内缺氧为著     

检测脐血及羊水中儿茶酚胺水平诊断胎儿窘迫

应用高效液相色谱技术，对足月正常分娩儿（１１例）、胎儿窘迫儿（３０例）的脐动脉血浆、及足月后羊水（３６例）中儿茶酚胺水平进行测定。结果表明：胎儿窘迫时，儿茶酚胺水平增高，以去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）、肾上腺素（Ｅ）为主，其增高的程度与新生儿窒息发生有关，并与Ａｐｇａｒ评分呈负相关。相关系数分别为ｒ＿（ＮＥ）＝－０．６３９（Ｐ＜０．０１），ｒ＿Ｅ＝－０．４５９（Ｐ＜０．０５）。儿茶酚胺增加是胎儿缺氧的早期表现。因此，监测胎儿儿茶酚胺水平，可作为早期诊断胎儿窘迫的一个指标。     

胎儿宫内发育迟缓时胎盘病理改变与孕妇血及脐血中一氧化氮水平的关系

目的了解胎儿宫内发育迟缓（ＩＵＧＲ）时胎盘病理改变与母血及脐血中一氧化氮（ＮＯ）水平的关系。方法对１９９７年１１月～１９９８年１０月３８例妊娠合并胎儿宫内发育迟缓（ＩＵＧＲ组）及３０例正常孕妇（对照组）分娩后的胎盘及胎儿附属物进行分析。用隔还原显色法测定母血及脐血ＮＯ水平。结果ＩＵＧＲ组中２６例有胎盘、脐带病理改变（６８．４２％）。主要表现为绒毛发育迟缓及绒毛炎;对照组中５例有胎盘病理改变（１６．６７％）,两组比较差异有极显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）;ＩＵＧＲ组中母血及脐血ＮＯ水平均低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）;ＩＵＧＲ组中２６例胎盘病理改变明显,其母血及脐血ＮＯ水平低于胎盘无明显病理改变者（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０５）;两组脐血ＮＯ水平均高于母血ＮＯ水平（Ｐ＜０．０１,Ｐ＜０．０５）,两组脐血与母血ＮＯ水平均有相关性（ｒ＝０．５４７５,ｒ＝０．８５０６）;脐血ＮＯ水平与新生儿体重在ＩＵＧＲ组未发现明显相关性（ｒ＝０．２８３８）。结论ＩＵＧＲ时,胎盘发生明显病理变化,导致母血及脐血中ＮＯ的水平降低。     

孕妇血清中抗心磷脂抗体水平对围产儿的影响

目的：探讨孕妇血清抗心磷脂抗体（ａｎｔｉｃａｒｄｉｏｌｉｐｉｎａｎｔｉｂｏｄｙ，ＡＣＡ）水平增高对围产儿的影响。方法：用酶联免疫吸附法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）测定２０８份健康孕妇的血清ＡＣＡ－ΙｇＡ、ＩｇＧ和ＩｇＡ结合指数，观察ＡＣＡ水平与小于胎龄儿、胎儿窘迫及新生儿窒息的关系。结果：小于胎龄儿组和围产儿缺氧组的ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＡ结合指数显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１～Ｐ＜０．０５），而ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＧ结合指数差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．２）；小于胎龄儿组的ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＡ结合指数显著高于围产儿缺氧组（Ｐ＜０．０２），但ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＧ结合指数差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．１，Ｐ＞０．５）；胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息及胎儿窘迫合并新生儿窒息时，孕妇血清ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＡ和ＩｇＧ结合指数差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：孕妇血清中的ＡＣＡ水平增高对围产儿预后具有显著的不良影响     

羊水内皮素-1与围产儿缺氧的关系

目的　探讨羊水内皮素１（ＥＴ１） 与围产儿缺氧的关系。方法　采用放射免疫法对１６１例孕（ 产）妇进行羊水ＥＴ１ 水平检测。将其分为正常妊娠组１１０ 例,对其中足月妊娠３０ 例同时进行母血和脐血ＥＴ１ 水平检测;宫内缺氧组５１ 例。结果　（１） 羊水ＥＴ１ 水平在正常妊娠组孕１４ ～２７ 周时为（７．７４０±２ ．１３３）ｎｇ／Ｌ,至妊娠晚期时为（１８．６４０ ±１ ．９６８）ｎｇ／Ｌ,随孕周增加呈上升趋势（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１） 。（２） 脐血ＥＴ１ 水平明显高于母血ＥＴ１ 水平,但较羊水为低（Ｐ＜０．０１） 。羊水与脐血ＥＴ１ 水平存在正相关关系（ｒ＝０．９５２,Ｐ＜０．０１）,而母血与脐血无相关关系（ｒ＝ ０．３３８,Ｐ＞ ０ ．０５） 。（３） 宫内缺氧组中,出现胎儿窘迫者羊水ＥＴ１ 水平为（３０．６５４ ±５．８３２）ｎｇ／Ｌ,较正常妊娠组明显升高（ Ｐ＜０．０１） ;出现重度新生儿窒息死亡者羊水ＥＴ１ 水平为（９６０ ．６５０ ±２３６ ．６９８）ｎｇ／Ｌ,为正常晚期妊娠的６０ 倍左右（ Ｐ＜０ ．００１） 。结论　正常妊娠羊水中存在ＥＴ１ ,且随妊娠进展而增加。胎儿缺氧时羊水ＥＴ１ 水平升高,并随缺氧程度加重而显著上     

两种椎管内阻滞方法用于分娩镇痛的临床比较

目的探讨采用蛛网膜下腔与硬膜外腔分段阻滞联合用药及单纯硬膜外腔用药法的镇痛效果及其对母婴的影响。方法以蛛网膜下腔与硬膜外腔分段阻滞联合用药分娩镇痛者为研究组（１００例）,单纯硬膜外麻醉分娩镇痛者为对照组（４０例）,分别观察疼痛程度、副作用、产程时间、分娩方式、产后出血、胎儿窘迫及新生儿窒息情况。结果两组镇痛效果比较,差异有极显著性（Ｐ＜００１）,两组产程时间均值比较,差异无显著性（Ｐ＞００５）;两组产妇分娩方式、产后出血率、胎儿宫内窘迫及新生儿窒息发生率比较,差异无显著性（Ｐ＞００５）。结论蛛网膜下腔与硬膜外腔分段阻滞联合用药法,用于分娩镇痛安全有效。对产程及母婴均无影响,较单纯硬膜外麻醉镇痛效果更为肯定、满意,可在有一定条件的医疗单位应用。     

妊娠高血压综合征孕妇血浆一氧化氮和内皮素的变化及其意义

目的：探讨一氧化氮（ＮＯ）和内皮素（Ｅｎｄｏｔｈｅｌｉｎ，ＥＴ）在妊高征发病中的变化及其病理意义。方法：用分光光度法和放射免疫法分别定量检测正常妊娠３０例（对照组）和妊高征３７例（妊高征组）血浆ＮＯ和ＥＴ的变化。结果：妊高征组血浆ＮＯ水平低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＥＴ水平则高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；妊高征组分娩前后相比，ＮＯ水平分娩后升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＥＴ水平则下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＮＯ、ＥＴ呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＮＯ、ＥＴ与平均动脉压均有显著相关性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：ＮＯ与ＥＴ在妊高征的发病机制中有重要作用，ＥＴ／ＮＯ失衡可以反映妊高征的病变程度，其病理变化在某种程度上呈可逆性。     

654－2伍用安定促产程进展260例临床分析

本文分析了我院自１９９２年１月至１９９３年１２月住院分娩的初产妇在产程管理中，采用６５４－２及安定联合应用２６０例，同时取单用安定者１２０例，单用６５４—２者１２０例，不用药者１２０例与之对照。对４组的宫颈口扩张速度、羊水污染、胎儿宫内窘迫、新生儿窒息情况及剖宫产率等方面进行分析讨论。结果表明：产程中用６５４—２伍用安定的方法可加速宫颈口扩张，缩短产程效果肯定（Ｐ＜０．０１），剖宫产率降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。并提出产程中联合用药方法的注意事项。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病高血糖及其临床意义

目的　探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（ＨＩＥ）应激性高血糖的发生情况及其临床意义。　方法　采用美国强生公司生产的ＯＮＥＴＯＵＣＨ Ⅱ血糖仪及配套试纸对６０例ＨＩＥ患儿进行血糖监测。标本来自桡动脉血做完血气后所剩血液。　结果　发现入院时治疗前高血糖１９／６０例（３２％ ）,其中轻度无一例高血糖,中度３／２３（１３％ ）重度１６／１８（８９％ ）,中、重度相比差异有非常显著性（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。重度ＨＩＥ患儿治疗前血糖明显高于轻、中度差异有非常显著性（Ｐ均＜ ０．０１）;ｐＨ值和ＢＥ值均明显低于轻、中度（前者Ｐ均＜ ０．０５,后者Ｐ均＜ ０．０１）。且１９例高血糖ＨＩＥ患儿治疗前的血糖值与ｐＨ值、ＢＥ负值均呈显著负相关（前者Ｐ＜ ０．０５,后者Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。治疗前血糖越高,病死率越高。　结论　ＨＩＥ患儿病情越重,应激反应越强烈,血糖升高越明显,脑细胞酸中毒越重,预后越差。因此,治疗前血糖测定可作为ＨＩＥ患儿判断病情和预后的辅助的指标     

妊娠合并肝内胆汁淤积症胎儿宫内缺氧预测指标的研究

目的 探讨妊娠合并肝内胆汁淤２积症（ＩＣＰ）胎儿宫内缺氧的预测指标。方法对１０７例ＩＣＰ患者多项临床及实验室指标进行观察，并将其与围产儿结局进行对照分析。结果 皮肤瘙痒持续时间≥３周，血清转氨酶和胆红素同时升高，ＮＳＴ胎心基线率及变异消失者羊水胎粪污染率，新生儿窒息率及围产儿病死率，同于皮肤瘙痒持续时间〈３周（Ｐ〈０．０１），单纯转氨酶升高而胆红素值正常（Ｐ〈０．０１），ＮＳＴ胎儿基线率变异正常者     

高胆红素血症对新生儿血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶及神经行为的影响

目的观察高胆红素血症新生儿血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、血清总胆红素（TSB）和新生儿神经行为间的相互影响及临床意义。方法 86例轻中度高胆血红素血症患儿作为观察组,86例正常足月新生儿为对照组。两组在正常喂养的基础上,观察组给予茵栀黄口服液治疗,并根据黄疸程度给予蓝光照射、新生儿抚触、婴儿游泳、运动训练等;对照组仅给予常规的抚触及游泳、运动等。应用酶联免疫吸附法检测新生儿血清中NSE、TSB含量,并行神经行为能力测定（NBNA）评分。结果观察组血清NSE、TSB含量均较对照组显著升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,治疗后两项指标明显下降,观察组NBNA评分值均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,治疗后组间增高并接近正常值。血清NSE与NBNA评分呈负相关,与TSB呈正相关。结论高胆红素血症新生儿血清中NSE明显高于正常新生儿,可作为早期预测新生儿胆红素脑损伤风险的敏感指标,轻中度高胆红素血症对新生儿神经行为有一定影响。     

窒息后新生儿胃电活动的研究

目的　利用胃电图探讨窒息对新生儿胃电活动的影响。　方法　采用瑞典 CTd-synec-tics公司生产的便携式胃电图 ( EGG)记录仪对 50例窒息后新生儿和 2 0例正常新生儿进行了喂奶前、后各 3 0 min的胃电活动的检测 ,利用计算机 EGG Version6.4 0软件分析系统分析数据。　结果　 70例新生儿有 3 9例 ( 56% )成功记录到 EGG。轻度窒息组与对照组比较 ,喂奶前胃动过缓 ( <2cpm)百分比增多 ( 7.0± 6.8与 4 .7± 5.4 ) ,差异有非常显著意义 ( P<0 .0 1 )。重度窒息组与对照组及轻度窒息组比较 :喂奶前、后正常慢波百分比明显降低 ( P<0 .0 1 ) ,胃动过速 ( >4 cpm)百分比明显增多 ( P<0 .0 1 )。主功频率不稳定系数 ( DFIC)增高 ( P<0 .0 1 )。　结论　EGG可以用来研究窒息后新生儿的胃电活动 ,进而研究新生儿消化道动力 ;围产期轻度窒息新生儿喂奶前胃动过缓增多 ,重度窒息新生儿喂奶前、后正常慢波百分比明显降低 ,胃动过速百分比明显增多 ,提示围产期窒息的新生儿出现拒乳、腹胀、呕吐等症状 ,可能与其胃电节律异常有关。     

Cord blood serum creatine kinase isoenzymes with placental dysfunction

It has been suggested that perinatal asphyxia is not generally followed by neurological impairment unless there is preexisting chronic fetal distress. In cases of brain damage one can observe elevated levels of CK-BB. The purpose of our study was to evaluate CK isoenzymes in umbilical cord blood sera of newborns affected by chronic fetal distress. Fetal distress reflected by placental dysfunction was characterized by a diminished HPL level and decreased activity of CAP. We estimated CK isoenzymes with the use of DEAE-sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. Total CK activity was measured using kits supplied by Boehringer-Mannheim (Monotest CK-NAC aktiviert). The clinical state of examined newborns was estimated. Investigations were carried out in the group of 57 infants delivered after 37 weeks of gestation. Total CK activity in cord sera ranged from 40 to 400 U/l. Our results showed a significant rise of CK-BB activity in cord sera of newborns delivered from pregnancies with placental dysfunction (figure 2) as well as in cases of asphyxiated infants (figure 3). We were unable to demonstrate differences in total CK, CK-MM and CK-MB activities in all examined groups of newborns. Other authors have confirmed that severe asphyxia results in increase in CK-BB activity in cord blood. Infants with ominous fetal heart rate patterns have higher CK-BB activity. There are several possible sources for CK-BB activity in umbilical cord blood sera, i.e. fetal brain, lung, gastrointestinal tract, placenta and uterus. It appears that the brain is most likely the source of elevated CK-BB activity found in cord blood in cases of placental dysfunction.     

Clinical analysis of 1704 cases of fetal distress

From Oct 1985 through Sept 1986 and from Oct 1988 through Sept 1989, a total of 1,704 cases were clinically diagnosed as having fetal distress. The results of analysis showed no significant differences (P greater than 0.05) between fetal distress and fetal sex, and age of pregnancy women respectively (P greater than 0.05), but there was a significant difference between fetal distress and gestational weeks. (P less than 0.01) and birth weight (P less than 0.05). The highest incidence occurred in postterm pregnancy. The number of neonatal asphyxia cases with fetal distress accounted for 61.08% of the total of neonatal asphyxia. The more indexes of the fetal distress, the higher is the incidence rate of asphyxia neonatorum. Among the complications of pregnancy, the fetal distress rate due to pregnancy induced hypertension is the highest. The results suggested that by using multiple item examinations, early diagnosis of fetal distress and prompt management are possible to decrease the asphyxia rate and the prevention of complications of pregnancy is important to reduce the fetal distress.     

产程中持续内监护下行羊膜腔输液及羊水置换治疗胎儿窘迫

目的 探讨产程中持续内监护下行羊膜腔输及羊水置换,对治疗胎儿窘迫的意义。方法 对产程中出现频发可变减速合并羊水胎粪污染者１３６例,随机分为观察组与对照组各６８例,观察组在持续内监护下行羊膜腔输液或羊水置换。对照组给予吸氧、改变体位、静脉输液等治疗。结果观察组经羊膜腔输液５００￣１０００ｍｌ,ＶＤ波消失或明显改善者占９１．２％,同时对观察组中４８例羊水Ⅱ度以上粪染者行羊水置换,其中３９例羊水国 清亮     

New scoring system for fetal neurobehavior assessed by three- and four-dimensional sonography

AIM: To produce a new scoring system for fetal neurobehavior based on prenatal assessment by 3D/4D sonography. We identified severely brain damaged infants and those with optimal neurological findings and compared fetal with neonatal findings. RESULTS: The new scoring system was retrospectively applied in a group of 100 low-risk pregnancies. After delivery, postnatal neurological assessment was performed, and all neonates assessed as normal reached a score between 14 and 20, which we assumed to be a score of optimal neurological development. Subsequently, the same scoring system was applied in the group of 120 high-risk pregnancies in which, based on postnatal neurological findings, three subgroups of newborns were found: normal, mildly or moderately abnormal, and abnormal. Normal neonates had a prenatal score between 14 and 20, mildly or moderately abnormal neonates had a prenatal score of 5-13, whereas those infants who were assigned as neurologically abnormal had a prenatal score from 0-5. CONCLUSION: A new scoring system for the assessment of neurological status for antenatal application is proposed, similar to the neonatal optimality test of Amiel-Tison. This preliminary work may help in detecting fetal brain and neurodevelopmental alterations due to in utero brain impairment.     

早期干预随访对高危儿发育影响的临床研究

目的研究早期干预随访在高危儿发育的临床意义。方法 2013年5月至2015年5月深圳市龙华新区人民医院新生儿科重症监护室收治住院的高危新生儿106例及门诊58例,106例高危儿出生即接受干预和随访设为新生儿干预组,58例高危儿干预时间在出生1个月后设为婴儿干预组,120例健康新生儿设为对照组,定期随访、评估。观察3组在出生后6个月、12个月的体格发育情况;新生儿干预组与对照组出生1周以及4周进行新生儿神经行为测定比较;各组大运动发育、原始反射消失以及姿势反射建立时间。结果出生后6个月新生儿干预组、婴儿干预组身长、体质量、头围均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);出生后12个月3组身长、体质量、头围比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。新生儿干预组出生1周新生儿神经行为评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),出生4周后两组新生儿神经行为评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。新生儿干预组、对照组大运动发育中坐、爬、姿势反射建立时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),均优于婴儿干预组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);大运动发育中抬头、翻身以及原始反射消失时间3组组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论早期干预、定期随访在高危儿康复发育过程有重要的临床意义。     

Prevention of cerebral palsy during labour: role of foetal lactate

OBJECTIVES: Intrapartum foetal monitoring goal is to prevent foetal asphyxia and its most severe consequence: cerebral palsy (CP). In this paper we describe the detection methods and the criteria needed to assess asphyxia during labour for preventing CP. Foetal cerebral damage assessment is considered from the medical-legal point of view. CP represents the most frequent pathology of childhood related to pregnancy and childbirth with an incidence of 0.2% in children born alive. It is clinically regarded as the result of a spectrum of diseases due to damage or to faded development of the nervous system which generally appears at the time of the first stage of intra-uterine growth or depends on problems arising at birth. The goal of our analysis is to recall the various moments in which this event can take place and, if possible, the moment and the degree of the event of asphyxia and its effect on foetal conditions, in order to control and treat it. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred and eighty-eight fetuses were evaluated by means of Apgar score, intrapartum cardiotocography, observation of the presence of meconium stained amniotic fluid, and clinical features of distress at birth. Lactate concentrations were measured during labour and at delivery in blood samples obtained from the foetal presenting part (foetal scalp) and from the umbilical cord with the use of a rapid electrochemical technique. RESULTS: Evidence of clinical foetal distress was not related to the severity of asphyxia. An increased lactate level was found in asphyctic infants and a clear correlation between lactic acidosis and foetal distress was documented. Low Apgar scores were observed in infants with moderate or severe asphyxia at delivery. Scalp lactate correlated significantly with umbilical artery lactate (P = 0.49, 0.01), but with neither Apgar score at 1 min (R = -0.21, ns) nor at 5 min (R = -0.11, ns). Lactate concentration was higher in case of instrumental delivery compared to spontaneous delivery (P = 0.0001). No perfect correlation was found between lactate level and neonatal outcome, but there were not a significant number of neonates with immediate complications. The rate of instrumental delivery in the distress group was significantly higher than in that of the healthy fetuses (P < 0.01), so spontaneous labour was less frequently associated with foetal distress than instrumental delivery (P < 0.01). In the distress group, severe variable decelerations were generally recorded in the second stage of labour. The incidence of neonatal Apgar score /=45 min, compared with a shorter active second stage, and acidaemia at birth implied larger arterial-venous lactate differences (P < 0.001). The presence of foetal lactate at crowning was also significantly associated with the level of umbilical arterial-venous lactate difference (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the fetus should start with the assessment of lactates and acid-base balance. The method which revolutionized the techniques of foetal monitoring is undoubtedly represented by cardiotocography. However, likely most of neurological outcomes are not correlated with a perinatal event or with peripartum asphyxia. Approximately 10% of cases of CP would actually be due to perinatal asphyxia, and this percentage approaches approximately to 15% if we consider only newborns at term. This again confirms the weak association of a causal relationship between asphyxia and CP. In addition, available foetal suffering markers are vague and allow to identify only less than half of the effective cases of newborns which will develop CP.     

多阶段CST试验对脐带缠绕孕妇分娩方式的指导意义

目的 探讨多阶段CST试验对脐带缠绕病人分娩方式的指导意义。方法 对B型超声诊断有脐带缠绕的孕妇于潜伏期、加速阶段、最大倾斜阶段末、第二产程行CST试验,根据CST试验结果决定分娩方式。胎儿娩出后立即取脐带血。产后新生儿行NBNA测定。结果 CST试验阳性组pH<7.20者显著高于CST试验阴性组及CST试验可疑阳性组P<0.05。CST试验阳性组NBNA测定总评分与CST试验阴性组及CST试验可疑阳性组比较差异有显著性。结论 多阶段CST试验对脐带缠绕病人分娩方式有重要的指导意义,对降低围产儿死亡率有重要意义。